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JM-20 administration to animals with lesion of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway induced by 6-hydroxydopamine, partially reverses motor damage and oxidative stress
<p><strong><span>Abstract</span></strong></p> <p><span>Previous studies have shown that JM-20, a new chemical hybrid molecule, protects against rotenone and 6-hydroxydopamine <span>(6-OHDA)</span> neurotoxicity. Also, we demonstrated that JM-20 blocks the formation of toxic alpha-synuclein aggregated species and <em><span>aminochrome </span></em>cytotoxicity. The present study sought to determine the neuroprotective property of JM-20 in animals with a partial <span>lesion of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway induced by 6-OHDA </span>. For <em><span>in vivo</span></em> studies, adult male Wistar rats were lesioned in the right <em><span>substantia nigra pars compacta</span></em> (SNpc) upon the administration of 6-OHDA. Fifteen days after surgery, the animal’s asymmetry levels were assessed. Those with asymmetry values higher than 50% were divided into two groups: animals that did not receive any treatment and those that were administered with JM-20 (40 mg/kg, intragastric via gavage) for 27 days. Every seven days, the asymmetry values of the animals were analyzed until day 42 after the surgery. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized and the SNpc and striatum were taken out for the analysis of oxidative stress. Our results reveal a behavioral function progressively recovered in the JM-20-treated animals, diminishing the percentage of motor asymmetry. Also, it ameliorates the oxidative stress in the SNpc and the striatal tissue of these animals. Our study provides the preclinical evidence to support the long term neuroprotective potential of JM-20 in 6-OHDA hemiparkinson's rat model, pointing out to its possible use as a disease-modifying agent in PD.</span></p>
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF A NOVEL COMPOUND FROM WITHANIASOMNIFERA: IN VITRO STUDIES ON HIV-1 REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITION
<p><strong><span>ABSTRACT</span></strong></p> <p><span>The emergence of drug-resistant strains of HIV-1 underscores the need for novel therapeutic agents with improved efficacy and safety profiles. Therefore, this study aims to assess the in vitro HIV-1 RT inhibition of active molecule isolated form W. somnifera. Crude extract was prepared from W. sominfera stem bark my using methanol solvent. Isolation and Purification was done using TLC, column chromatography techniques. Characterization of isolated compound was done with using spectral studies. HIV-1 RT inhibition of isolated compound was done. Cell viability against PBMC cells of isolated compound was performed with MTT assay. The compound exhibited a dosedependent inhibition of HIV-1 RT activity, with increasing percentages of inhibition observed at higher concentrations. At 50 µg/mL, Compound displayed a 31.5% inhibition, which progressively increased to 76.4% at 800 µg/mL. The IC50 value for Compound was determined to be 152 µg/mL, indicating the concentration at which 50% inhibition of HIV-1 RT activity is achieved. The isolated compound exhibited decreasing cell viability as the concentration increased, with values of 91%, 85.1%, 75.5%, 68.0%, and 65.4% at 50 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL, 200 µg/mL, 400 µg/mL, and 800 µg/mL, respectively. These findings underscore the importance of comprehensive assessment of compound activity, considering both antiviral potency against HIV-1 RT and cytotoxic effects on healthy cells.<br></span></p> <p><strong><span>Keywords</span><span>: </span></strong><span>HIV-1 RT, W. somnifera, TLC, Column, Cell viability, MTT assay</span> </p>
Data for "Leader Polarity-Reversal Feature and Charge Structure of Three Upward Bipolar Lightning Flashes"
<p>In a manuscript entitled “Leader Polarity-Reversal Feature and Charge Structure of Three Upward Bipolar Lightning Flashes”,lightning locations,electric field and current data can be obtained through the following attachment.These files can be opened by matlab 2016(or later). The data supports the aforementioned manuscript and can be used freely for scientific purposes with appropriate citation.<br> One thing should be noted that in the files associated with LMA data,five columns represent x,y,z,time and radiation power, respectively.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Hyastenus verreauxii A. Milne-Edwards, 1872, a synonym of Hyastenus elatus Griffin & Tranter, 1986: lectotype designation and reversal of precedence (Crustacea: Brachyura: Majoidea: Epialtidae)
FIGURE 2. Hyastenus elatus Griffin & Tranter, 1986, holotype, male (41.7 × 28.0 mm) (AM P29917), Sydney Harbour, Australia. A, dorsal habitus; B, ventral habitus; C, carapace lateral view.
FIGURE 1. Hyastenus verreauxii A in Hyastenus verreauxii A. Milne-Edwards, 1872, a synonym of Hyastenus elatus Griffin & Tranter, 1986: lectotype designation and reversal of precedence (Crustacea: Brachyura: Majoidea: Epialtidae)
FIGURE 1. Hyastenus verreauxii A. Milne-Edwards, 1872, lectotype, male (38.3 × 28.4 mm) (MNHN B12431), Nouvelle-Hollande (= Australia). A, dorsal habitus; B, ventral habitus; C, carapace lateral view.
FIGURE 3 in Hyastenus verreauxii A. Milne-Edwards, 1872, a synonym of Hyastenus elatus Griffin & Tranter, 1986: lectotype designation and reversal of precedence (Crustacea: Brachyura: Majoidea: Epialtidae)
FIGURE 3. Left male gonopod (G1). A–D, Hyastenus verreauxii A. Milne-Edwards, 1872, lectotype, male (38.3 × 28.4 mm) (MNHN B12431), Nouvelle-Hollande (= Australia). E–H, Hyastenus elatus Griffin & Tranter, 1986, holotype, male (41.7 × 28.0 mm) (AM P29917), Sydney Harbour, Australia. A, E, ventral view; B, F, ventral view of distal portion; C, G, dorsal view; D, H, dorsal view of distal portion.
Fast Ion Transport in the Quasi-Single Helical Reversed-Field Pinch Raw Figure Data
<p>The raw figure data is in a .xls or .xslx file. Each figure or sub-figure is denoted by sheet title in the .xls file. For 2D data plots, the data for the x-array, y-array, x-error, and y-error are provided. For 3D data plots, the data for x-array, y-array, and z-array are provided. Each dataset within a figure or sub-figure is appropriately labeled with an identifier as the column header.</p>
FIGURE 6. Fatkullina imitata n in Fatkullina imitata n. sp., second species of a unique cheilostome bryozoan genus with reversed-polarity zooidal budding, and new family Fatkullinidae
FIGURE 6. Fatkullina imitata n. sp. A–G, paratype 3 ZIRAS 4/50664; H, specimen R.V. TINRO 2016, Stn 74. Early astogeny. A–C, ancestrular complex formation; D–F, ancestrular interior; G, H, colonies at early stages of astogeny, external and internal views. A. Ancestrula with first distally-budded, transversally/spirally arranged postancestrular zooid. B. Ancestrula with two postancestrular zooids (right bud partially damaged) spirally arranged and budded in opposite directions; note cormidial nature of ancestrular orifice, with its distal margin comprises lateral vertical wall of distally budded zooid, and right lateral margin – lateral vertical wall of laterally budded zooid. C. Ancestrula with two postancestrular zooids, spirally arranged and budded in same direction. D. Interior of ancestrula and distally arranged, perpendicularly orientated periancestrular zooid. E. Interior of ancestrular zooid, showing intensive distal umbonuloid area around orifice composed of four lobes separated with fine meandering sutures, ring scar, and proximal pseudoporous (lepralioid) part of the frontal shield. F. Close-up of umbonuloid area including circular orifice possessing deep V-shaped sinus, four uneven lobes separated with fine meandering sutures, discrete ring scar forming regular boundary between exterior-wall microstructure of umbonuloid part and extra-umbonuloid calcification. G. Ancestrular complex comprising ancestrula and three spirally arranged periancestrular zooids plus four developing to fully completed zooids. H. Undersides of ancestrular complex. Scale bars: A–D, G, H, 0.2 mm; E, F, 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 2. Fatkullina imitata n in Fatkullina imitata n. sp., second species of a unique cheilostome bryozoan genus with reversed-polarity zooidal budding, and new family Fatkullinidae
FIGURE 2. Fatkullina imitata n. sp. A, Holotype ZIRAS 1/50661; B, paratype 5 ZIRAS 6/50666; C, paratype 4 ZIRAS 5/ 50665. A. General view of colony encrusting flattened pebble in boundary interactions with Celleporina ventricosa (Lorenz, 1886) (top left), Reussinella arctica (Osburn, 1950) (top right), Hippothoa arctica (Kluge, 1906), H. expansa Dawson, 1859 (bottom left) and Pachyegis princeps (Norman, 1903) (centrally to bottom right). B. General view of a medium-sized colony. C. General view of a young colony demonstrating a gradual shift in geometry of zooidal budding from spiral into reversedpolarity. Asterisks indicate zooids with a sideways (transverse) orientation. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 5. Fatkullina imitata n in Fatkullina imitata n. sp., second species of a unique cheilostome bryozoan genus with reversed-polarity zooidal budding, and new family Fatkullinidae
FIGURE 5. Fatkullina imitata n. sp. A, paratype 5 ZIRAS 6/50666; B, holotype ZIRAS 1/50661; C–G, paratype 2 ZIRAS 3/ 50663. A. Orificial area of newly formed zooid near colony margin, showing transversely oval primary orifice bordered by thinly calcified smooth narrow rim, and surrounded by granular-tubercular surface with circular pseudopores. B. Orificial area of completed zooid, showing drop-shaped secondary orifice with granular tubercular surface, overhanging distal curvature of deeply submerged primary orifice, leaving visible its proximal thickened smooth shelf with shallow sinus; note circular infundibular pseudopores with finely tuberculated surfaces stretched deep inside. C. Interior of zooidal orificial area, showing transversally oval primary orifice with shallow sinus and deep calcified visor with denticulate margin, covers half of primary orifice length. D. Interior of group of zooids from central colony area, indicating their incoherent orientation, showing transversally oval primary orifices, smaller circular scattered openings of pseudopores in frontal shields, and enlarged circular to oval openings of tubular areolar pore channels encroaching via vertical walls, which connect main coelom with hypostegal coelom. E. Interior of frontal shield, showing scattered smaller openings of pseudopores centrally, enlarged openings of tubular areolar pore channels encroaching via vertical walls, which connect main coelom with hypostegal coelom, and transversally oval primary orifice with distal overhanging visor of secondary calcification covering more than 2/3 of primary orifice length. F. Internal and external view of zooidal lateral wall with basal pore chambers and external openings of tubular areolar pore channels encroaching lateral wall to open into the hypostegal coelom. G. Longitudinal cross-section through zooid, showing remarkable thickness of frontal shield, with deep, proximally tilted lumen between primary and secondary orifices, and lateral to frontal openings of tubular areolar pore channels connecting main coelom with hypostegal coelom. Scale bars: A–C, E–G, 0.1 mm; D, 0.25 mm.
FIGURE 3. Fatkullina imitata n in Fatkullina imitata n. sp., second species of a unique cheilostome bryozoan genus with reversed-polarity zooidal budding, and new family Fatkullinidae
FIGURE 3. Fatkullina imitata n. sp. A, holotype ZIRAS 1/50661; B–D, paratype 5 ZIRAS 6/50666; E, F, paratype 2 ZIRAS 3/50663. A, B. Zooids differentiating at colony margin. C, D. Randomly orientated autozooids in central colony area. E. Three zooids, showing granular-tubercular frontal walls uniformly perforated by large, round, deep infundibuliform pseudopores and drop-shaped secondary orifices with rugged outlines, overhanging distal curvature of primary orifice and slightly covering its sides. F. Distolateral view towards two zooids, showing roughly granular-tubercular, elevated and distended frontal wall around orificial area, evenly perforated with circular to oval deep infundibuliform pseudopores. Scale bars: A–D, 0.25 mm; E, F, 0.1 mm.
Data for "A Method of Three-Dimensional Location for LFEDA Combining the Time of Arrival Method and the Time Reversal Technique"
<p>The data used to generate and be displayed in figures and tables in this manuscript can be downloaded here. Please use Matlab to open files in mat format and use Microsoft Excel to open files in xlsx format. The data can be used freely for scientific purposes with appropriate citation.</p>
EX-FIG. 45. Theropod tibiae in distal view, illustrating different states of character 208. a, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis', left tibia (reversed); redrawn from Novas (1993). B, Dilophosaurus wetherilli: right tibia; based on UCMP V 6468. c, Piatnitzkysaurus foresi: left tibia (reversed); based on MACN CH 895. D, Rahonavis ostromi: right tibia; based on UA 8656. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; lat, lateral. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a-c) x and 5 mm (d). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
EX-FIG. 45. Theropod tibiae in distal view, illustrating different states of character 208. a, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis', left tibia (reversed); redrawn from Novas (1993). B, Dilophosaurus wetherilli: right tibia; based on UCMP V 6468. c, Piatnitzkysaurus foresi: left tibia (reversed); based on MACN CH 895. D, Rahonavis ostromi: right tibia; based on UA 8656. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; lat, lateral. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a-c) x and 5 mm (d).
text-fig. 39. Theropod pelves in left lateral view, illustrating several pelvic characters, a, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; redrawn (reversed) from Novas (1993). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis; based on QG 1, QG 691, and Raath (1990). c, Allosaurus fragilis; modified from Molnar et al. (1990). D, generalized tyrannosaurid; based on Osborn (1916) and ROM 807. E, Segnosaurus galbinensis', redrawn from Barsbold and Maryanska (1990). F, Rahonavis ostromi', based on UA 8656. Abbreviations: ac, acetabulum; bs, brevis shelf; il, ilium; ir, iliac ridge; is, ischium; of, obturator foramen; op, obturator process; pf, pubic fenestra; pip, posterior ischial process; pu, pubis. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-b), 100 mm (c-e), and 10 mm (f). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 39. Theropod pelves in left lateral view, illustrating several pelvic characters, a, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; redrawn (reversed) from Novas (1993). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis; based on QG 1, QG 691, and Raath (1990). c, Allosaurus fragilis; modified from Molnar et al. (1990). D, generalized tyrannosaurid; based on Osborn (1916) and ROM 807. E, Segnosaurus galbinensis', redrawn from Barsbold and Maryanska (1990). F, Rahonavis ostromi', based on UA 8656. Abbreviations: ac, acetabulum; bs, brevis shelf; il, ilium; ir, iliac ridge; is, ischium; of, obturator foramen; op, obturator process; pf, pubic fenestra; pip, posterior ischial process; pu, pubis. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-b), 100 mm (c-e), and 10 mm (f).
text-fig. 34. Left theropod humeri in anterior (a-b, d) and lateral (c) views, illustrating several forelimb characters, a, Allosaurusfragilis; redrawn from Madsen (1976). B-c, Camotaurus sastrei; based on MACN CH 894. D, Deinonychus antirrhopus; redrawn (reversed) from Ostrom (1969/?). Abbreviations: af, articular facet on head of humans; dpc, deltopectoral crest; it, internal tuberosity. Scale bars represent 50 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 34. Left theropod humeri in anterior (a-b, d) and lateral (c) views, illustrating several forelimb characters, a, Allosaurusfragilis; redrawn from Madsen (1976). B-c, Camotaurus sastrei; based on MACN CH 894. D, Deinonychus antirrhopus; redrawn (reversed) from Ostrom (1969/?). Abbreviations: af, articular facet on head of humans; dpc, deltopectoral crest; it, internal tuberosity. Scale bars represent 50 mm.
text-fig. 49. Theropod astragali and calcanei, illustrating several tarsal characters, a-b, Lilienstemus lilienstemi\ MB R. 2175; left astragalo-calcaneum; anterior view and proximal view (reversed). c-D, Allosaurus fragilis: MOR 693; stereophotographs of left astragalo-calcaneum in anterior and proximal view. E, Deinonychus antirrhopus; YPM 5226; left astragalo-calcaneum; anterior view (stereophotographs). Abbreviations: asc proc, ascending process of the astragalus; ast, astragalus; calc, calcanéum; fib, facet for fibula; tib, facet for tibia. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 49. Theropod astragali and calcanei, illustrating several tarsal characters, a-b, Lilienstemus lilienstemi\ MB R. 2175; left astragalo-calcaneum; anterior view and proximal view (reversed). c-D, Allosaurus fragilis: MOR 693; stereophotographs of left astragalo-calcaneum in anterior and proximal view. E, Deinonychus antirrhopus; YPM 5226; left astragalo-calcaneum; anterior view (stereophotographs). Abbreviations: asc proc, ascending process of the astragalus; ast, astragalus; calc, calcanéum; fib, facet for fibula; tib, facet for tibia. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 27. Posterior dorsal vertebrae of three theropod dinosaurs in left lateral view, showing states for several axial characters. A, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; penultimate dorsal vertebra; redrawn (reversed) from Novas (1993). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis-, reconstruction of the eleventh dorsal vertebra; based on QG 1. c, unnamed compsognathine from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil; reconstruction of the posteriormost dorsal vertebra; based on SMNK 2349 Pal. Abbreviations as in ext-figures 24 and 26, and: pg, pleurocentral groove; st, spine table. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 27. Posterior dorsal vertebrae of three theropod dinosaurs in left lateral view, showing states for several axial characters. A, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; penultimate dorsal vertebra; redrawn (reversed) from Novas (1993). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis-, reconstruction of the eleventh dorsal vertebra; based on QG 1. c, unnamed compsognathine from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil; reconstruction of the posteriormost dorsal vertebra; based on SMNK 2349 Pal. Abbreviations as in ext-figures 24 and 26, and: pg, pleurocentral groove; st, spine table. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 23. Outlines of theropod splenials, illustrating states for characters 78 and 79. a, Majungatholus atopus; left splenial in medial view; based on FMNH 9620A-44C. b, Saurornitholestes langstoni; slightly damaged right splenial in medial view (reversed); based on TMP 88.121.39. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 23. Outlines of theropod splenials, illustrating states for characters 78 and 79. a, Majungatholus atopus; left splenial in medial view; based on FMNH 9620A-44C. b, Saurornitholestes langstoni; slightly damaged right splenial in medial view (reversed); based on TMP 88.121.39. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b).
text-fig. 10. Maxillae of a sauropodomorph (a) and two theropods (b-c) in left lateral view to illustrate the character states of characters 11, 12 and 86. a, Plateosaurus sp., left maxilla (GPIT Skelett 1). B, Ceratosaurus sp., left maxilla (UUVP VP 5278). c, Gorgosaurus libratus, right maxilla (reversed; ROM 1247). Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 10. Maxillae of a sauropodomorph (a) and two theropods (b-c) in left lateral view to illustrate the character states of characters 11, 12 and 86. a, Plateosaurus sp., left maxilla (GPIT Skelett 1). B, Ceratosaurus sp., left maxilla (UUVP VP 5278). c, Gorgosaurus libratus, right maxilla (reversed; ROM 1247). Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c).
text-fig. 3. Ulnae of saurischian dinosaurs, showing the flexure of the shaft of this bone, a, Plateosaurus sp. (SMNS F 65), right ulna in lateral view (reversed). B, same as a, but with the olecranon process 'removed' to highlight the flexure of the bone shaft, c, Syntarsus rhodesiensis (QG 1), left ulna in lateral view. D, same as c, but with the olecranon process 'removed' to highlight the flexure of the bone shaft. E, Allosaurus fragilis (MOR 693), left ulna in lateral view. F, same as e, but with the olecranon process 'removed' to highlight the flexure of the bone shaft. G, Deinonychus antirrhopus (YPM 5220), left ulna in lateral view. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-b, e-f) and 10 mm (c-D, g). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 3. Ulnae of saurischian dinosaurs, showing the flexure of the shaft of this bone, a, Plateosaurus sp. (SMNS F 65), right ulna in lateral view (reversed). B, same as a, but with the olecranon process 'removed' to highlight the flexure of the bone shaft, c, Syntarsus rhodesiensis (QG 1), left ulna in lateral view. D, same as c, but with the olecranon process 'removed' to highlight the flexure of the bone shaft. E, Allosaurus fragilis (MOR 693), left ulna in lateral view. F, same as e, but with the olecranon process 'removed' to highlight the flexure of the bone shaft. G, Deinonychus antirrhopus (YPM 5220), left ulna in lateral view. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-b, e-f) and 10 mm (c-D, g).
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