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6,335 results for “direct”
Data from: Response to joint selection on germination and flowering phenology depends on the direction of selection
Background and Aims. Flowering and germination time are components of phenology, a complex phenotype that incorporates a number of traits. In natural populations, selection is likely to occur on multiple components of phenology at once. However, we have little knowledge of how joint selection on several phenological traits influences evolutionary response. Methods. We conducted one generation of artificial selection for all combinations of early and late germination and flowering on replicated lines within two independent base populations in the herb Campanula americana. We then measured response to selection and realized heritability for each trait. Results. Response to selection and heritability were greater for flowering time than germination time, indicating greater evolutionary potential of this trait. Selection for earlier phenology, both flowering and germination, did not depend on the direction of selection on the other trait. Whereas response to selection to delay germination and flowering was greater when selection on the other trait was in the opposite direction (e.g. early germination, late flowering), indicating a negative genetic correlation between the traits. Conclusions. The extent to which correlations shaped response to selection depended on the direction of selection. Therefore the genetic correlation between timing of germination and flowering varies across the trait distributions. The negative correlation between germination and flowering time found when selecting for delayed phenology follows theoretical predictions of constraint for traits that jointly determine life history schedule. Whereas the lack of constraint found when selecting for an accelerated phenology suggests a reduction of the covariance due to strong selection favoring earlier flowering and a shorter life cycle. This genetic architecture, in turn, will facilitate further evolution of the early phenology often favored in warming climates.
Data from: Direct effects of a non-native invader erode native plant fitness in the forest understory
1. The direct role of non-native plant invaders in driving negative population- and community-level processes of native species has been recently questioned. Addressing this controversy requires determining quantitatively if invaders negatively affect native population fitness. Because the invasion of non-natives often coincides with other anthropogenic stressors, experiments that partition the putative impact of non-natives from other known stressors and assess their potential synergies are required. While many studies have examined the effects of non-natives on components of native plant performance, studies that decompose the net fitness effects of non-natives from other anthropogenic stressors on population growth rate are lacking. 2. We used six years of detailed demographic data to parameterize a size-dependent integral projection model to examine the individual and combined effects of an allelochemical-producing invader (Alliaria petiolata) and an overabundant ungulate herbivore (Odocoileus virginianus) on the population dynamics of an understory perennial (Trillium erectum). 3. We show that Alliaria consistently and negatively affects the population dynamics of Trillium. Specifically, this invader reduces native population growth rate and alters the size distribution of the population at equilibrium. Alliaria also works in concert with the known negative impacts of overabundant white-tailed deer, illustrating the additive effects of anthropogenic stressors on native plant dynamics. 4. Synthesis. Alliaria's effects on vital rates differed in magnitude and sign across the native's lifecycle, highlighting the importance of detailed demographic analyses. Globally, our study provides novel empirical support for the claim that non-native invasive species can significantly and directly reduce the fitness of native plants.
Coral restoration – a systematic review of current methods, successes, failures and future directions
Coral reef ecosystems have suffered an unprecedented loss of habitat-forming hard corals in recent decades. While marine conservation has historically focused on passive habitat protection, demand for and interest in active restoration has been growing in recent decades. However, a disconnect between coral restoration practitioners, coral reef managers and scientists has resulted in a disjointed field where it is difficult to gain an overview of existing knowledge. To address this, we aimed to synthesise the available knowledge in a comprehensive global review of coral restoration methods, incorporating data from the peer-reviewed scientific literature, complemented with grey literature and through a survey of coral restoration practitioners. We found that coral restoration case studies are dominated by short-term projects, with 60% of all projects reporting less than 18 months of monitoring of the restored sites. Similarly, most projects are relatively small in spatial scale, with a median size of restored area of 100 m2. A diverse range of species are represented in the dataset, with 229 different species from 72 coral genera. Overall, coral restoration projects focused primarily on fast-growing branching corals (59% of studies), and report survival between 60 and 70%. To date, the relatively young field of coral restoration has been plagued by similar 'growing pains' as ecological restoration in other ecosystems. These include 1) a lack of clear and achievable objectives, 2) a lack of appropriate and standardised monitoring and reporting and, 3) poorly designed projects in relation to stated objectives. Mitigating these will be crucial to successfully scale up projects, and to retain public trust in restoration as a tool for resilience based management. Finally, while it is clear that practitioners have developed effective methods to successfully grow corals at small scales, it is critical not to view restoration as a replacement for meaningful action on climate change.
Direct assessment of the acidity of individual surface hydroxyls_experimental dadaset
<p>This dataset contains the raw experimental data for the article "Direct assessment of the acidity of individual surface hydroxyls" by Margareta Wagner, Bernd Meyer, Martin Setvin, Michael Schmid & Ulrike Diebold in <a href="https://www.nature.com/"><em>Nature</em></a> <strong>volume 592</strong>, pages722–725 (2021). </p>
Data from: Direct fitness benefits and kinship of social foraging groups in an Old World tropical babbler
Molecular studies have revealed that social groups composed mainly of non-relatives may be widespread in group-living vertebrates, but the benefits favoring such sociality are not well understood. In the Old World, birds often form conspecific foraging groups that are maintained year-round and offspring usually disperse to other social groups. We tested the hypothesis that non-breeding group members are largely unrelated and gain direct fitness benefits through breeding opportunities (males) and brood parasitism (females) in the tropical grey-throated babbler, Stachyris nigriceps, in Malaysian Borneo. Babblers foraged in social groups containing one or more breeding pairs (median = 8 group members of equal sex ratio), but group members rarely assisted with breeding (9% of 67 breeding pairs had a third helper; exhibiting facultative cooperative breeding). Although 20% of 266 group member dyads were first-order relatives of one or both members of the breeding pairs, 80% were unrelated. Male group members gained direct fitness benefits through extra-pair and extra-group paternity (25% of 73 offspring), which was independent of their relatedness to the breeding pair and increased with decreasing group size. In contrast, females did not gain direct fitness benefits through brood parasitism. The low levels of relatedness and helping in social groups suggest that most group members do not gain indirect fitness benefits by helping to raise unrelated offspring. These findings highlight the importance of examining benefits of sociality for unrelated individuals that largely do not help and broaden the direct fitness benefits of group foraging beyond assumed survival benefits.
Supplement to "Estimation of the total magnetization direction of approximately spherical bodies"
<p>Supplementary data and source code to "Estimation of the total magnetization direction of approximately spherical bodies".</p> <p>Article submitted for publication to Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics.</p> <p>The original submission and open peer-review can be viewed at http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npgd-1-1465-2014</p> <p>This is an archive of the git version controlled repository containing: the manuscript LaTeX source files; IPython notebooks (www.ipython.org) containing source code to perform the applications to synthetic and real data; the total field magnetic anomaly data used in the real data application.</p> <p>See the original repository at https://github.com/pinga-lab/Total-magnetization-of-spherical-bodies</p> <p>The source code that implements the proposed methodology is included in version 0.3 of the open-source software Fatiando a Terra (www.fatiando.org). See module fatiando.gravmag.magdir.</p>
Supplementary files for: Jorge M G, Brennand T A. Measuring (subglacial) bedform orientation, one-dimensional size, and directional shape - method accuracy. PLOS ONE, revision phase.
<p>Supplementary files for Jorge M G, Brennand T A. Measuring (subglacial) bedform orientation, one-dimensional size, and directional shape - method accuracy. PLOS ONE, revision phase.</p> <p>Files: i) shapefile of longitudinal subglacial bedform dataset; ii) spreadsheet with signed error distributions.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Jorge M G, Brennand T A. Measuring (subglacial) bedform orientation, one-dimensional size, and directional shape - method accuracy. Submitted to PLOS ONE, July 2015
<p>Georeferenced (EPSG 32610) vector file (shapefile format) containing the longitudinal subglacial bedform footprint dataset used in the study.<br /> </p>
Dataset accompanying publication: "Modulation of Cortical Oscillations by Low-Frequency Direct Cortical Stimulation is State-Dependent"
<p>Dataset accompanying publication:</p> <p>"Modulation of Cortical Oscillations by Low-Frequency Direct Cortical Stimulation is State-Dependent", Alagapan, Schmidt, Lefebvre, Hadar, Shin and Frohlich</p> <p>For questions, contact flavio_frohlich@med.unc.edu</p> <p>The mat file consists of the following Matlab variables</p> <ol> <li><strong>Electrode Distance</strong>: 3 x 1 cell array containing the arrays (trial x electrode) of distance from stimulating electrode to recording electrode for the three ECoG participants. (First array corresponds to P001, Second array corresponds to P005 and Third array corresponds to P008)</li> <li><strong>Spectra_Electrode_EC</strong>: 3 x 1 cell array consisting of nTrial x nFreq x nChannels x nEpochs matrices for each subject’s eyes-closed experiment. nTrial corresponds to number of trials, nFreq corresponds to frequencies at which spectral power is calculated, nChannels corresponds to number of electrodes in the analysis and nEpochs corresponds to “Before Stimulation”, “During Stimulation” and “After Stimulation” epochs.</li> <li><strong>Spectra_Electrode_EO</strong>: 3 x 1 cell array consisting of nTrial x nFreq x nChannels x nEpochs matrices for each subject’s eyes-open experiment. The dimensions are the same as above. The first array consists of task-engaged dataset from Participant P001.</li> <li><strong>MI_Summary</strong>: 8 x 1 cell array consisting of 3 x 1 cell arrays of modulation indexes for the three participants. The 8 arrays stand for the modulation indexes in different epochs and different frequencies. Refer <strong>MI_Summary_Names</strong></li> <li><strong>MI_Summary_Names</strong>: 8 x 1 cell array consisting of strings denoting the arrays in <strong>MI_Summary</strong>. <strong>During</strong> in text corresponds to “During Stimulation” epoch and <strong>After</strong> corresponds to “After Stimulation” epoch.</li> <li><strong>f</strong>: Frequencies at which spectral power was estimated.</li> <li><strong>NetworkModel</strong>: Matlab struct containing the time series generated by the network model and corresponding spectra. The <strong>timeseries</strong> consists of 4 columns – 1<sup>st</sup> column corresponds to time, 2<sup>nd</sup> column corresponds to task-engaged state data, 3<sup>rd</sup> column corresponds to eyes-open state data and 4<sup>th</sup> column corresponds to eyes-closed state data. The <strong>spectra </strong>struct consists of spectral powers estimated in the different epochs. 1<sup>st</sup> column of each epoch array corresponds to task-engaged state, 2<sup>nd</sup> column corresponds to eyes-open state and the 3<sup>rd</sup> column corresponds to eyes-closed state.</li> <li><strong>SummationModel</strong>: Matlab struct containing the time series generated by the summation model and the peak values in spectra before and during stimulation by varying the two strength parameters. The columns correspond to stimulation strength while rows correspond to oscillation strength. The oscillation strength parameter was varied from 0.5 to 50 in steps of 0.5 and the stimulation strength parameter was varied from 0.1 to 10 in steps of 0.1. </li> </ol> <p> </p>
Dynamics of oculomotor direction discrimination
<p>Dataset relative to the following publication:</p> <p>Braun, D.I. & Gegenfurtner, K.R. (2016) Dynamics of oculomotor direction discrimination. <strong>Journal of Vision</strong>, 16(13):4. http://www.journalofvision.org/16/13/4.</p> <p>See the file README.rtf for further information.</p> <p> </p>
Modulating the assessment of semantic speech–gesture relatedness via transcranial direct current stimulation of the left frontal cortex
<p>Raw data related to the publication:</p> <p>Schülke, R., & <strong>Straube, B.</strong> (accepted). Modulating the assessment of semantic speech-gesture relatedness via transcranial direct current stimulation of the left frontal cortex. Brain Stimulation. DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.10.012.</p> <p> </p> <p>Statistical software: SPSS</p> <p>Variables:</p> <p>Subject<br> Stimulus<br> SessionNr<br> Stimulation<br> Localisation - frontal/parietal/frontoparietal<br> Polarisation - anode left/right<br> Relatedness - related/unrelated<br> Gesture_type - iconic/metaphoric<br> Reaction_time - in milliseconds<br> Rating - on a scale from 1-7</p>
Data for item-method directed forgetting and working memory capacity study
<p>This dataset contains recall data from an item-method directed forgetting paradigm, working memory scores from the operation span (OSpan) and running span (RunSpan) tasks, and event frequencies for the multinomial storage-retrieval model (Riefer & Rouder, 1992).</p> <p>Detailed description of varibales in the dataset are contained in the pdf File "VariableDescriptions_IMDF_WM_AllData.pdf".</p>
Hemispheric diferences in the processing of visual consequences of active vs. passive movements: a transcranial direct current stimulation study
<p>Dataset related to the following publication:</p> <p>Straube, B., Schülke, R., Drewing, K., Kircher, T., van Kemenade, B.M. (2017). Hemispheric differences in the processing of visual consequences of active vs. passive movements: a transcranial direct current stimulation study. Exp. Brain Res. DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-5053-x</p>
Optimal mechanical interactions direct multicellular network formation on elastic substrates
<p>Cells self-organize into functional, ordered structures during tissue morphogenesis, a process that is evocative of colloidal self-assembly into engineered soft materials. Understanding how intercellular mechanical interactions may drive the formation of ordered and functional multicellular structures is important in developmental biology and tissue engineering. Here, by combining an agent-based model for contractile cells on elastic substrates with endothelial cell culture experiments, we show that substrate deformation–mediated mechanical interactions between cells can cluster and align them into branched networks. Motivated by the structure and function of vasculogenic networks, we predict how measures of network connectivity like percolation probability and fractal dimension as well as local morphological features including junctions, branches, and rings depend on cell contractility and density and on substrate elastic properties including stiffness and compressibility. We predict and confirm with experiments that cell network formation is substrate stiffness dependent, being optimal at intermediate stiffness. We also show the agreement between experimental data and predicted cell cluster types by mapping a combined phase diagram in cell density substrate stiffness. Overall, we show that long-range, mechanical interactions provide an optimal and general strategy for multicellular self-organization, leading to more robust and efficient realizations of space-spanning networks than through just local intercellular interactions.</p>
Direct observation of chirality-induced spin selectivity in electron donor–acceptor molecules. Open data set
<p>Data supporting the original figures 2 and 4 of the related publication.</p>
Dynamically coupled kinetic chemistry in brown dwarf atmospheres - II. Cloud and chemistry connections in directly imaged sub-Jupiter exoplanets
<p>Gifs of GCM output from the paper, model is Teff = 1000 K, log g = 3, M/H = 1. </p><p>The atmos_daily_2980.nc file contains the GCM NETCDF output at 2080 days.</p>
Data from: Direct and higher-order interactions in plant communities under increasing weather persistence
<p>ABSTRACT: Climate change is increasing the weather persistence in the midlatitudes, prolonging both dry and wet spells compared to historic averages. These newly emerging environmental conditions destabilize plant communities, but the role of species interactions in this process is unknown. Here, we tested how direct and higher-order interactions (HOIs) between species may change in synthesized grassland communities along an experimental gradient of increasing persistence in precipitation regimes. Our results indicate that species interactions (including HOIs) are an important determinant of plant performance under increasing weather persistence. Out of the 12 most parsimonious models predicting species productivity, 75 % contained significant direct interactions and 92 % significant HOIs. Inclusion of direct interactions or HOIs respectively tripled or quadrupled the explained variance of target species biomass compared to null models only including the precipitation treatment. Drought dominated the plant responses, with longer droughts increasing direct competition but also HOI-driven facilitation. Despite these counteracting changes, drought intensified net competition. Grasses were generally more involved in competitive interactions whereas legumes had a stronger affinity for facilitative interactions. Under longer drought, species affinity for nutrient rich or wet environments resulted in more negative direct interactions or HOIs, respectively. We conclude that higher-order interactions, crucially depending on species identity, only partially stabilize community dynamics under increasing weather persistence</p>
Direct laser-written optomechanical membranes in fiber Fabry-Perot cavities
<p>Data for "Direct laser-written optomechanical membranes in fiber Fabry-Perot cavities".</p>
Music Data, Archiving for Community Use and Future Directions Through the Decade of Indigenous Languages
<p>Music Data, Archiving for Community Use and Future Directions Through the Decade of Indigenous Languages</p> <p>Linda Barwick</p> <p>Presented 5 October 2022 at the international conference "Where Do We Need to Go From Here?" Language Documentation and Archiving in the International Decade of Indigenous Languages</p>
Data from: Direct and higher-order interactions in plant communities under increasing weather persistence
<p>Climate change is increasing the weather persistence in the mid-latitudes, prolonging both dry and wet spells compared to historic averages. These newly emerging environmental conditions destabilize plant communities, but the role of species interactions in this process is unknown. Here, we tested how direct and higher-order interactions (HOIs) between species may change in synthesized grassland communities along an experimental gradient of increasing persistence in precipitation regimes. Our results indicate that species interactions (including HOIs) are an important determinant of plant performance under increasing weather persistence. Out of the 12 most parsimonious models predicting species productivity, 75 % contained significant direct interactions and 92 % significant HOIs. Inclusion of direct interactions or HOIs respectively tripled or quadrupled the explained variance of target species biomass compared to null models only including the precipitation treatment. Drought was the main driver of plant responses, with longer droughts increasing direct competition but also HOI-driven facilitation. Despite these counteracting changes, drought intensified net competition. Grasses were generally more involved in competitive interactions whereas legumes were more involved in facilitative interactions. Under longer drought, species affinity for nutrient rich or wet environments resulted in more negative direct interactions or HOIs, respectively. We conclude that higher-order interactions, crucially depending on species identity, only partially stabilize community dynamics under increasing weather persistence.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.