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759 results for “Plant–plant interactions”
Figure 10 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 10. Flowers visited by beetles. (a, b) Fissistigma cupreonitens visited by chrysomelid beetles, an inner petal removed to show the inner chamber in (b); (c) Gentiana zollingeri visited by a scarabaeid beetle; (d) Melastoma malabathrica visited by scarabaeid beetles; (e) Photinia prunifolia visited by a scarabaeid beetle; (f) Lithocarpus elegans visited by a cerambycid beetle; (g) Euodia lepta visited by cerambycid beetles; (h) Photinia prunifolia visited by a cerambycid beetle; (i) Melastoma malabathrica visited by a meloid beetle, Mylabris phalerata; (j) Lithocarpus mucronata visited by a dermatid beetle; (k) Vitex leptobotrys visited by a curculionid beetle.
Figure 8 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 8. Flowers visited by small bees and wasps. (a) Embelia ribes visited by a stingless bee; (b) Thladiantha sp. visited by Ctenoplectra cornuta (visitor not in the photo); (c) Uncaria scandens visited by a halictid bee; (d) Sterculia henryi visited by a halictid bee; (e) Ludwigia hyssopifolia visited by a halictid bee; (f) Lysimachia siamensis visited by a Macropis orientalis bee; (g) Baliospermum montanum visited by a scoliid wasp; (h) Euphorbia lathyris visited by an ant; (i) Euodia lepta visited by an eumenid wasp; (j) Cynoglossum zeylanicum visited by an eumenid wasp; (k) Photinia prunifolia visited by an eumenid wasp.
Figure 2 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 2. Seasonal changes in monthly temperature (averages of monthly maximum, mean and minimum) and rainfall at Xam Neua near S4.
Figure 6 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 6. Flowers visited by honeybees: A. laboriosa (a–c), A. dorsata (d–f), Apis cerana (g–k) and A. florea (l). (a) Castanopsis diversifolia; (b) Castanopsis diversifolia; (c) Rubus multibracteatus; (d) Stachytarpheta jamaicensis; (E) Symplocos ramosissima; (f) Pogostemon nelsonii; (g) Ageratum houstonianum; (h) Photinia prunifolia; (i) Rubus obcordatus; (j) Bidens pilosa var. radiata; (k) Ixeris gracilis; (l) Photinia prunifolia.
Figure 3 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 3. Landscapes of the study sites S1–S5. (a) a meadow at S1; (b) paddy fields and secondary deciduous forests at S2; (c) a subtropical evergreen forest at S3; (d) a landscape at S4; (e) a valley inhabited by several Impatiens species at S4; (f) an evergreen oak forest near the summit of a mountain at S4; (g) a riverine forest inhabited by Mytilaria laosensis at S4; (h) limestone hills at S5.
Figure 11 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 11. Flowers visited by lepidopterans. (a) Isodon glaucocalyx visited by papilionid butterfly Papilio polytes; (b) Barleria cristata visited by a papilionid butterfly Papilio protenor; (c) Mussaenda cambodiana visited by a papilionid butterfly Troides helena; (d) Baliospermum montanum visited by a lycaenid butterfly Heliophorus epicles; (e) Lindera tonkinensis visited by a lycaenid butterfly Pithecos corbus; (f) Blumea martiniana visited by a nymphalid butterfly Zemeros flegyas; (g) Lindera tonkinensis visited by a nymphalid butterfly Yptima confusa; (h) Impatiens violaeflora visited by a hesperiid butterfly Onryza siamica; (i) Pottsia laxiflora visited by a pierid butterfly Appias albina; (j) Swertia aungustifolia visited by an arctiid moth and a hovering blue-banded Amegilla bee; (k) Ligustrum indicum visited by an arctiid moth.
Figure 16 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 16. The observed plant–pollinator network between flowers and eight groups of long-tongued bees. See Table 2 for plant species codes.
Figure 15 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 15. Flowers of eight observed Impatiens species (Bal1–Bal8): (a) I. chinensis; (b) I. commellinoides; (c) I. ernestii; (d) I. longiloba; (e) I. mengtszeana; (f) I. rubricolor; (g) I. tigrina; (h) I. violaeflora.
Figure 18 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 18. Comparison of pollination systems among climatic and geographical regions: subalpine forests and meadows at Mt. Kushigata, central Japan (Kato 2000; Kato et al. 1993b), cool temperate deciduous forests at Ashu (Kato et al. 1990), warm temperate evergreen forest ecosystem at Amami Island (Kato 2000), montane evergreen forests in Laos (this paper), tropical monsoon forest ecosystem at lowland Laos (Kato et al. 2008), Bornean tropical rain forests at Lambir Hills National Park in Malaysia (Momose et al. 1998), and a Neotropical rain forest at La Selva (Kress and Beach 1994). The asterisk denotes large bees including long-tongued bees and carpenter bees.
Data from: Experimental assemblage of novel plant-herbivore interactions: ecological host shifts after 40 million years of isolation
Geographic isolation is the first step in insect herbivore diet specialization. Such specialization is postulated to increase insect fitness, but may simultaneously reduce insect ability to colonize novel hosts. During the Paleocene-Eocene, plants from the order Zingiberales became isolated either in the Paleotropics or in the Neotropics. During the Cretaceous, rolled-leaf beetles diversified in the Neotropics concurrently with neotropical Zingiberales. Using a community of Costa Rican rolled-leaf beetles and their Zingiberales host plants as study system, we explored if previous geographic isolation precludes insects to expand their diets to exotic hosts. We recorded interactions between rolled-leaf beetles and native Zingiberales by combining DNA barcodes and field records for 7450 beetles feeding on 3202 host plants. To determine phylogenetic patterns of diet expansions, we set 20 field plots including five exotic Zingiberales, recording beetles feeding on these exotic hosts. In the laboratory, using both native and exotic host plants, we reared a subset of insect species that had expanded their diets to the exotic plants. The original plant-herbivore community comprised 24 beetle species feeding on 35 native hosts, representing 103 plant-herbivore interactions. After exotic host plant introduction, 20% of the beetle species expanded their diets to exotic Zingiberales. Insects only established on exotic hosts that belong to the same plant family as their native hosts. Laboratory experiments show that beetles are able to complete development on these novel hosts. In conclusion, rolled-leaf beetles are pre-adapted to expand their diets to novel host plants even after millions of years of geographic isolation.
Data from: RNA-Seq reveals virus–virus and virus–plant interactions in nature
As research on plant viruses has focused mainly on crop diseases, little is known about these viruses in natural environments. To understand the ecology of viruses in natural systems, comprehensive information on virus–virus and virus–host interactions is required. We applied RNA-Seq to plants from a natural population of Arabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmifera to simultaneously determine the presence/absence of all sequence-reported viruses, identify novel viruses, and quantify the host transcriptome. By introducing the criteria of read number and genome coverage, we detected infections by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Cucumber mosaic virus, and Brassica yellows virus. Active TuMV replication was observed by ultramicroscopy. De novo assembly further identified a novel partitivirus, Arabidopsis halleri partitivirus 1. Interestingly, virus reads reached a maximum level that was equivalent to that of the host's total mRNA, although asymptomatic infection was common. AhgAGO2, a key gene in host defence systems, was upregulated in TuMV-infected plants. Multiple infection was frequent in TuMV-infected leaves, suggesting that TuMV facilitates multiple infection, probably by suppressing host RNA silencing. Revealing hidden plant–virus interactions in nature can enhance our understanding of biological interactions and may have agricultural applications.
Data for: A test of Sensory Drive in plant-pollinator interactions: habitat heterogeneity shapes pollinator preference for a floral visual signal
<p>DATA:</p> <p>FinnKoski_PollData_Final: Pollinator visitation data to floral arrays analyzed</p> <p>Spectra used for vismodels.zip: reflectance spectra of flowers and floral backgrounds, irradiance spectra</p> <p>ColorContrastData: visual contrast data analyzed</p> <p>CODE: </p> <p>vismod_code.R : code used for visual system modeling and calculation of contrast</p> <p>SAS_modelcode.R: SAS code used to analyze pollinator visitation data and color contrast data</p>
Mycorrhizal symbiosis and phosphorus supply determine interactions among plants with contrasting nutrient-acquisition strategies
<p>Highly diverse plant communities growing on nutrient-impoverished soils are test beds for theories on species coexistence. Here, neighbouring mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants compete for limited phosphorus. The impact of belowground interactions on community dynamics is underexplored.</p> <p>We used an experimental approach to investigate effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and a phosphorus supply gradient on competitive and facilitative interactions among mixed assemblages of woody plants in microcosms. The plant species, one cluster-root forming (CR) species and four AM species, are native to jarrah forest that grows on nutrient-impoverished soils in south-western Australia. We measured plant growth in microcosms, with and without inoculation with the AM fungus <i>Rhizophagus irregularis</i>,<i> </i>and across a gradient of P supply: 0, 9, 27, and 243 mg P per kg of soil.</p> <p>Our data show evidence of plant-plant facilitation at low P supply and competition at high P supply. Growth of the CR species, <i>Hakea undulata</i>, was highest in microcosms with 0P and without AM inoculation. One AM species, <i>Bossiaea aquifolium</i>, also performed better at lower P levels, possibly benefitting from P mobilised by <i>H. undulata</i>. The other three AM species, one strongly obligate, performed better at higher P levels. Data for <i>Acacia celastrifolia</i> suggested it was facultatively mycotropic, and because there was no correlation between AM colonisation and the relative inoculum effect, we suggest positive effects of AM inoculation at 9P might be due to benefits other than P-acquisition, such as pathogen defence. Benefit of AM inoculation diminished for three of four mycorrhizal species at the highest P-level as we had predicted. The fourth species, <i>Eucalyptus marginata</i> (jarrah), had higher growth in microcosms that were not inoculated with AM, perhaps because the species benefits more from ectomycorrhizas.</p> <p><i>Synthesis. </i>Our experimental data suggests spatial heterogeneity of soil P, coupled with a diversity of nutrient acquisition strategies, and plasticity among plant-plant and plant-AM fungi interactions, contributes to plant species coexistence in the nutrient-impoverished jarrah forest. Our research highlights the importance of belowground mechanisms for understanding factors determining community structure including a potential role of AM fungi in plant pathogen defence.</p>
Figure 1 in Natural history of an ant-plant-butterfly interaction in a Neotropical savanna
Figure 1. Life stages of Udranomia spitzi on Ouratea spectabilis. (A) egg; (B) first instar; (C) second instar; (D) third instar; (E) fifth (last) instar; (F) head capsule of fifth instar in frontal view; (G) prepupa; (H) pupa; (I) freshly emerged adult on the host plant.
Figure 3 in Natural history of an ant-plant-butterfly interaction in a Neotropical savanna
Figure 3. Frequency of ant species visiting Ouratea spectabilis plants (n = 20 individuals) in a cerrado area of Uberlândia, Brazil. Numeric values next to bars indicate mean number of ants per occupied plant (± SE).
Figure 4 in Natural history of an ant-plant-butterfly interaction in a Neotropical savanna
Figure 4. Survival curve of Udranomia spitzi larvae on paired branches of Ouratea spectabilis through time, as a function of the presence or absence of Camponotus ant in a cerrado area of Uberlândia, Brazil.
Figure 2 in Natural history of an ant-plant-butterfly interaction in a Neotropical savanna
Figure 2. Natural history of Udranomia spitzi on Ouratea spectabilis in a cerrado area of Uberlândia, Brazil. (A) general aspect of the host plant; (B) detail of new red leaves; (C) early larva building a shelter; (D) an early larva inside the shelter, note the Camponotus worker foraging on the extrafloral nectary (arrow); (E) a parasitic Tachinidae fly on the host plant.
Magnitude and timing of resource pulses interact to affect plant invasion
Human activities can cause resource fluctuations through reducing uptake by the resident vegetation (e.g., disturbance) or through changing external resource supply (e.g., fertilization). Resource fluctuations often occur as pulses which are low frequency, large magnitude and short duration, and now are recognized as an important driver of plant invasions. However, resource pulses often vary dramatically in a number of attributes, yet how these attributes mediate the impacts of resource pulses on plant invasions remains unclear. Erigeron canadensis is a serious invader of disturbed habitats and agricultural fields in China. Thus, it experiences nutrient pulses with different magnitudes and timings. Here, we grew E. canadensis and six co-occurring native plant species with three different magnitudes of nutrient enrichment (low, medium or high). For each magnitude, we added equivalent amounts of nutrients with a constant supply as a control or one of three pulses with different timings (early, middle or late stages). We found that pulse magnitude, timing and their interaction significantly affected E. canadensis growth (biomass production) and invasion (proportion of biomass in a pot). For each timing, E. candensis growth and invasion increased with nutrient magnitude. At low magnitude, middle and late pulses promoted E. canadensis growth and invasion. At medium magnitude, late pulses suppressed E. canadensis growth, but did not affect its invasion. At high magnitude, early and middle pulses strongly suppressed E. canadensis growth and invasion. In contrast, natives generally exhibited different responses to nutrient pulses. Our study shows that plant responses are not just dependent on the presence of a resource pulse but also on its attributes. In contrast to theory and many empirical studies, our results show that resource fluctuation does not always promote plant invasion. We highlight that the attributes of resource pulses are key to understanding the impact of resource fluctuations on plant invasion.
Data for: Plant-soil biota interactions explain shifts in plant community composition under global change
<p>1. Plant-soil biota interactions play a crucial role in the assembly of plant communities and the maintenance of plant species diversity. However, few studies have tested how the effect of soil biota on plant species and communities depend on environmental context and whether shifts in plant community composition caused by environmental change are associated with variation in plant-soil biota interactions. 2. We combined a field experiment in a Tibetan alpine meadow and a greenhouse experiment with factorial combinations of nitrogen (N) enrichment and warming to examine the role of plant-soil biota interactions in plant community dynamics. 3. The results showed that plant relative abundances were negatively correlated with the net effects of soil biota on plant growth but only under ambient field conditions. Warming and N-enrichment alleviated the negative soil biota effects in the greenhouse, and changed plant community composition and reduced species diversity in the field. Importantly, changes in soil biota effects on plant growth were positively correlated with changes in plant relative abundances caused by warming and N-enrichment in field. In a parallel field experiment, the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi increased while the diversity of fungal pathogens remained unchanged under warming and N-enrichment, indicating that soil biodiversity may play a critical role in plant responses to environmental change. 4. This study empirically demonstrates that altered plant-soil biota interactions explain shifts in plant community composition under global change, providing new insights into the mechanisms of diversity loss in a changing world.</p>
The soil microbiome increases plant survival and modifies interactions with root endosymbionts in the field
<p>Evidence is accumulating that the soil microbiome—the community of microorganisms living in soils—has a major effect on plant traits and fitness. However, most work to date has taken place under controlled laboratory conditions and has not experimentally disentangled the effect of the soil microbiome on plant performance from the effects of key endosymbiotic constituents. As a result, it is difficult to extrapolate from existing data to understand the role of the soil microbiome in natural plant populations. To address this gap, we performed a field experiment using the black medick Medicago lupulina to test how the soil microbiome influences plant performance and colonization by two root endosymbionts (the mutualistic nitrogen-fixing bacteria Ensifer spp. and the parasitic root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla) under natural conditions. We inoculated all plants with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and factorially manipulated the soil microbiome and nematode infection. We found that plants grown in microbe-depleted soil exhibit greater mortality, but that among the survivors there was no effect of the soil microbiome on plant performance (shoot biomass, root biomass, or shoot-to-root ratio). The soil microbiome also impacted parasitic nematode infection and affected colonization by mutualistic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in a plant genotype-dependent manner, increasing colonization in some plant genotypes and decreasing it in others. Our results demonstrate the soil microbiome has complex effects on plant-endosymbiont interactions and may be critical for survival under natural conditions.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.