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Fig. 10 in New Species of Leaf-litter Toad of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from Amazonia

Fig. 10. Advertisement calls of Rhinella exostosica, new species (A–C), R. paraguayensis (D–E), and R. martyi (F–G). (A) Oscillogram of a series of eight-note calls of R. exostosica, new species. Detailed views of two (B) and one (C) calls of R. exostosica, new species. Detailed views of two (D) and one (E) calls of R. paraguayensis. Detailed views of two (F) and one (G) calls of R. martyi. Recordings: (A–C) INPAH 41331, Três Praias Camp, east bank of the Jací-Paraná River (affluent of the east bank of the Madeira River), Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; (D–E) UFMT 2112, east bank of the Sepotuba River, Caceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil; (F–G) MNHN 2001.2006, Brownsberg Nature Park, Brokopondo district, Suriname.

Fig. 9 in New Species of Leaf-litter Toad of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from Amazonia

Fig. 9. Color variation in life of Rhinella exostosica, new species, from Brazil (A–D), Peru (E), and Bolivia (F). (A) Adult females: INPAH 41320 (above), SVL 77.1 mm; INPAH 41322 (below), SVL 68.7 mm; (B) Adult female, INPAH 41318, SVL 79.1 mm. (C) Adult female, INPAH 41322. (D) Adult female, INPAH 41318. (E) Subadult, NMP6V 74915. (F) Adult male, CBF 5800. Photographs by Albertina P. Lima (A–D) and Jiř´ı Moravec (E–F).

Fig. 6 in New Species of Leaf-litter Toad of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from Amazonia

Fig. 6. Coloration in life of the adult male holotype of Rhinella exostosica, new species, INPAH 41323 (field number APL 19973). Dorsolateral (A) and ventral (B) views. Photographs by Albertina P. Lima.

Fig. 7 in New Species of Leaf-litter Toad of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from Amazonia

Fig. 7. Variation in dorsal coloration of preserved Rhinella exostosica, new species, from Brazil. (A) Adult female, INPAH 41320, SVL 77.1 mm. (B) Adult male, INPAH 41321, SVL 56.7 mm. (C) Adult male, INPAH 41327, SVL 84.4 mm. (D) Adult male, INPAH 41313, SVL 72.3 mm. (E) Adult female, INPAH 41312, SVL 84.2 mm. (F) Adult female, INPAH 41329, SVL 72.1 mm.

Fig. 8 in New Species of Leaf-litter Toad of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from Amazonia

Fig. 8. Variation in ventral coloration of preserved Rhinella exostosica, new species. (A) Adult female, INPAH 41314, SVL 83.4 mm. (B) Adult female, INPAH 41329, SVL 72.1 mm. (C) Adult female, INPAH 41327, SVL 84.4 mm. (D) Adult female, INPAH 41322, SVL 68.7 mm.

Fig. 5 in New Species of Leaf-litter Toad of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from Amazonia

Fig. 5. Dorsolateral (above) and dorsal (below) views of Rhinella exostosica, new species (A, B) and R. aff. margaritifera (C, D) from the upper Madeira River, municipality of Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil. (A) Adult female, INPAH 41322. (B) Adult male, INPAH 41321. (C) Adult female, INPAH 41333. (D) Adult male, INPAH 41334. Localities: A, B, Jac´ı Direito Sampling Module; C, D, west bank of the upper Madeira River. Photographs by Albertina P. Lima.

Fig. 4 in New Species of Leaf-litter Toad of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from Amazonia

Fig. 4. Lateral and dorsolateral views of the head of Rhinella exostosica, new species (A–D), R. martyi (E, F), R. paraguayensis (G), and R. margaritifera (H). (A, B) Male holotype, INPAH 41323, SVL 68.7 mm. (C, D) Female, INPAH 41320, SVL 77.1 mm. (E, F) Female holotype, MNHN 2006.2601, SVL 66.5 mm. (G) Male holotype, UFMT 7430, SVL 50.4 mm. (H) Holotype, ZISP 257.1. Photographs by Miquéias Ferrão (A–D), Fréderic Braux, MNHN (E, F), Robson Ávila (G), and Konstantin D. Milto (H).

Fig. 2 in New Species of Leaf-litter Toad of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from Amazonia

Fig. 2. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of the male holotype of Rhinella exostosica, new species, INPAH 41323, SVL 68.7 mm.

Fig. 3 in New Species of Leaf-litter Toad of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from Amazonia

Fig. 3. Dorsolateral (A) and lateral (B) views of the head, and ventral views of the hand (C) and foot (D) of the male holotype of Rhinella exostosica, new species, INPAH 41323. Scale bars, 5 mm.

FIG. 7 in Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus])

FIG. 7. Photographs of Bufo (Anaxyrus) monfontanus, new species, holotype (CAS 259273). Male toad in life: (A) dorsal view and (B) ventral view; and in preservative: (C) dorsal view and (D) ventral view. Photographs taken by M. R. Gordon.

FIG. 4 in Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus])

FIG. 4. Molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of region-wide B. boreas species complex diversity. Tree reconstruction included sequence data (Table 3) from B. boreas outside the Great Basin to evaluate the relationships between toads from Hot Creek and Railroad Valley and Utah and Colorado toads using the maximum likelihood method. Minor and major groups identified. Terminal ends include haplotype number and locality of collection. Sequences of B. boreas from outside the Great Basin (Table 3) include this taxon name within terminal end identifier. Minor groups include localized species within the Great Basin: B. nelsoni (green), B. exsul (orange), B. canorus (purple), B. williamsi (red), and newly delimited species, B. monfontanus (mauve) and B. nevadensis (pink), of the major group identified as the Eastern Great Basin clade (black bar). Two haplotypes of the root are shown. See Data Accessibility for tree file.

FIG. 5 in Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus])

FIG. 5. Distribution of B. boreas and Great Basin B. boreas species complex. (A) The range-wide distribution of Bufo boreas shown in brown with hydrologic Great Basin outlined in black and hash mark interior within the western United States (Gordon et al., 2017). (B) Bufo boreas species complex and new species shown within hydrologic Great Basin, illustrating the small ranges of localized endemics. Spatial data for all toads except B. williamsi, B. nevadensis, and B. monfontanus provided by IUCN (2015). Images taken by M. R. Gordon except B. canorus, with photo credit to G. Nafis.

FIG. 2 in Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus])

FIG. 2. Discriminant function analysis (DFA). Cross validated DFA using 14 size-corrected morphological characters measured from 518 live adult toads (Fig. 1A) examined within the hydrological Great Basin B. boreas species complex. Species identified as B. boreas (red), B. nelsoni (brown), B. exsul (dark green), B. williamsi (light blue), B. nevadensis (light green), and B. monfontanus (dark blue).

FIG. 3 in Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus])

FIG. 3. Molecular examination of B. boreas species complex. (A) The TCS haplotype network was constructed using 257 sequences (1,622 bp) obtained from toad sampling (Fig. 1B) resulting in 62 unique haplotypes. Circle sizes correspond with the number of individuals of a particular haplotype. Major haplotype clades identified within B. boreas (W–Western Great Basin [yellow], HL–Humboldt-Lahontan [blue], and S–Mojave [aqua]) and to localized species (B. canorus [purple], B. exsul [tan], B. nelsoni [orange], B. williamsi [red]) and highlight the genetic divergence of both B. nevadensis (mauve) and B. monfontanus (brown). (B) Maximum likelihood tree derived from the control region of mitochondrial genome. Branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in less than 50% bootstrap replicates are collapsed. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (500 replicates) are shown next to the branches (Felsenstein, 1985). See Data Accessibility for tree file.

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FIG. 2 in Ant Morphology Mediates Diet Preference in a Neotropical Toad (Rhinella alata)

FIG. 2. Principal component analysis of seven ant traits. Ant species were plotted in the PCA and colored by preference categories (preferred [blue], neutral [black], and avoided [red]). The inset depicts the correlations between principal components and each ant trait. ''trait.L'' (linear) and ''trait.Q'' (quadratic) are representations of ordinal variables. The linear representation indicates the direction in PC space of increasing trait values, while the quadratic representation indicates the direction in PC space of moderate trait values.

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FIG. 1. The 84 in Ant Morphology Mediates Diet Preference in a Neotropical Toad (Rhinella alata)

FIG. 1. The 84 ant species ordered by their linear selectivity value. Preference categories of ant species (preferred [blue], neutral [black], and avoided [red]) were established relative to a null model distribution (gray area). The cutoffs for null distributions are species-specific, which explains why preference categories are not perfectly ordered. Photographs of the top four and bottom four ants are size-scaled in relation to each other.

FIG. 4 in Staggered-Entry Analysis of Breeding Phenology and Occupancy Dynamics of Arizona Toads from Historically Occupied Habitats of New Mexico, USA

FIG. 4. Estimated detection probability from the simple multi-season model fitted with calling data from historical and control sites, based on the relationship between detection and Julian date from the simple multi-season occupancy model. Julian values represent only the values present in our data set and range from 1 March to 30 May (Julian days 60–150).

FIG. 3 in Staggered-Entry Analysis of Breeding Phenology and Occupancy Dynamics of Arizona Toads from Historically Occupied Habitats of New Mexico, USA

FIG. 3. Estimated probabilities of yearly occupancy (y-axis; 6 95% CI) from the historically occupied (orange) and control (blue) sites for the (A) staggered-entry model (SE) and the (B) simple multi-season (SMS) model. Dotted error bars represent years when surveys were not conducted.

FIG. 2 in Staggered-Entry Analysis of Breeding Phenology and Occupancy Dynamics of Arizona Toads from Historically Occupied Habitats of New Mexico, USA

FIG. 2. Estimated probabilities of Arizona Toads entering sites between subsequent surveys (orange), given that they have not previously entered, based on the estimated relationship between entry and Julian date. Estimated probabilities of Arizona Toad departing sites between subsequent surveys (blue), given that they are already present, based on the estimated relationship between departure and Julian date. Yellow points show the probabilities that toads were available to be detected for each day. Julian values range from 1 March to 30 May.

FIG. 1 in Staggered-Entry Analysis of Breeding Phenology and Occupancy Dynamics of Arizona Toads from Historically Occupied Habitats of New Mexico, USA

FIG. 1. Study area in southwestern New Mexico showing historically occupied (n ¼ 86; red circles) and control (n ¼ 59; blue triangles) waterbodies sampled during the 2013–2016 and 2019 breeding seasons for the Arizona Toads (Anaxyrus microscaphus). Filled shapes represent sites where we detected toads at least once, and open shapes represent sites where we never detected toads. Basemap by Stamen Design, under CC BY 3.0.