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Figure 1. A in Life history traits of parental care in Crenicichla lepidota (Cichliformes, Geophagini) in the upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil
Figure 1. A couple of Crenicichla lepidota defence your offspring of a conspecific predator. (A) Pair of Crenicichla lepidota with offspring (indicated by arrow) over algae bed. (B) Conspecific aggressor (indicated by arrow) approaches, parents exhibit threat display. (C) Aggressor makes strike, parents continue threat display. (D) Aggressor strikes and is concealed in algae bed. Female (indicated by arrow) moves to prevent attack but fails.
Data from: A clinal polymorphism in the insulin signaling transcription factor foxo contributes to life-history adaptation in Drosophila
A fundamental aim of adaptation genomics is to identify polymorphisms that underpin variation in fitness traits. In D. melanogaster latitudinal life-history clines exist on multiple continents and make an excellent system for dissecting the genetics of adaptation. We have previously identified numerous clinal SNPs in insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS), a pathway known from mutant studies to affect life history. However, the effects of natural variants in this pathway remain poorly understood. Here we investigate how two clinal alternative alleles at foxo, a transcriptional effector of IIS, affect fitness components (viability, size, starvation resistance, fat content). We assessed this polymorphism from the North American cline by reconstituting outbred populations, fixed for either the low- or high-latitude allele, from inbred DGRP lines. Since diet and temperature modulate IIS, we phenotyped alleles across two temperatures (18°C, 25°C) and two diets differing in sugar source and content. Consistent with clinal expectations, the high-latitude allele conferred larger body size and reduced wing loading. Alleles also differed in starvation resistance and expression of InR, a transcriptional target of FOXO. Allelic reaction norms were mostly parallel, with few GxE interactions. Together, our results suggest that variation in IIS makes a major contribution to clinal life-history adaptation.
Sexual size dimorphism is associated with reproductive life history trait differentiation in coexisting sepsid flies
Organismal life histories evolve as syndromes, resulting in correlated evolutionary differentiation of key traits that ultimately aid in discerning species. Reproductive success depends both on the absolute body size of an individual and its size relative to the opposite sex: sexual size dimorphism. In an attempt to further elucidate their coexistence and ecological diversification, we compared standard life history (first reproduction, clutch size, egg size) and associated reproductive trait differentiation of 15 widespread European sepsid fly species (Diptera: Sepsidae) under laboratory common garden conditions. Despite relatively uniform body sizes, sexual dimorphism ranged from female- to male-biased, and development time varied twofold across species. We expected, and found, the abundant and relatively large species (Sepsis cynipsea, punctum, thoracica) with often male-biased SSD to lay larger but fewer eggs and show fast-developing, fast-reproducing life histories with aggressive (coercive) mating behavior characterized by short mating latencies and male conflict. In contrast, the smaller and more dispersed species with female-biased SSD (S. flavimana, orthocnemis, violacea) laid smaller but more eggs, showing a generally slower life history with long and delayed copulation and oviposition, high mating reluctance fostering extensive inter-sexual conflict, and more elaborate male (pre-)copulatory courtship. Two Saltella species were exceptional, being large, developing slowly, nevertheless copulating soon after adult emergence, profusely and briefly. The documented life history differentiation seems partly driven by sexual selection leading to male-biased dimorphism, rather than undetermined ecological selection, which regardless appears insufficient to explain the coexistence and diversification of these sepsid species in European pastoral landscapes.
Data from: Integrating life history traits into predictive phylogeography
Predictive phylogeography seeks to aggregate genetic, environmental and taxonomic data from multiple species in order to make predictions about unsampled taxa using machine-learning techniques such as Random Forests. To date, organismal trait data have infrequently been incorporated into predictive frameworks due to difficulties inherent to the scoring of trait data across a taxonomically broad set of taxa. We refine predictive frameworks from two North American systems, the inland temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and the Southwestern Aridlands (SWAL), by incorporating a number of organismal trait variables. Our results indicate that incorporating life history traits as predictor variables improves the performance of the supervised machine-learning approach to predictive phylogeography, especially for the SWAL system, in which predictions made from only taxonomic and climate variables meets only moderate success. In particular, traits related to reproduction (e.g., reproductive mode; clutch size) and trophic level appear to be particularly informative to the predictive framework. Predictive frameworks offer an important mechanism for integration of organismal trait, environmental data, and genetic data in phylogeographic studies.
Data from: Apparent annual survival estimates of tropical songbirds better reflect life history variation when based on intensive field methods
Aim: Adult survival is central to theories explaining latitudinal gradients in life history strategies. Life history theory predicts higher adult survival in tropical than north temperate regions given lower fecundity and parental effort. Early studies were consistent with this prediction, but standard-effort netting studies in recent decades suggested that apparent survival rates in temperate and tropical regions strongly overlap. Such results do not fit with life history theory. Targeted marking and resighting of breeding adults yielded higher survival estimates in the tropics, but this approach is thought to overestimate survival because it does not sample social and age classes with lower survival. We compared the effect of field methods on tropical survival estimates and their relationships with life history traits. Location: Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Time period: 2008–2016. Major taxon: Passeriformes. Methods: We used standard-effort netting and resighted individuals of all social and age classes of 18 tropical songbird species over 8 years. We compared apparent survival estimates between these two field methods with differing analytical approaches. Results: Estimated detection and apparent survival probabilities from standard-effort netting were similar to those from other tropical studies that used standard-effort netting. Resighting data verified that a high proportion of individuals that were never recaptured in standard-effort netting remained in the study area, and many were observed breeding. Across all analytical approaches, addition of resighting yielded substantially higher survival estimates than did standard-effort netting alone. These apparent survival estimates were higher than for temperate zone species, consistent with latitudinal differences in life histories. Moreover, apparent survival estimates from addition of resighting, but not from standard-effort netting alone, were correlated with parental effort as measured by egg temperature across species. Main conclusions: Inclusion of resighting showed that standard-effort netting alone can negatively bias apparent survival estimates and obscure life history relationships across latitudes and among tropical species.
Strong species differences in life-history do not predict oxidative stress physiology or sensitivity to an environmental oxidant
1. Species typically align along a fast-slow life-history continuum, yet it is not clear to what extent oxidative stress physiology can be integrated with this continuum to form a 'pace-of-life syndrome', especially so in invertebrates. This is important, given the assumed role of oxidative stress in mediating life-history trade-offs, and the prediction that species with a faster pace should be more vulnerable to oxidative stress. 2. We tested whether a species' life-history pace, here represented by its growth rate, can predict species-level differentiation in physiology and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Therefore, we exposed four species of Ischnura damselflies that strongly align along a fast-slow life-history continuum to different levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. We measured an extended set of physiological traits linked to the pace-of-life: standard metabolic rate (SMR), oxidative stress physiology (antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage), and defence/condition traits (investment in immune function, energy storage, and structural defence). 3. Despite strong species differences in growth rate and physiology, growth rate did not predict species-level differentiation in physiology. Hence there was no support for the integration of metabolic rate, oxidative stress physiology or defence/condition traits into a species-level syndrome. 4. UV exposure affected nearly all traits: it reduced growth rate and increased metabolic rate, affected all oxidative stress physiology traits and increased the two defence traits (immune function, and melanin content). Nevertheless, the pace-of-life based on growth rate did not predict sensitivity to UV. Instead, the observed pattern of investment in structural UV defence (melanin) might have reduced the need for enzymatic antioxidant defence, this way potentially decoupling the covariation between the life-history pace and oxidative stress physiology. 5. The absence of an integrated axis of life-history and physiological variation indicates no major constraints for the evolution of these traits among the studied damselfly species. Our study highlights that ecological differences between species may decouple covariation between species' life-history pace and their physiology, as well as their sensitivity to environmental stressors. 30-Mar-2020
Data file for Massé et al.'s article, "Unraveling the Life History of Past Populations through Hypercementosis: Insights into Cementum Apposition Patterns and Possible Etiologies using Micro-CT and Confocal Microscopy".
<p>This repository provides a supporting data file for the following research article:</p> <p>Massé L., d’Incau E., Souron A., Vanderesse N., Santos F., Maureille B., Le Cabec A. (2024) Unraveling the Life History of Past Populations through Hypercementosis: Insights into Cementum Apposition Patterns and Possible Etiologies Using Micro-CT and Confocal Microscopy. <em>Biology</em>, 13, 43. doi: <span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13010043" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">10.3390/biology13010043</a></span></p> <p>For the detailed statistical analyses performed using this dataset, see Supporting Information 1 of the article.</p>
The morphological and life-history data of two Daphnia species under different fish kairomone concentrations
<p><em>Daphnia</em> species can avoid predation by sensing fish kairomones and producing inducible defenses by altering the phenotype. However, the inducible response mechanisms of different <em>Daphnia</em> species to fish kairomones remain unclear. In this study, the morphological and life history strategy of two <em>Daphnia</em> species (<em>Daphnia pulex</em> and <em>Daphnia sinensis</em>) exposed to <em>Aristichthys nobilis</em> kairomones were studied. In the presence of fish kairomones, the two <em>Daphnia</em> species exhibited significantly smaller body length at maturity, smaller body length of offspring at the 10<sup>th</sup> instar, and longer relative tail spine of offspring. Nevertheless, other morphological and life history traits of the two <em>Daphnia</em> species differed. <em>D. pulex</em> showed a significantly longer relative tail spine length and shorter age at maturity after exposure to fish kairomones. The total offspring number of <em>D. sinensis </em>exposed to fish kairomones was significantly higher than that of the control group, whereas that of <em>D. pulex</em> was significantly lower. These results suggest that the inducible mechanisms (e.g., relative tail spine length, age at maturity, and total offspring number) of the two <em>Daphnia </em>species exposed to fish kairomones differ significantly and that the maternal morphological traits can be transferred to the offspring such that they can avoid predation.</p>
Diet-induced plasticity of life-history traits and gene expression in outbred Drosophila melanogaster population
<p>Food is fundamental for the survival of organisms, governing growth, maintenance, and reproduction through the provision of essential macronutrients. However, access to food with optimum macronutrient composition, which will maximize the evolutionary fitness of an organism, is not always guaranteed. This leads to dietary mismatches with potential impacts on organismal performance. To understand the consequences of such dietary mismatches, we examined the effects of isocaloric diets varying in macronutrient composition on eight key organismal traits spanning across the lifespan of a large outbred <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> population (n ~ 2500). Our findings reveal that carbohydrate-reduced isocaloric diets correlates to accelerated pre-adult development and boosts reproductive output without impacting pre-adult viability and body size. Conversely, an elevated dietary carbohydrate content correlated to reduced lifespan in flies, evidenced by accelerated functional senescence including compromised locomotor activity and deteriorating gut integrity. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis indicated a substantial difference in gene regulatory landscapes between flies subject to high carbohydrate vs high protein diet, with elevated protein levels indicating transcriptomes primed for reduced synthesis of fatty acids. Taken together, our study helps advance our understanding of the effect of macronutrient composition on life history traits and their interrelations, offering critical insights into potential adaptive strategies that organisms might adopt against the continual dietary imbalances prevalent in the rapidly evolving environment.</p>
Data from: Vertically inherited microbiota and environment modifying behaviors conceal genetic variation in dung beetle life history
<p>Diverse organisms actively manipulate their (sym)biotic and physical environment in ways that feedback on their own development. However, the degree to which these processes affect microevolution remains poorly understood. The gazelle dung beetle both physically modifies its ontogenetic environment and structures its biotic interactions through vertical symbiont transmission. By experimentally eliminating i) physical environmental modifications, and ii) the vertical inheritance of microbes, we assess how environment modifying behavior and microbiome transmission shape heritable variation. We found that depriving larvae from symbionts and environment modifying behaviors increased additive genetic variance and heritability for development time but not body size. This suggests that larvae's ability to manipulate their environment has the potential to modify heritable variation and to facilitate the accumulation of cryptic genetic variation. This cryptic variation may become released and selectable when organisms encounter environments that alter the degree to which they can be manipulated. Furthermore, we found heritable variation for the response to the elimination of environmental modifications, indicating that genotypes differ in their dependence on the ability to manipulate their environment. Our findings highlight that the ability of organisms to actively manipulate their environment may affect the potential of populations to evolve when encountering novel, stressful conditions.</p>
Data from: Hematological parameters vary with life history stage in the pale-breasted thrush (Turdus leucomelas)
<p>The avian life cycle is composed by a progressive sequence of life history stages (LHS). Changes in energy expenditure and exposure to stressors at different LHS require corresponding changes in behavior, physiology, and morphology. Variation in hematological parameters, such hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H/L ratio), can have permissive, stimulatory, and preparative actions to help maintain homeostasis through different LHS. Few studies have examined differences in these parameters among different LHS in free-living birds, with most of them restricted to temperate zones. We collected blood samples and measured hematological parameters every week for over a year from a population of a common resident bird species in southeastern Brazil, the pale–breasted thrush (Turdus leucomelas). Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration were highest during the onset of the reproduction and lowest during molt. Furthermore, H/L ratios were higher at the end of the reproduction, indicating that the breeding season could be the most stressful period of the year for this population of thrushes. There was no difference between sexes for any hematological parameter at any LHS. These results show that there is a permissive physiological effect for Hct and Hb to facilitate LHS transitions and that reproduction could be the most stressful event for this species. Lastly, these results mirror those from temperate species despite distinct environmental differences between these regions.</p>
Sex-specific transgenerational effects of diet on offspring life history and physiology
<p>Dietary variation in males and females can shape the expression of offspring life histories and physiology. However, the relative contributions of maternal and paternal dietary variation to phenotypic expression of latter generations are currently unknown. We provided male and female <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> grandparents with<em> </em>diets differing in sucrose concentration prior to reproduction, and similarly subjected their grandoffspring to the same treatments. We then investigated the phenotypic consequences of this dietary variation among the grandsons and granddaughters. We observed transgenerational effects of dietary sucrose, mediated through the grandmaternal lineage, which mimic the direct effects of sucrose on lifespan, with opposing patterns across sexes; low sucrose increased female, but decreased male, lifespan. Dietary mismatching of grandoffspring-grandparent diets increased lifespan and reproductive success, and moderated triglyceride levels of grandoffspring, providing insights into the physiological underpinnings of the complex transgenerational effects on life histories.</p>
Unconventional life-history in a migratory shorebird: desegregating reproduction and migration
<p>Please view README.md file in R before using dataset for the paper entitled: Unconventional life-history in a migratory shorebird: desgregeating reproduction and migration published in Proceedings B of the Royal Society (2024)</p>
Life history correlations and trade-offs resulting from selection for dispersal in Tribolium castaneum
<p>Dispersal is an important facet of the life history of many organisms and is therefore subject to selective pressure, but does not evolve in isolation. Across nature, there are examples of dispersal syndromes, life history strategies in which suites of traits coevolve, and covary with dispersal in combinations that serve to maximise fitness in a given ecological context. The red rust flour beetle, <em>Tribolium castaneum</em>, is a model organism and globally significant post-harvest pest that relies on dispersal to reach new patches of ephemeral habitat. Dispersal behaviour in <em>Tribolium</em> has a strong genetic basis. However, a robust understanding of the relationship between dispersal and other life-history components, which could elucidate evolutionary processes and allow pest managers to control their spread and reduce the impact of infestation, is currently lacking. Here we use highly replicated lines of <em>T. castaneum </em>previously artificially selected for divergent small-scale dispersal propensity, to robustly test several important life history components: reproductive strategy, development time, and longevity. As predicted, we find that a suite of important changes as a result of our selection on dispersal; high dispersal propensity is associated with a lower number of longer mating attempts by males, lower investment in early-life reproduction by females, slower development of later-laid offspring and longer female lifespan. These findings indicate that correlated intraspecific variation in dispersal and related traits may represent alternative life history strategies in <em>T. castaneum</em>. We therefore suggest that pest management efforts to mitigate the species' agro-economic impact should consider the eco-evolutionary dynamics within multiple life histories. The benefits of doing so could be felt both through improved targeting of efforts to reduce spread, and also in forecasting how the selection pressures applied through pest management are likely to affect pest evolution.</p>
Figure 1 in A Continued Study Of Amphipod Life Histories In The Daugava River Under Varying Meteorological Conditions
Figure 1. Sampling sites of amphipods along the Daugava River (2017–2020).
Figure 5 in Notes on the life history and taxonomy of Cerurina marshalli (Noctuoidea: Notodontidae: Cerurinae)
Figure 5 – Cocoon of Cerurina marshalli – lateral view.
Figure 2 in Notes on the life history and taxonomy of Cerurina marshalli (Noctuoidea: Notodontidae: Cerurinae)
Figure 2 – Cerurina marshalli ovum: left – dorsal view; right – lateral view. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figures 6 & 7 in Notes on the life history and taxonomy of Cerurina marshalli (Noctuoidea: Notodontidae: Cerurinae)
Figures 6 & 7 – Dorsal and lateral views of C. marshalli imago.
Figure 4 in Notes on the life history and taxonomy of Cerurina marshalli (Noctuoidea: Notodontidae: Cerurinae)
Figure 4 - Final instar larva of C. marshalli with its flagellae exserted.
Figure 3 in Notes on the life history and taxonomy of Cerurina marshalli (Noctuoidea: Notodontidae: Cerurinae)
Figure 3 – Final instar larvae of C. marshalli on host plant.
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