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Fig. 1 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China

Fig. 1. Aggregations of orthothecide hyoliths preserved in purplish-red shales from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166336. B. NIGPAS 166345. C. NIGPAS 166334. D. NIGPAS 166341b. E. NIGPAS 166346. Scale bars 5 mm, except E, 2 mm.

Fig. 8 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China

Fig. 8. Internal mould of the conch of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. (NIGPAS 166334) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. General view. B. Boundary between presumed protoconch and the rest of the shell. C. Transverse lines preserved on the surface of the conch. D. Conch covered with longitudinal to sub-radial ornament and mechanical compression forming a transverse ridge-like structure. E. Apical portion. F. Lamellar-fibrillar structure (indicated by white arrow in A). Scale bars: A, E, 200 μm; B, 20 μm; C, 2 μm; D, 50 μm; F, 5 μm.

Fig. 4 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 4. Paleoreconstruction map of Pangaea in the Triassic with Gondwanan occurrences of Palacrodon marked with circles and Laurasia occurrences of Palacrodon marked with a star (note the two Arizona occurrences overlap in this scale). Paleogeography modified from www.pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/ historical.html.

Fig. 3 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 3. Diapsid Palacrodon sp. from Norian, Placerias Quarry, St. John's, USA. A. MNA 3684, fragment of marginal dentition with two complete teeth in occlusal (A1, A2), labial (A3, A4), lingual (A5), and oblique (A6) views. B. MNA V11247, isolated tooth in occlusal (B1) and distal (B2) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, A3, A5, A6, B), explanatory drawings (A2, A4).

Fig. 2. Diapsid Palacrodon browni Broom, 1906 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 2. Diapsid Palacrodon browni Broom, 1906 (PEFO 37247) from Norian, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA; in occlusal (A), labial (B), lingual (C), and oblique (D) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, B1, C, D), explanatory drawings (A2, B2).

Fig. 1 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 1. Geographic and stratigraphic context of Palacrodon occurrences in Arizona. A. Map of Arizona showing the locations of PFV 396 and MNA 207-2. Map of North America modified from www.lakodosajta.info. B. Stratigraphic chart of the Chinle Formation at PEFO and the Placerias Quarry, with detrital zircon dates from Ramezani et al. (2011).

Fig. 7 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China

Fig. 7. Statistical distribution of different skeletal parts, junctions of the outermost ring represent the number of data, and concentric circles represent length (in mm).

Fig. 6 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China

Fig. 6. Opercula of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. preserved as internal or external moulds, which are prepared from natural casts, collected from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A, B. Internal moulds of opercula, NIGPAS 166337 A) and NIGPAS 166342 (B); showing exteriors covered with concentric ribs, protoopercula (indicated by white arrows) and imprints of bilobate cardinal →

Fig. 5 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China

Fig. 5. Internal moulds of decollated segments of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166334, discarded apical segments with smooth surface (A1–A3, A6); bottom of the apex (A4); apical bottom covered with radial sculptures (A5); discarded segment preserves faint transverse lines on the surface of conch (A7). B. NIGPAS 166343, decollated segment displaying apical bottom, probable diagenetic artefacts on the bottom of apex (B1); branching ornamentation on the bottom of apex (B2). C. NIGPAS 166339a, decollated segments two segments preserved together the left one exhibits pits and longitudinal groove structures on the surface of terminal part (C1); detail C2); discarded apical segments with smooth surface (C3). Scale bars: A1, A3, A6, A7, B1, C3, 100 μm; A2, A4, 50 μm; C1, 200 μm; A5, B2, C2, 20 μm.

Fig. 8 in New fossil remains from the Pliocene Koetoi Formation of northern Japan provide insights into growth rates and the vertebral evolution of porpoises

Fig. 8. Comparison of centrum length/centrum height across Phocoenidae. A. Extinct species: Numataphocoena yamashitai, NFL 7, NMV-5; Pterophocaena nishinoi, NMV-7; Piscolithax longirostris, MNHN SAS 940. B. Extant species: Neophocaena phocaenoides, NMNS M 21382; Phocoenoides dalli, NMNS M 21382; Phocoena phocoena, NMNS M 27393; Phocoena dioptrica, USNM 571486; Phocoena spinipinnis, USNM 550782; Phocoena sinus, NHMUK 69678 (from Noble and Fraser 1971).

Fig. 7. Vertebral character trait evolution across phocoenids and related delphinoids. A. Character 2, thoracic vertebral counts. B. Character 8 in New fossil remains from the Pliocene Koetoi Formation of northern Japan provide insights into growth rates and the vertebral evolution of porpoises

Fig. 7. Vertebral character trait evolution across phocoenids and related delphinoids. A. Character 2, thoracic vertebral counts. B. Character 8, ratio of centrum length/centrum height of lumbar vertebrae. C. Character 12, height of neural spine. D. Character 14, regional anterior inclination of neural arches. See Table 2 for detailed character descriptions.

Fig. 5 in New fossil remains from the Pliocene Koetoi Formation of northern Japan provide insights into growth rates and the vertebral evolution of porpoises

Fig. 5. The phylogeny and vertebral morphology of Phocoenidae. The phylogenetic analysis is based on the data matrix of Murakami et al. (2012b), excluding character 220, 221, 222, 224, and 227. Quotations added to taxa which are paraphyly or polyphyly in the present cladistic analysis.

Fig. 4 in New fossil remains from the Pliocene Koetoi Formation of northern Japan provide insights into growth rates and the vertebral evolution of porpoises

Fig. 4. Vertebrae (A–E) and ribs (F, G) of the porpoise Phocoenidae gen. et sp. indet., NMV-5, early Pliocene of Teshio, Hokkaido, Japan. Cervical (1–7), thoracic (1, 3, 5, 7, X, XX, XXX, last-1, last), and lumbar vertebrae (1–3) in lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views; atlas (C), axis (D), first lumbar (E), left rib fragment (F), and anterior to central right ribs (G) in anterior view.

Fig. 2 in New fossil remains from the Pliocene Koetoi Formation of northern Japan provide insights into growth rates and the vertebral evolution of porpoises

Fig. 2. The rostrum (A–D) and mandible (E, F) of the porpoise Phocoenidae gen. et sp. indet., NMV-5, early Pliocene of Teshio, Hokkaido, Japan; in dorsal (A, F), lateral (B, E), ventral (C), and anterior (D) views.

Fig. 3 in New fossil remains from the Pliocene Koetoi Formation of northern Japan provide insights into growth rates and the vertebral evolution of porpoises

Fig. 3. Isolated teeth of the porpoise Phocoenidae gen. et sp. indet., NMV-5, early Pliocene of Teshio, Hokkaido, Japan; in buccal view (A, B); longitudinal cross section of B (C); cross section from C stained with Mayer's haematoxylin (D). GLG, growth layer group.

Fig. 1 in New fossil remains from the Pliocene Koetoi Formation of northern Japan provide insights into growth rates and the vertebral evolution of porpoises

Fig. 1. The locality of a small porpoise NMV-5. A. The Japanese islands. B. The locality of NMV-5. C. Detailed locality of NMV-5 near the Teshionakagawa area.

Fig. 6 in Globicephaline whales from the Mio-Pliocene Purisima Formation of central California, USA

Fig. 6. Plot of maximum width of external bony nares versus length of promontorium for 62 delphinidan specimens, representing 34 species. Solid line is a reduced major axis regression (for all Delphinida). Horizontal dotted line is the nares width for the Seacliff Beach skull (UCMP 219223) and the vertical dashed lines are the lengths of the promontoria in UCMP 219488 (black) and 219487 (gray). In order to maximize the measurement area occupied by the specimens we sampled, the labeled y axis does not pass through the origin, but instead x = 8.

Fig. 5 in Globicephaline whales from the Mio-Pliocene Purisima Formation of central California, USA

Fig. 5. Petrosals of Globicephalinae gen. et sp. indet. 2, early Pliocene, UCMP locality V99869. A. UCMP 219487, in ventral (A 1), dorsal (A 2), and medial A 3) views. B. UCMP 219488, in ventral (B 1), dorsal (B 2), and medial (B 3) views.

Fig. 2 in Globicephaline whales from the Mio-Pliocene Purisima Formation of central California, USA

Fig. 2. Cranium of Globicephalinae gen. et sp. indet. 1 (UCMP 219223, Seacliff Beach skull), Pliocene, UCMP locality V99879, in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Cross-hatching denotes damaged or missing bone, gray indicates matrix (including the endocast). Photographs (A 1, B1), interpretative line drawings (A 2, B2). lary foramen occurs at the posterior end of the anteromedial Maxilla.—Much of the lateral part of the rostral portion of sulcus and medial to the rostral surface of the premaxilla. The the maxilla is missing, and only a very small portion of the premaxillary sac fossae are wide, shallow, exhibit a cancellous ascending process remains on either side of the skull. The bone texture, and form a transversely concave basin. Although rostral portion is preserved as a thin sliver lateral to the rostral both nasal processes of the premaxillae are damaged, the right portion of the premaxilla (Fig. 2A). An accessory exposure appears to have been wider than the left at the midpoint of the of the maxilla lies medial to the right premaxilla and forms external nares, judging from the raised platforms of the max- the anteromedial margin of the right naris. In dorsal view, the illae that the premaxillae would have sutured to. The posterior maxilla-premaxilla suture anterior to the anteriormost dorsal terminations of the nasal processes are not preserved. infraorbital foramen is slightly concave laterally. The anterior-

Fig. 7 in Globicephaline whales from the Mio-Pliocene Purisima Formation of central California, USA

Fig. 7. Global map of globicephaline fossil occurrences. Closed symbols denote figured or described fossils; open symbols denote records not described or figured. Records compiled from sources listed in the SOM available at http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app60-Boessenecker_etal_SOM.pdf