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opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Cumulative effects doubled the drought impacts for one-fifth of ecosystems exposed to recurrent droughts during Australia's Millennium Drought

Drought-induced vegetation declines have been reported across the globe and may have widespread implications for ecosystem composition, structure, and functions. Thus, it is critical to maximizing our understanding of how vegetation has responded to recent drought extremes. To date, most drought assessments have focused on the impact of a single drought event, emphasizing the importance of drought intensity for vegetation responses. However, drought timing, duration, and repeat exposure may all be important aspects of ecosystem response with the potential for non-linear effects. Cumulative effects are one such phenomenon, representing the additional decline due to repeated or prolonged exposure to drought, and indicating gradual loss of ecosystem resistance. This study quantifies the frequency and magnitude of cumulative effects among Australian ecosystems as they responded to the Millennium Drought. Three distinct biophysical variables derived from satellite remote sensing were analyzed, including fraction of photosynthetically absorbed radiation, photosynthetic vegetation cover, and canopy density derived from passive microwave data. While cumulative effects were detected in only 20% or less of the landscape exposed to repeat or long-duration drought, they approximately doubled drought impacts in the areas where they occurred. Cultivated lands and grasslands were the most susceptible to cumulative effects from recurrent droughts. Despite being relatively infrequent in forests and savannas, cumulative effects from repeated or long-duration drought caused larger additional declines in these ecosystems. Overall, our study demonstrates that the temporal sequence of drought events can strongly influence the magnitude of drought impacts, which provides important insights into modeling vegetation response to recurrent drought events

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

One year HARMONIE-AROME SCM with cy40REF and cy40NEW for optimisation Turbulence scheme

One year of HARMONIE-AROME SCM output (cy40REF and cy40NEW) used for the optimisation of the turbulence scheme (see Fig 14 in Model development in practice: A comprehensive update to the boundary layer schemes in HARMONIE-AROME cycle 40, de Rooy et al., 2022, Geosc. Model Dev.).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Databases of one-way slabs under concentrated loads: parameter analyses and validation of the proposed approach

This database includes information about loading, geometry, failure loads, and failure modes of slabs under concentrated loads under different support conditions. Different datasets were organized for (i) identifying the relation between specific parameters on the governing failure mechanism of the tested slabs and (ii) for validating a proposed approach to predict the shear and punching capacity of slabs under concentrated loads using the ACI 318-19 code expressions.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

One to host them all: genomics of the diverse bacterial endosymbionts of the spider Oedothorax gibbosus

Bacterial endosymbionts of the groups Wolbachia, Cardinium and Rickettsiaceae are well-known for their diverse effects on their arthropod hosts, ranging from mutualistic relationships to reproductive phenotypes. Here, we analyzed a unique system in which the dwarf spider Oedothorax gibbosus is co-infected with up to five different endosymbionts affiliated with Wolbachia, ‘Candidatus Tisiphia’ (formerly Torix group Rickettsia), Cardinium, and Rhabdochlamydia. Using short-read genome sequencing data, we show that the endosymbionts are heterogeneously distributed among O. gibbosus populations and are frequently found co-infecting spider individuals. To study this intricate host-endosymbiont system on a genome resolved level, we used long-read sequencing to reconstruct closed genomes of the Wolbachia, ‘Ca. Tisiphia’ and Cardinium endosymbionts. We provide insights in the ecology and evolution of the endosymbionts and shed light on the interactions with their spider host. We detected high quantities of transposable elements in all endosymbiont genomes and provide evidence that ancestors of the Cardinium, ‘Ca. Tisiphia’ and Wolbachia endosymbionts have co-infected the same hosts in the past. Our findings contribute to broadening our knowledge about endosymbionts infecting one of the largest animal phyla on earth, and show the usefulness of transposable elements as an evolutionary “contact-tracing” tool.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Fig. 4 in Molecular phylogenies map to biogeography better than morphological ones

Fig. 4 The number of morphological and molecular trees most congruent with biogeography. Comparison of the number of trees in each sample (morphological or molecular) with a greater biogeographic fit than its counterpart. a Consistency index (CI), grey bars show totals for the whole sample, coloured bars indicate totals in the subset significantly different from the expected null (CI & RI p value <0.05). b Retention index (RI), grey bars show totals for the whole sample, coloured bars indicate totals in the subset significantly different from the expected null (CI & RI p value <0.05). c P values for the CI & RI random permutations (CI & RI p value), where grey bars show totals for the whole sample, coloured bars are clades with values <0.05. d biogeographic HER (bHER), counts are for the whole dataset. Bars show the number of clades in each subset, with binomial confidence intervals calculated using the approach of Clopper and Pearson103. N = 48 biologically independent pairs of morphological and molecular phylogenies.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Fig. 1 in Molecular phylogenies map to biogeography better than morphological ones

Fig. 1 Testing the biogeographic congruence of phylogenetic trees. a Defining biogeographic regions and coding taxon presences and absences. 1. Occurrence data on the distribution of extant species is used to produce a list of biogeographic regions for the clade and to summarise ranges for the taxa in the published phylogenies. 2. This distributional information is converted into a matrix of binary characters representing taxa in biogeographic regions, where 0 indicates the taxon is absent and 1 indicates the taxon is present. 3. Characters in the occurrence matrix are mapped onto the morphological and molecular phylogeny selected for each clade, allowing standard measures of character fit (CI, RI) to be calculated for each tree. b Presence and absence codings in each matrix are randomly reassigned to taxa, keeping the presence and absence codings fixed for each row. Characters form the new randomly permuted matrix are mapped onto the original trees and both CI and RI are recalculated. The entire randomisation process is performed 10,000 times. c The 10,000 CI and RI values from matrices' biogeographic region reassignments form a null distribution of expected congruence values if taxa in the clade were randomly distributed in biogeographic regions. The observed CI and RI of region characters for a given tree is compared to the null distribution for that same tree to determine whether the observed biogeographic congruence value lies outside of the 95% confidence interval.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Fig. 2 in Molecular phylogenies map to biogeography better than morphological ones

Fig. 2 Biogeographic congruence in morphological and molecular phylogenies. Binary biogeographic region characters mapped onto paired morphological and molecular phylogenies. a Placental mammals (Eutheria) from O'Leary et al. 2013100. b Caribbean boas (Chilabothrus/Epicrates), with the morphological tree taken from Kluge 1989101 and the molecular tree taken from Tolson 1987102. Regions for which the terminal taxon is coded present are represented as coloured pie slices. Consistency index (CI), retention index (RI) and biogeographic HER (bHER) values given are for the matrix of biogeographic region presences and absences, while CI & RI p value is calculated using 10,000 randomly permuted region matrices.

dryad40/100

ATP binding facilitates target search of SWR1 chromatin remodeler by promoting one-dimensional diffusion on DNA

One-dimensional (1D) target search is a well-characterized phenomenon for many DNA-binding proteins but is poorly understood for chromatin remodelers. Herein, we characterize the 1D scanning properties of SWR1, a conserved yeast chromatin remodeler that performs histone exchange on +1 nucleosomes adjacent to a nucleosome-depleted region (NDR) at gene promoters. We demonstrate that SWR1 has a kinetic binding preference for DNA of NDR length as opposed to gene-body linker length DNA. Using single and dual color single-particle tracking on DNA stretched with optical tweezers, we directly observe SWR1 diffusion on DNA. We found that various factors impact SWR1 scanning, including ATP which promotes diffusion through nucleotide binding rather than ATP hydrolysis. A DNA-binding subunit, Swc2, plays an important role in the overall diffusive behavior of the complex, as the subunit in isolation retains similar, although faster, scanning properties as the whole remodeler. ATP-bound SWR1 slides until it encounters a protein roadblock, of which we tested dCas9 and nucleosomes. The median diffusion coefficient, 0.024 μm2/s, in the regime of helical sliding, would mediate rapid encounter of NDR-flanking nucleosomes at length scales found in cellular chromatin.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Figs 1–5 in First record of the genera Bulborhodopis and Mimapatelarthron from China, with description of one new species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Figs 1–5. Habitus of Bulborhodopis and Mimapatelarthron species. 1–2 – Bulborhodopis humeralis sp. nov., paratype; 3 – B. barbicornis Breuning, 1948; 4–5 – Mimapatelarthron bulbiferum Holzschuh, 2017. a – lateral view. 1, 4 – male; 2, 3, 5 – female. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figs 10–13 in First record of the genera Bulborhodopis and Mimapatelarthron from China, with description of one new species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Figs 10–13. Habitus and labels of holotypes of Bulborhodopis and Mimapatelarthron species. 10 – Bulborhodopis barbicornis Breuning, 1948, male; 11 – B. inornatus Holzschuh, 2017, male; 12 – Mimapatelarthron laosense Breuning 1968, female; 13 – M. bulbiferum Holzschuh, 2017, male. a – labels.

Figs 14–15 in First record of the genera Bulborhodopis and Mimapatelarthron from China, with description of one new species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Figs 14–15. Male terminalia of Bulborhodopis and Mimapatelarthron species. 14 – Bulborhodopis humeralis sp. nov.; 15 – Mimapatelarthron bulbiferum Holzschuh, 2017. a – Tergite VIII with sternites VIII & IX in ventral view; b – tegmen in ventral view and lateral view; c – median lobe in ventral view and lateral view; d – endophallus in inflated and everted condition. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (d – not to scale).

Figs 6–9 in First record of the genera Bulborhodopis and Mimapatelarthron from China, with description of one new species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Figs 6–9. Frontal view of head of Bulborhodopis and Mimapatelarthron species. 6–7 – Bulborhodopis humeralis sp. nov.; 8–9 – Mimapatelarthron bulbiferum Holzschuh, 2017. 6, 8 – male; 7, 9 – female. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 16 in New Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) of Mascareignes and Comoros Archipelagos (Indian Ocean): one new record, three new species groups and description of six new species and of six unknown males

Figure 16 Paratype male of Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) lobatus Zannou, Moraes & Oliveira – a. Dorsal shield, b. Ventral shields, c. Movable degit and spermatodactyl, d. Genu, tibia and basitarsus of leg IV.

Figure 15 in New Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) of Mascareignes and Comoros Archipelagos (Indian Ocean): one new record, three new species groups and description of six new species and of six unknown males

Figure 15 Paratype male of Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) hartlandroweiEvans – a. Dorsal shield, b. Ventral shields, c. Spermatodactyl, d. Genu, tibia and basitarsus of leg IV.

Figure 14 in New Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) of Mascareignes and Comoros Archipelagos (Indian Ocean): one new record, three new species groups and description of six new species and of six unknown males

Figure 14 Paratype male of Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) grewiaeZannou, Moraes & Oliveira – a. Dorsal shield, b. Ventral shields, c. Spermatodactyl, d. Genu, tibia and basitarsus of leg IV.

Figure 13 in New Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) of Mascareignes and Comoros Archipelagos (Indian Ocean): one new record, three new species groups and description of six new species and of six unknown males

Figure 13 Paratype male of Ueckermannseius payetaeKreiter n. sp. – a. Dorsal shield, b. Ventral shields, c. Spermatodactyl, d. Genu, tibia and basitarsus of leg IV.

Figure 7 in New Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) of Mascareignes and Comoros Archipelagos (Indian Ocean): one new record, three new species groups and description of six new species and of six unknown males

Figure 7 Holotype female of Typhlodromalus baillodiKreiter n. sp. – a. Dorsal shield, b. Ventral shields, c. Chelicera, d. Spermatheca, e. Genu, tibia and basitarsus of leg IV.

Figure 4 in New Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) of Mascareignes and Comoros Archipelagos (Indian Ocean): one new record, three new species groups and description of six new species and of six unknown males

Figure 4 Paratype male of Amblyseius duplicesetus Moraes & McMurtry – a. Dorsal shield, b. Ventral shields, c. Spermatodactyl, d. Genu, tibia and basitarsus of leg IV.

Figure 12 in New Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) of Mascareignes and Comoros Archipelagos (Indian Ocean): one new record, three new species groups and description of six new species and of six unknown males

Figure 12 Holotype female of Ueckermannseius payetaeKreiter n. sp. – a. Dorsal shield, b. Ventral shields, c. Chelicera, d. Spermatheca, e. Genu, tibia and basitarsus of leg IV.

Figure 2 in New Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) of Mascareignes and Comoros Archipelagos (Indian Ocean): one new record, three new species groups and description of six new species and of six unknown males

Figure 2 Holotype female of Amblyseius erici Kreiter n. sp. – a. Dorsal shield, b. Ventral shields, c. Chelicera, d. Spermatheca, e. Genu, tibia and basitarsus of leg IV.