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1,245 results for “hypothesis”
Discordant phylogeographic patterns in ecologically similar sympatric sister species: Revisiting the null hypothesis of comparative phylogeography
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Optimizing Coastal Restoration with the Stress Gradient Hypothesis
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Data from: Life stage hypothesis modeling determines insect vulnerability during developmental life stages to climate extremes
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Methodological advances for hypothesis‐driven ethnobiology
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Testing the human shield hypothesis: female wild turkeys have greater fitness near human activity
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Data from: Changes in liana density over 30 years in a Bornean rain forest supports the escape hypothesis
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Data from: Life-history theory provides a framework for detecting resource limitation: a test of the Nutritional Buffer Hypothesis
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FIGURE 18 in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
FIGURE 18. Highest maximum-likelihood tree (-ln = 8673.71) from the 2760 aligned nuclear RAG-1 DNA positions. The maximum-likelihood analysis chose one of the 62 equally parsimonious trees. Bootstrap values are presented above branches and comparative parsimony decay indices are presented below branches in bold (Macey 2005). Branches that appear in parsimony analyses have the parsimony decay index plotted. Branches with no parsimony cost but are not present in strict consensus trees are listed as a "0" decay value. Branches that conflict with the parsimony analysis have a negative decay value representing the number of parsimony steps cost to obtain the maximum-likelihood branch. Bold italic bootstraps are those that differ from parsimony analysis. A dash above a branch is one that had a bootstrap value above 50% in the parsimony analysis but does not in this analysis. Outgroups (Laudakia, Bufoniceps, and Trapelus), and Phrynocephalus clades and lineages previously identified are labeled to the right as A–M (clades that are broken are numbered).
PLATE VIII. Outgroup taxa and Phrynocephalus mimicry adaptations. (A) Laudakia caucasia; (B) habitat of A, Big Balkan Mountains, Turkmenistan; (C) Trapelus sanguinolentus; (D) habitat of C, Repetek, Karakum Desert, Turkmenistan; (E) P. turcomanus illustrating false large head with eyes on body-back; and (F) P. mystaceus illustrating false enlarged mouth with red capillary-beds. in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
PLATE VIII. Outgroup taxa and Phrynocephalus mimicry adaptations. (A) Laudakia caucasia; (B) habitat of A, Big Balkan Mountains, Turkmenistan; (C) Trapelus sanguinolentus; (D) habitat of C, Repetek, Karakum Desert, Turkmenistan; (E) P. turcomanus illustrating false large head with eyes on body-back; and (F) P. mystaceus illustrating false enlarged mouth with red capillary-beds.
PLATE VI in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
PLATE VI. Species of the northern Tibetan Plateau. (A) P. hongyuanensis; (B) habitat of A, near Waqên, northeastern Tibet in Sichuan Province; (C) P. roborowskii-1; (D) habitat of C, Chaka Depression, Qinghai Province; (E) P. vlangalii-1; and (F) habitat of E, near Heimahe, south side of Qinghai Lake, Qinghai Province.
FIGURE 4 in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
FIGURE 4. Strict consensus of three equally parsimonious trees of 4425 steps from the 1595 included (839 informative) aligned mitochondrial DNA positions. Bootstrap values are presented above branches and decay indices are presented below branches in bold. Outgroups (Laudakia, Bufoniceps, and Trapelus), and well-supported Phrynocephalus clades and lineages are identified to the right as A–M.
PLATE VII. Species of the low elevation deserts in China (A-D) and northern Caspian Basin in Russia (E-F). (A) P. przewalskii-3; (B) habitat of A, Shapatou (foreground), Yellow River, Gobi Desert, Ningxia; (C) P. salenskyi-1; (D) habitat of C, near Jimsar, Junggar Depression, Xinjiang; (E) P. guttatus; and (F) habitat of E, west side of Caspian Sea in Dagestan. in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
PLATE VII. Species of the low elevation deserts in China (A-D) and northern Caspian Basin in Russia (E-F). (A) P. przewalskii-3; (B) habitat of A, Shapatou (foreground), Yellow River, Gobi Desert, Ningxia; (C) P. salenskyi-1; (D) habitat of C, near Jimsar, Junggar Depression, Xinjiang; (E) P. guttatus; and (F) habitat of E, west side of Caspian Sea in Dagestan.
PLATE IV in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
PLATE IV. Small species inhabiting hard substrates in the Caspian Basin of Turkmenistan. (A) P. rossikowi; (B) habitat of A, along the Amu-Darya River; (C) P. raddei; (D) habitat of C, Karakum Desert, north of Ashkhabad; (E) P. bannikovi; and (F) habitat of E, Big Balkan Mountains.
PLATE III. Species of southern Tibet and soft substrate habitats in the Caspian Basin. (A) P. theobaldi; (B) habitat of A, near Yangbajain, north of Lhasa, southern Tibet; (C) P. sogdianus; (D) P. interscapularis; (E) P. mystaceus; and (F) habitat of D and E, Karakum Desert. north of Ashkhabad, Turkmenistan. in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
PLATE III. Species of southern Tibet and soft substrate habitats in the Caspian Basin. (A) P. theobaldi; (B) habitat of A, near Yangbajain, north of Lhasa, southern Tibet; (C) P. sogdianus; (D) P. interscapularis; (E) P. mystaceus; and (F) habitat of D and E, Karakum Desert. north of Ashkhabad, Turkmenistan.
PLATE V in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
PLATE V. Large species inhabiting hard substrates in the Caspian Basin of Turkmenistan (A-D) and Kazakhstan (E-F). (A) P. golubewii; (B) habitat of A, near Bami, southern edge of Karakum Desert; (C) P. turcomanus; (D) habitat of C, southern edge of Karakum Desert; (E) P. helioscopus; and (F) habitat of E, Barsakel'mes Island, Aral Sea.
PLATE II in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
PLATE II. Species of the Helmand Basin in Afghanistan and Iranian Plateau. (A) P. luteoguttatus; (B) P. clarkorum; (C) P. ornatus; (D) habitat of A and B, Registan Desert, Afghanistan; (E) P. scutulatus; and (F) habitat of E, near Khabr, southern Iran.
PLATE I in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
PLATE I. Species of the Arabian Peninsula and Iranian Plateau. (A) P. arabicus-2; (B) habitat of A, near Al Ashkhara, Oman; (C) P. longicaudatus; (D) habitat of C, near Al Hij, Bar Al Hikman Peninsula, Oman; (E) P. maculatus-2; and (F) habitat of E, near Sirjan, southern Iran.
Data set for the manuscript "Reproductive physiology corresponds to adult nutrition and task performance in a Neotropical paper wasp: a test of dominance-nutrition hypothesis predictions"
<p>Data set for the manuscript "Reproductive physiology corresponds to adult nutrition and task performance in a Neotropical paper wasp: a test of dominance-nutrition hypothesis predictions"</p>
A paraphyletic 'Silesauridae' as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs
<p>Whereas ornithischian dinosaurs are well-known from Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits, deciphering the origin and early evolution of the group remains one of the hardest challenges for palaeontologists. So far, there are no unequivocal records of ornithischians from Triassic beds. Here, we present an alternative evolutionary hypothesis that suggests consideration of traditional 'silesaurids' as a group of low-diversity clades representing a stem group leading to core ornithischians (i.e. unambiguous ornithischians, such as<i> Heterodontosaurus tucki</i>). This is particularly interesting because it fills most of the ghost lineages that emerge from the Triassic. Following the present hypothesis, the lineage that encompasses the Jurassic ornithischians evolved from 'silesaurids' during the Middle to early Late Triassic, while typical 'silesaurids' shared the land ecosystems with their relatives until the Late Triassic, when the group completely vanished. Therefore, Ornithischia changes from an obscure to a well-documented clade in the Triassic, and is represented by records from Gondwana and Laurasia. Furthermore, according to the present hypothesis, Ornithischia was the first group of dinosaurs to adopt an omnivorous/herbivorous diet. However, this behavior was achieved as a secondary step instead of an ancestral condition for ornithischians, as the earliest member of the clade is a faunivorous taxon. This pattern was subsequently followed by sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Indeed, the present scenario favors the independent acquisition of an herbivorous diet for ornithischians and sauropodomorphs during the Triassic, whereas the previous hypotheses suggested the independent acquisition for sauropodomorphs, ornithischians, and 'silesaurids'.</p>
Data from: Modification of reproductive schedule in response to pathogen exposure in a wild insect: support for the terminal investment hypothesis
<p>Trade-offs in the time and energy allocated to different functions, such as reproductive activities, can be driven by alterations in condition which reduce resources, often in response to extrinsic factors such as pathogens or parasites. When individuals are challenged by a pathogen they may either reduce reproduction as a cost of increasing defence mechanisms, or alternatively, modify reproductive activities so as to increase fecundity thereby minimizing the fitness costs of earlier death, a behaviour consistent with the terminal investment hypothesis (TIH). The TIH predicts that individuals with decreased likelihood of future reproduction will maximize current reproductive effort, which may include shifts in reproductive timing. We examined how wild, adult female click beetles <i>(Agriotes obscurus) </i>responded after exposure to the fungal pathogen<i>Metarhizium brunneum</i>. Field-collected beetles exposed to a high concentration of <i>M. brunneum </i>died earlier and in greater numbers than those exposed to a low concentration. Using a multi-variate approach we examined the impact of pathogen challenge on lifespan and a suite of reproductive traits. Stepdown regression analysis showed that only female lifespan differed among the fungal treatments. Fungal-induced reductions in lifespan drove changes in the reproductive schedule, characterized by a decrease in preoviposition period. Moving the start of egg laying forward allowed the females to offset the costs of a shortened lifespan. These changes suggest that there is a threshold for terminal investment which is dependent on strength of the survival threat. From an applied perspective, our findings imply that exposing adult click beetles to <i>M. brunneum </i>to reduce their population densitymight not succeed and is an approach that needs further investigation.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.