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38,743 results for “efficacy”
Data for: Strong effects of food quality on host life history do not scale to impact parasitoid efficacy or life history
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Evaluating the efficacy of drone-based thermal images for measuring wildlife abundance and physiology
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Data from: Selectivity of invasive species suppression efforts influences control efficacy
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Exaggerated mandibles are correlated with enhanced foraging efficacy in male Auckland tree wētā
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Genetic diversity and efficacy of natural selection in spiders with pre-copulatory sexual cannibalism
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The efficacy of selection may increase or decrease with selfing depending upon the recombination environment
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Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks
<p>We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in the exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness. Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a marginally significant reduction in coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets. Our results indicate that surgical facemasks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.</p>
Data from: Evaluating population viability and efficacy of conservation management using integrated population models
Predicting population responses to environmental conditions or management scenarios is a fundamental challenge for conservation. Proper consideration of demographic, environmental and parameter uncertainties is essential for projecting population trends and optimal conservation strategies. We developed a coupled integrated population model-Bayesian population viability analysis to assess the (1) impact of demographic rates (survival, fecundity, immigration) on past population dynamics; (2) population viability 10 years into the future; and (3) efficacy of possible management strategies for the federally endangered Great Lakes piping plover Charadrius melodus population. Our model synthesizes long-term population survey, nest monitoring and mark–resight data, while accounting for multiple sources of uncertainty. We incorporated latent abundance of eastern North American merlins Falco columbarius, a primary predator of adult plovers, as a covariate on adult survival via a parallel state-space model, accounting for the influence of an imperfectly observed process (i.e. predation pressure) on population viability. Mean plover abundance increased from 18 pairs in 1993 to 75 pairs in 2016, but annual population growth (math formula) was projected to be 0.95 (95% CI 0.72–1.12), suggesting a potential decline to 67 pairs within 10 years. Without accounting for an expanding merlin population, we would have concluded that the plover population was projected to increase (math formula = 1.02; 95% CI 0.94–1.09) to 91 pairs by 2026. We compared four conservation scenarios: (1) no proposed management; (2) increased control of chick predators (e.g. Corvidae, Laridae, mammals); (3) increased merlin control; and (4) simultaneous chick predator and merlin control. Compared to the null scenario, chick predator control reduced quasi-extinction probability from 11.9% to 8.7%, merlin control more than halved (3.5%) the probability and simultaneous control reduced quasi-extinction probability to 2.6%. Synthesis and applications. Piping plover recovery actions should consider systematic predator control, rather than current ad hoc protocols, especially given the predicted increase in regional merlin abundance. This approach of combining integrated population models with Bayesian population viability analysis to identify limiting components of the population cycle and evaluate alternative management strategies for conservation decision-making shows great utility for aiding recovery of threatened populations.
Data from: Efficacy of a probiotic bacterium to treat bats affected by the disease white-nose syndrome
The management of infectious diseases is an important conservation concern for a growing number of wildlife species. However, effective disease control in wildlife is challenging because feasible management options are often lacking. White-nose syndrome (WNS) is an infectious disease of hibernating bats that currently threatens several North American species with extinction. Currently, no effective treatments exist for WNS. We conducted a laboratory experiment to test the efficacy of treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens, a bacterium that naturally occurs on bats, to reduce disease severity and improve survival of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) exposed to Pseudogymnoacus destructans, the fungal pathogen that causes WNS. Application of the bacteria at the time of P. destructans infection reduced several measures of disease severity and increased survival, whereas bacterial treatment prior to pathogen exposure had no effect on survival and worsened disease severity. Our results suggest that probiotic treatment with Ps. fluorescens has potential for WNS disease management but the timing of application is critical and should coincide with natural exposure of bats to P. destructans. More broadly, these results add to the growing knowledge of how the natural host microbiota can influence disease outcomes.
Data from: Efficacy of Aedes aegypti control by indoor Ultra Low Volume (ULV) insecticide spraying in Iquitos, Peru
Background: Aedes aegypti is a primary vector of dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and urban yellow fever viruses. Indoor, ultra low volume (ULV) space spraying with pyrethroid insecticides is the main approach used for Ae. aegypti emergency control in many countries. Given the widespread use of this method, the lack of large-scale experiments or detailed evaluations of municipal spray programs is problematic. Methodology/Principal Findings: Two experimental evaluations of non-residual, indoor ULV pyrethroid spraying were conducted in Iquitos, Peru. In each, a central sprayed sector was surrounded by an unsprayed buffer sector. In 2013, spray and buffer sectors included 398 and 765 houses, respectively. Spraying reduced the mean number of adults captured per house by ~83 percent relative to the pre-spray baseline survey. In the 2014 experiment, sprayed and buffer sectors included 1,117 and 1,049 houses, respectively. Here, the sprayed sector's number of adults per house was reduced ~64 percent relative to baseline. Parity surveys in the sprayed sector during the 2014 spray period indicated an increase in the proportion of very young females. We also evaluated impacts of a 2014 citywide spray program by the local Ministry of Health, which reduced adult populations by ~60 percent. In all cases, adult densities returned to near-baseline levels within one month. Conclusions/Significance: Our results demonstrate that densities of adult Ae. aegypti can be reduced by experimental and municipal spraying programs. The finding that adult densities return to approximately pre-spray densities in less than a month is similar to results from previous, smaller scale experiments. Our results demonstrate that ULV spraying is best viewed as having a short-term entomological effect. The epidemiological impact of ULV spraying will need evaluation in future trials that measure capacity of insecticide spraying to reduce human infection or disease.
Data from: Modelling the potential efficacy of treatments for white-nose syndrome in bats
<p class="western">1. The fungal disease white-nose syndrome (WNS) has caused mass mortality in some species of North American bats during hibernation. </p> <p class="western">2. We use population viability models to test if a hypothetical WNS treatment or management action could facilitate the recovery of WNS-affected little brown myotis (<i>Myotis lucifugus</i>) populations. We modelled scenarios altering three parameters: (1) WNS severity (population growth rate of WNS-affected populations; λ<sub>WNS</sub>); (2) proportion of population treated; and (3) treatment improvement in winter survival (TIWS). </p> <p class="western">3. Our models predict that a treatment or management action that targets an entire population with a TIWS of 40% (the average TIWS in bat trials to date) will cause a population to stabilize or increase if WNS causes an annual decline of less than 70% (i.e. λ<sub>WNS</sub>>=0.30). However, for severe WNS (λ<sub>WNS</sub>=0.10), the TIWS must be at least 54% to cause the population to stabilize or increase. Where only a proportion of a WNS-affected population is treated, population stability is much harder to achieve unless the impact of WNS attenuates over time.</p> <p class="western">4. Our models suggest that a treatment or management action only facilitates the recovery of WNS-affected populations if WNS is mild, a large proportion of bats can be treated, TIWS is high, and/or WNS severity attenuates over time.</p> <p class="western"><span>5. </span><i>Synthesis and applications</i><i><span>.</span></i><span> We mode</span><span><span>lled</span></span><span> the predicted abundance trajectory of white-nose syndrome (WNS)-affected little brown myotis (</span><i><span>Myotis lucifugus</span></i><span>) populations </span><span><span>in response to hypothetical treatment or management actions. Our two types of models incorporate the complete range of possible scenarios varying three parameters: (1) population growth rate of the WNS-affected population</span></span><span><span>, (2) the improvement in winter </span></span><span><span>survival associated with the </span></span><span><span>treatment or management action, and (3) the proportion of the population treated. </span></span><span><span><span><span>We suggest that our models, which can be explored using online Shiny applications, should be used in the planning phase of treatment or management action programs for WNS.</span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Diversifying large-scale participatory science: The efficacy of engagement through facilitator organizations
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Large-scale, scientist-led, participatory science (citizen science) projects often engage primarily participants who are White, wealthy, and well-educated. Calls to diversify contributory projects are increasingly common, but little research has evaluated the efficacy of suggested strategies for diversification. We engaged participants in Crowd the Tap through facilitator organizations like Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), predominantly White institutions (PWI), high school science classrooms, and corporate volunteer programs. Crowd the Tap is a contributory project focused on identifying and addressing lead contamination in household drinking water in the United States. We investigated how participant diversity with respect to race, ethnicity, and homeownership (a proxy for income) differed between participation facilitated through a partner organization and in unfacilitated participation in which participants came to the project independently. We were also interested in which facilitators were most effective at increasing participant diversity. White and wealthy participants were overrepresented in unfacilitated participation. Facilitation helped increase engagement of people of color, especially Black households, and lower-income households. High schools were particularly effective at engaging Hispanic or Latino participants and HBCUs were important for engaging Black households. Ultimately, our results suggest that engagement through facilitator organizations may be an effective means of engaging diverse participants in large-scale projects. Our results have important implications for the field of participatory science as we seek to identify evidence-based strategies for diversifying project participants. </span></p>
Intracellular delivery of nitric oxide enhances the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells for myocardial infarction
<p>Cell therapy by autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a clinically acceptable strategy for treating various diseases. Unfortunately, the therapeutic efficacy is largely affected by the low quality of MSCs collected from patients. Herein, we showed that the gene expression of MSCs from patients with diabetes was differentially regulated compared to that of MSCs from healthy controls. Then, MSCs were genetically engineered to catalyse an NO prodrug to release NO intracellularly. Compared to extracellular NO conversion, intracellular NO delivery effectively prolonged survival and enhanced the paracrine function of MSCs, as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo assays. The enhanced therapeutic efficacy of engineered MSCs combined with intracellular NO delivery was further confirmed in mouse and rat models of myocardial infarction, and a clinically relevant cell administration paradigm through secondary thoracotomy has been attempted.</p>
Genetic variants affecting NQO1 protein levels impact on efficacy of idebenone treatment in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
<p>Fastq files with complete sequencing of NQO1 gene after PCR amplification for cell lines harboring m.11778G>A/MT-ND4 or m.3460A>G/MT-ND1 and controls.</p>
Disinfectant efficacy on mixed biofilms comprising Escherichia coli and spoilage microorganisms
<p>This study aimed to investigate the impact of temperature and the presence of other microorganisms on the susceptibility of STEC to biocides. Mature biofilms were formed at both 10°C and 25°C. An inoculum of planktonic bacteria comprising 10<sup>6</sup> CFU/ml of spoilage bacteria and 10<sup>3</sup> CFU/ml of a single <em>E. coli</em> strain (O157, O111, O103, and O12) was used to form mixed biofilms. The following bacterial combinations were tested: T1: <em>Carnobacterium piscicola</em> + <em>Lactobacillus bulgaricus</em> +STEC, T2: <em>Comamonas koreensis</em> + <em>Raoultella terrigena </em>+ STEC, and T3: <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> + <em>C. koreensis</em> + STEC. Tested biocides included quaternary ammonium compounds (Quats), sodium hypochlorite (Shypo), sodium hydroxide (SHyd), hydrogen peroxide (HyP), and BioDestroy®-organic peroxyacetic acid (PAA). Biocides were applied to 6-day-old biofilms. Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) and Biofilm Eradication Concentrations (BEC) were determined. Planktonic cells and single-species biofilms exhibited greater susceptibility to sanitizers (P < 0.0001). <em>Lactobacillus</em> and <em>Carnobacterium</em> were more susceptible than the rest of the tested bacteria (P < 0.0001). Single species biofilms formed by <em>E. coli</em> O111, O121, O157, and O45 showed resistance (100%) to Shypo sanitizer (200 ppm) at 25°C. From the most effective to the least effective, sanitizer performance on single-species biofilms was PAA > Quats > HyP > SHyd > Shypo. In multi-species biofilms, spoilage bacteria within T1, T2, and T3 biofilms showed elevated resistance to SHyd (30%), followed by quats (23.25%), HyP (15.41%), SHypo (9.70%), and BioDestroy® (3.42%) (P < 0.0001). Within T1, T2, and T3, the combined STEC strains exhibited superior survival to Quats (23.91%), followed by HyP (19.57%), SHypo (18.12%), SHyd (16.67%), and BioDestroy® (4.35%) (P < 0.0001). O157:H7-R508 strains were less tolerant to Quats and Shypo when combined with T2 and T3 (P < 0.0001). O157:H7 and O103:H2 strains in mixed biofilms T1, T2, and T3 exhibited higher biocide resistance than the weak biofilm former, O145:H2 (P < 0.0001). The study shows that STEC within multi-species biofilms' are more tolerant to disinfectants.</p>
Student Stress Resilience app first efficacy study
<p>Experimental group students (n=25) used the SSResilience app for two weeks. Control group students (n=50) used different means to set goals. All students were pre-tested and post-tested on anxiety, well-being and resilience using standardized questionnaires.</p>
Surpassing Threshold Barriers: Evaluating the Efficacy of Nature-Inspired Algorithms in Detecting Applied Refactorings
<p>This page is provided as supplementary material for the article: Surpassing Threshold Barriers: Evaluating the Efficacy of Nature-Inspired Algorithms in Detecting Applied Refactorings. More specifically, we provide the results, the refactorings detected by each tool, as a downloadable JSON file. </p> <p>Results.json: You can access the results comparing ACA with RefDetect, RefactoringMiner, NSGA-II, and the Greedy algorithm.</p> <ul> <li>Overview of JSON Template: Each entry in this file provides details about commits, including their SHA-1 hash, GitHub URL, and an exhaustive list of refactorings identified in that specific commit. Refactorings are defined by their type (e.g., 'RenameClass') and are accompanied by detailed descriptions of the refactoring. Additionally, the entry specifies the tools that detected the refactoring, such as 'ACA' and 'RefactoringMiner.' The validation field indicates whether the refactoring was confirmed, using 'TP' for true positive and 'FP' for false positive. Optional comment information may be also included.</li> </ul> <p>Times.xlsx: The Excel file containing the time taken by each tool to identify refactoring in each commit.</p> <p>Results.xlsx: The Excel file contains precision, recall, and F-score metrics for all identified refactoring types.</p>
Evaluation of comparative Efficacy of two routes of administration of Carathmus Tinctorius (Medicated Enema and Nasal Administration) as an Adjuvant Therapy with Standard Care With Physiotherapy in the Rehabilitation of Thrombolytic Stroke (Pakshaghat): A Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol
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Evaluation of comparative efficacy of Trayodashang Guggul versus Asitaka Churna Vati in the management of Katigraha (Stiffness in Lumbar Region): A randomized controlled trial protocol
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Data about upper limb kinematics to test the efficacy of Action Observation Treatment
<p>The dataset contains the upper-limb kinematics collected in 40 participants before and after a short-term immobilization of the right arm. Three reach-to-grasp movements were required, targeting an object placed a) frontally at the level of the shoulders (A_low), b) frontally above the head (A_high), or c) laterally at the level of the shoulders (L_low). These movements were intended to test different degrees of freedom of the shoulder joint.</p> <p>Half of the participants underwent a virtual-reality action observation treatment (see Rizzolatti et al, Neuroscience and Biobehabioral Reviews, 2021), while the control group underwent a non-motor VR stimulation.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.