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Fig. 24 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 24. Inter- and intrapopulational hemipenial variation in Rhadinaea decorata (Günther). A. Short bulbous hemipenis, 7 subcaudals long, Veracruz, Mexico (TCWC 21391, right organ). B. Long slender hemipenis, 11 subcaudals long, Costa Rica (USNM 120832, right organ). Geographic variation is complex, comprising lengths of 5–8 subcaudals in Mexico and 6–14 subcaudals in Costa Rica through Panama. Field eversions, drawn to same scale, from Myers, 1974: 74–75.

Fig. 18 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 18. Hemipenis of Xenodon rabdocephalus, sensu stricto. Right retracted organ of AMNH R-3609, from Bahia, Brazil; designated lectotype herein). Abbreviations: AD, apical disc; ADW, apical disc wall or lip; Mus, dorsal and ventral slips of the major retractor muscle; SB, branch of sulcus spermaticus; SS, sulcus spermaticus below fork; STB, smooth terminal basin.

Fig. 10 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 10. Continued. trigeminal nerve; Vrp, foramen for retractor pterygoideus ramus of trigeminal nerve; V2, foramen for maxillary ramus of trigeminal nerve; V2VIIp, foramina for combined maxillary ramus of trigeminal nerve and palatine ramus of facial nerve (5 orbitopalatine nerve); V3VII, foramen for mandibular ramus of trigeminal nerve and facial nerve; VIIp, foramina for palatine ramus of facial nerve; IX, foramen for glossopharyngeal nerve; X, foramen for vagus nerve; XII, foramina for hypoglossal nerve.

Fig. 11 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 11. Skull of Eutrachelophis steinbachi (Boulenger) (AMNH R-125695), ×7.7. Abbreviations: Same as for figure 10, but here repeated only for nerve and venous foramina. With only one skull each of E. bassleri and E. steinbachi, no significance can be attached to any slight differences in positioning of these foramina, which are so labile that even the left and right sides of the same skull may sometimes differ.

Fig. 22 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 22. Illustration (from Pope, 1941: 251), showing copulatory adjustment between hemipenis (left) and female cloaca (right) of Liophis poecilogyrus, as seen by dissection after the snakes had been killed while mating. Pope commented: ''The ventral body wall of the female has been bisected and its halves spread apart to expose the interior of the cloaca, from which the turgid hemipenis was removed. The exposed side of the latter lay against the dorsal wall of the cloaca so that each sulcus spermaticus opened at the orifice of an oviduct.'' Species of Liophis have an apical disc on each hemipenial lobe (as in fig. 17A), which should confine the flow of seminal fluid to the opening of the oviduct; in this case there may have been a slight postmortem retraction of the discs. The area labeled ''ridge'' in this figure corresponds to the apical disc itself, which contains the terminus of the sulcus spermaticus.

Fig. 23 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 23. Illustration (after Inger and Marx, 1962: 36) showing intraspecific variation in the female cloaca of Calamaria lumbricoidea. Diagrammatic ventral views, with intestine cut and reflected. A. Bulbous cloaca. B. Cardioid type. C. Bilobed type. D. Bilobed type with ventral wall removed.

Fig. 29 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 29. The African genus Prosymna includes examples of extreme hemipenial diversity. A. Prosymna ambigua bocagii Boulenger, a snake with a slender, single (unforked) hemipenis longer than the tail when everted. Drawing of AMNH R-12145, reproduced from Schmidt (1923: 89). B. Same specimen as above, with tail opened, showing complex ''accordion'' folding of the uneverted contralateral hemipenis. The retractor muscles originate threadlike at the very tip of the tail, both with a small Z-shaped fold toward the hemipenis. Notice at the bottom side that the everted right hemipenis has the tip broken off. Inset at top: Greatly enlarged view of the folded part of the inverted hemipenis. Inset at lower right: Enlarged view of the tip of the broken right hemipenis, showing ridgelike structures at the terminus. C. Prosymna sundevallii (A. Smith) hemipenes showing peculiar anastomosing flouncing, from Broadley (1980: pl. IIA). Abbreviations: AG, presumed small anal gland; HP, hemipenis; Mus, termini of left and right retractor muscles; MusZ, large Z-shaped fold in left retractor muscle; SS, sulcus spermaticus.

Fig. 28 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 28. The deeply divided, exceedingly long-lobed hemipenis of Pseudaspis cana (Linnaeus) (AMNH R-49948, right hemipenis). The contralateral (left) organ of this snake originates near the end of the tail at subcaudal 44 (there are 55 subcaudals total); although the left organ was partially everted, its retractor muscle retained a series of sinuous folds that seemed to straighten somewhat after being freed from membranous tissue. The branches of the sulcus spermaticus orbit each lobe several times; the sulcus orientation is ''centrifugal-orbital'' following the classification proposed herein. (The orbiting nature of the sulcus is not clearly evident in a partially everted organ illustrated by Cope, 1895: pl. 24, figs 9, 9a.)

Fig. 21 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 21. Distinct hemipenial capitula (heads) with and without capitation. A. Rhadinaea taeniata (Peters). Retracted and everted views showing a capitate capitulum set off by a well-developed overhang that is interrupted only by entrance of the sulcus spermaticus (UMMZ 121522, left retracted and right everted organs; from Myers, 1974: 107, fig. 23A, B). B. Compsophis infralineatus (Günther). Sulcate and three-quarters views of a well-developed capitulum lacking capitation (MZC 181153, everted; from Cadle, 1996b: 75, fig. 17, as Geodipsas). The capitula are ornamented with calyces in A and with small spines in B. (See also fig. 3 for a distinct noncapitate capitulum that is distally nude and proximally spiculate.)

Fig. 13 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 13. Two unrelated small Brazilian snakes that are similar to Eutrachelophis spp. in nuchal markings and in having 15 dorsal scale rows, but they differ from each other and from Eutrachelophis spp. in fundamental hemipenial and maxillary characters. Color-pattern similarities in these and a few other small snakes include an anterior band or spots (first arrow), followed by paired spots or a fused pale crossbar (second arrow) that is medially constricted like the fused ocelli in some specimens of Eutrachelophis (compare with figs. 2 and 4). A, B. Amnesteophis melanauchen (Jan), a Brazilian

Fig. 33 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 33. Xenodon suspectus Cope. Dorsal and ventral views of the six additional American Museum specimens of X. suspectus, gathered in the 1920s by Harvey Bassler. A. AMNH R-52244, Contamana, Río Ucayali (Loreto); B–E. All from Río Itaya, near Iquitos (in Loreto); B. AMNH R-53636; C. AMNH R-

Fig. 32 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 32. Xenodon suspectus Cope in dorsal and ventral view. AMNH R-52175, an adult male from Chanchamayo, (Junín), Peru; hemipenis from this specimen shown in figure 20.

Figure 6 in Systematics and biogeography of the widespread Neotropical gekkonid genus Thecadactylus (Squamata), with the description of a new cryptic species

Figure 6. Majority rule consensus summary of trees sampled by the BI analysis of the total evidence data set including all OTUs (A) and including only those OTUs for which a majority of the data was available (B). Posterior probabilities are presented below the branches. SWA indicates the south-western Amazonian clade, which herein is described as T. solimoensis.

Figure 7 in Systematics and biogeography of the widespread Neotropical gekkonid genus Thecadactylus (Squamata), with the description of a new cryptic species

Figure 7. Photographs of the holotype of Thecadactylus solimoensis [QCAZ-6691 (= OMNH-36431)] (A), and the neotype of T. rapicauda (RMNH-16267) (B).

Figure 4 in Systematics and biogeography of the widespread Neotropical gekkonid genus Thecadactylus (Squamata), with the description of a new cryptic species

Figure 4. Summary of PCA results from analysis of the residual morphometric data set. A, plot of PC-1 and PC-2 with 95% locality centroids plotted. B, distribution of within- (unfilled) and between- (filled) clade (SWA and the remainder) Euclidean distances calculated based on the first eight PC factor scores.

Figure 3 in Systematics and biogeography of the widespread Neotropical gekkonid genus Thecadactylus (Squamata), with the description of a new cryptic species

Figure 3. Majority rule consensus summary of trees sampled by the BI analysis of the morphological data set. Posterior probabilities are presented below branches. SWA indicates the south-western Amazonian clade, which is described herein as T. solimoensis.

Figure 1 in Systematics and biogeography of the widespread Neotropical gekkonid genus Thecadactylus (Squamata), with the description of a new cryptic species

Figure 1. Distribution of Thecadactylus, showing ranges of the two constituent species, T. rapicauda (diagonal lines) and T. solimoensis sp. nov. (cross hatching). Modified from Russell & Bauer (2002a).

Figure 2 in Systematics and biogeography of the widespread Neotropical gekkonid genus Thecadactylus (Squamata), with the description of a new cryptic species

Figure 2. Distribution of localities sampled for the morphological, morphometric and molecular data sets. Localities denoted with * appear in the morphometric data set and have elevated sample sizes; those with # also appear in this data set, but have very low sample sizes; those with ^ are included in the molecular data set (also see Kronauer et al., 2005); those without a symbol are included in the morphological data set only. X^ denotes the localitiy of Acre, Brazil, which was only sampled for the molecular data set. Locality numbers correspond to those in Appendix 2.

Figure 5 in Systematics and biogeography of the widespread Neotropical gekkonid genus Thecadactylus (Squamata), with the description of a new cryptic species

Figure 5. Majority rule bootstrap consensus tree of cladograms produced by MP analysis of the total evidence data set. Bootstrap values are presented below branches. SWA indicates the south-western Amazonian clade, which herein is described as T. solimoensis.