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opencc-by-4.0Jan 2019View details →

Figure 3 in Earthworm, a novel in vivo system to validate antimitotic compounds

Figure 3. Microscopy analysis of blastema development. Worms treated with water showed development of blastema 3 days after amputation (A), whereas wound healing alone was observed in worms treated with colchicine (B) or aqueous extract of A. calamus (C). Healed wounds are indicated by arrows. Histological studies show the regenerating budding tissue in water-treated worms (D), healed wounds alone in colchicine-treated worms (E), or aqueous extract of A. calamus (F). All tissues (D, E, and F) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and were photographed with 4× magnification using a light microscope. The arrows in panels D, E, and F indicate the borders of the lesion. rb - regenerating blastema, wh - wound healing, ECL - epithelial cell layer, CML - circular muscle layer, LCL - longitudinal cell layer. Scale bar equals 50 µm.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2019View details →

Figure 2 in Earthworm, a novel in vivo system to validate antimitotic compounds

Figure 2. Inhibition of blastema development in Eudrilus eugeniae by colchicine and aqueous extract of Acorus calamus. A) The adult earthworm, E. eugeniae, is marked to show anterior (ar), clitellum (cl), and posterior (pr) regions. The control worms were injected with distilled water every 24 h for a period of 7 days, and the development of the blastema was observed after day 3 (B), day 5 (C), or day 7 (D). Colchicine was injected similarly for 7 consecutive days and the development of blastema was not observed after day 3 (E), day 5 (F). or day 7 (G). Aqueous extract of A. calamus rhizomes was injected every 24 h for a period of 7 days and the development of blastema was not observed after day 3 (H), day 5 (I), or day 7 (J). rb - regenerating blastema, wh - wound healing.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2019View details →

Figure 1 in Earthworm, a novel in vivo system to validate antimitotic compounds

Figure 1. Inhibition of cell division in AllIum cepa root tips by colchicine and water extract of Acorus calamus. All root tips were incubated with respective samples for 16 h before the processing. A) Different stages of mitosis of roots treated with distilled water, observed with a 40× objective lens; B) the arrest of cell division predominantly in metaphase by colchicine (100 µg/mL); C) more prophases compared to the stages of metaphase and anaphase in samples treated with Acorus calamus (1 mg/mL); D) magnified images of all 4 phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) in water-treated samples; E) the magnified images of 6 metaphases and 1 anaphase in colchicine-treated samples; F) the magnified images of metaphase, anaphase, and prophase. The graph (G) shows the % of cells observed in different phases of mitotic cell division with mean ± SEM bar and P-value (***: P <0.05). Marked circles indicate the different phases of cell division.

Figure 6 in Indiscriminate ingestion of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria by Aedes aegypti larvae: a novel strategy to control the vector of Chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever

Figure 6. Aedes aegypti larval mortality when exposed to 1000 infective juveniles (IJs) of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora at different depths of water.

Figure 2 in Indiscriminate ingestion of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria by Aedes aegypti larvae: a novel strategy to control the vector of Chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever

Figure 2. Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti larvae to different species of EPN. Five 3rd instar larvae exposed to 1000 infective juveniles (IJs) and mortality assessed daily over 3-day period (DPI).

Figure 4 in Indiscriminate ingestion of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria by Aedes aegypti larvae: a novel strategy to control the vector of Chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever

Figure 4. Melanization of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora within Aedes aegypti larvae (3rd instar). A melanized H. bacteriophora within dead Ae. aegypti larvae (a), close up picture of melanized nematode upon larval dissection (b), nematodes representing different stages of melanization recovered from one dead Ae. aegypti larvae (c). Arrows indicate melanized nematode within Ae. aegypti larvae.

Figure 7 in Indiscriminate ingestion of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria by Aedes aegypti larvae: a novel strategy to control the vector of Chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever

Figure 7. Aedes aegypti larval mortality when exposed to supernatants and cell suspensions of Xenorhabdus nematophila (X. n.) and Photorhabdus laumondii (P. l.) in 24 well plates. Different uppercase or lower letters above error bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey's test p ≤ 0.05).

Figure 3 in Indiscriminate ingestion of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria by Aedes aegypti larvae: a novel strategy to control the vector of Chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever

Figure 3. Different stages of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora colonization of Aedes aegypti larvae (3rd instar). H. bacteriophora within larvae at 2-day post inoculation (a), H. bacteriophora emerging out of larvae upon larval dissection at 7-day post inoculation) (b), adult H. bacteriophora within larvae along with large number of infective juveniles (IJs) released from another adult H. bacteriophora (c). Black arrows indicate adult H. bacteriophora, whereas green arrows indicate newly emerged IJs.

Fig. 4 in Utilising a novel surveillance system to investigate species of Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as the suspected vectors of Leishmania macropodum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in the Darwin region of Australia

Fig. 4. Assessment of L. macropodum DNA using FTAṜ card technology. FTAṜ cards were exposed to field-collected F. (Lasiohelea). Cards with and without insects adhered were processed and parasite load was determined with qPCR. 4.83% (7/145) FTAṜ cards were positive for L. macropodum DNA. Black columns show parasite load detected on each positive FTAṜ card (numbered FTA.1 – FTA.7). Dashed columns show the number of insects adhered to each card. When dashed columns are absent, this signifies the absence of insects on the positive cards.

Fig. 1 in Utilising a novel surveillance system to investigate species of Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as the suspected vectors of Leishmania macropodum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in the Darwin region of Australia

Fig. 1. Wax-paper cups were used to contain and maintain field-collected biting midges. (A) Honey-coated FTAṜ cards were left at room temperature for 48 h allowing even absorption of honey into the cards. (B) A 2.5 cm slit was carved into the bottom of disposable cup and sealed with adhesive tape. (C) Insects were aspirated directly into the bottom of the containers through a small perforation created before field collection. Once biting midges were collected from the macropods, the small perforation was sealed with a rubber plug. Gauze was used as a lid to seal the top of the containers and fastened securely with a rubber band. The honey-coated FTAṜ card was inserted through the bottom slit after insect collection and once again sealed with adhesive tape.

Fig. 2 in Utilising a novel surveillance system to investigate species of Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as the suspected vectors of Leishmania macropodum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in the Darwin region of Australia

Fig. 2. Leishmania macropodum DNA detection by qPCR. Individual or pools of F. (Lasiohelea) species were assessed for the presence of L. macropodum DNA. Only positive samples are shown, with each pair of columns representing results from one sample. Black columns depict the parasitic load detected and the dashed columns show the number of insects processed in that sample. Asterisks represent groups that contained ≥ 5 × 106 F. (Lasiohelea) parasites.

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships between the E in Molecular characterization and novel genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pet snakes in Beijing, China

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships between the E. bieneusi genotypes identified in this study and other reported genotypes. The relationships were inferred using maximum likelihood analysis of the ITS rRNA gene and the values generated greater than 70% are shown beside the nodes. Genotypes with filled circles and triangles are known and novel genotypes identified in this study, respectively.

Fig. 2 in A novel quantitative real-time PCR diagnostic assay for fecal and nasal swab detection of an otariid lungworm, Parafilaroides decorus

Fig. 2. Standard curve based on sensitivity data. A 95% confidence interval for the linear regression model is shaded in grey.

Fig. 1. Repeat family selection for the P. decorus diagnostic assay. A in A novel quantitative real-time PCR diagnostic assay for fecal and nasal swab detection of an otariid lungworm, Parafilaroides decorus

Fig. 1. Repeat family selection for the P. decorus diagnostic assay. A. Number of sequencing reads for P. decorus compared to outgroup species reads for each repeat family (1–104) on a log scale. Arrows indicate repeat families with no reads from the outgroup species. Plot was made using Tableau Software, 2019. B. Within a cluster, reads with similar sequences are closer together. Edges connect a read with its closest match (creating a pair) and the length of this edge represents the amount of overlap between the reads. The mean edge width provides context for the lengths in the cluster, so in a cluster with a larger mean edge width the edges are actually longer than edges in a cluster with a smaller mean edge width. Reads therefore may be distant because of sequence divergence, or in the case of a long repeat (more than 150 base pairs), because of a lack of overlap between reads. However, because there will likely be continuous reads covering different regions of the repeat, these longer repeats should still appear as a tight, though possibly larger, cluster. Read dots that stray from the central cluster most likely represent sequence divergence. Higher density therefore indicates lower sequence divergence.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2015View details →

Figure 2 in The parasitic isopod Anilocra physodes, as a novel food source for the lizardfish Synodus saurus (Synodontidae)

Figure 2. - Synodus saurus with an ectoparasite Anilocra physodes still attached to its mouth (arrow). Figure 3. - Several Anilocra physodes found inside a single stomach content of Synodus saurus.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 1 in Taenia laticollis and a potentially novel Taenia species from the Eurasian lynx (Lynx) in Northwestern China

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships of Taenia species from two Eurasian lynxes (marked with black circle and triangle) based on 16S rDNA sequences.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 2 in Taenia laticollis and a potentially novel Taenia species from the Eurasian lynx (Lynx) in Northwestern China

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Taenia species from two Eurasian lynxes (marked with black circle and triangle) based on cox1 sequences.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2021View details →

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships between 74 in Prevalence and molecular characterization of novel species of the Diplomonad genus Octomitus (Diplomonadida: Giardiinae) from wildlife in a New York watershed

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships between 74 sequences of Octomitus representing 14 genotypes estimated by maximum likelihood analysis. The GTR + I + G model (gamma shape = 0.338, prop. invariable sites = 0.619) was chosen by jModelTest2 to be the best-fitting evolutionary model. Branches with less than 70% bootstrap support were not considered statistically robust and were collapsed during manual editing of the visualization. Inset: ML phylogeny computed from Octomitus genotypes aligned with the homologous region of available Diplomonad 18S rDNA sequences from Giardia, Spironucleus, Hexamita, Trimitus, and Enteromonas.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2016View details →

Fig. 3 in New Jurassic tettigarctid cicadas from China with a novel example of disruptive coloration

Fig. 3. Hairy cicada Sanmai mengi sp. nov., holotype (STMN48-1802) from the upper Middle–lower Upper Jurassic Daohugou beds. Photograph (A), explanatory drawing (B).