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Fig. 4 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 4. Morphospace occupation plot reconstructed by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) on the Procrustes shape coordinates of 198 individuals of Bulinus tropicus from Lake Kasenda. Blue circles indicate uninfected specimens, orange symbols infected specimens, with ∇ = single infection by Echinoparyphium sp.; Δ = single infection by Austrodiplostomum sp. 2; □ = single infection by Plagiorchiida sp. I; ◊ = single infection by Petasiger sp. 5; ○ = any other infection. Filled symbols indicate the mean shape for each infection group, and the filled orange circle represents the mean of all trematode-infected snails. Vectors indicate the shape changes by any of these infection types compared to uninfected specimens. These differences are further illustrated in Fig. 5. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 3. Variation in centroid size (CS) of Bulinus tropicus shells depending on infection status. Median CS values are illustrated as thick lines within the boxes, first and third quartiles as the upper and lower hinges. The whiskers extend from the hinges to the highest or lowest values (for upper and lower whisker, respectively) within 1.5 x the inter-quartile range of the corresponding hinge (Wickham 2016). Each dot represents an individual snail.

Fig. 1 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 1. Illustration of a Bulinus shell with indication of our ten landmark points and four semi-landmark curves, numbered with roman numbers I to IV and indicating the original number of equidistant semi-landmarks between brackets. Shell height = 8 mm.

Fig. 2 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 2. Haplotype network of the 227 Bulinus tropicus specimens from Lake Kasenda that were barcoded for a fragment of COX1. Circle area is proportional to the number of specimens of each haplotype (smallest circle = 1 specimen, largest = 104). Single nucleotide polymorphisms between the haplotypes are represented by dashes on the connecting branches. For each haplotype the proportion of snails that are uninfected or infected (any trematode infection), as derived from RD-PCR results, is indicated in grey and white, respectively. Labels refer to the haplotypes used in Supplementary Table 3.

Fig. 8 in Phosphate replicated and replaced microstructure of molluscan shells from the earliest Cambrian of China

Fig. 8. Ilsanella? rozanovi Wang,1994. Specimen NIGP Mo 131358 from sample yd96924−8,upper phosphatic bed of the Zhongyicun Member,Baizai of Xundian in the eastern Yunnan,Meishucunian. A. Lateral view. B. Apical view. C. Enlargement of place shown by arrow in B,note cross section of prism replicated by internal mould. D. Enlargement of place shown by arrow in C.

Fig. 6 in Phosphate replicated and replaced microstructure of molluscan shells from the earliest Cambrian of China

Fig. 6. Archaeospira ornata Yu,1979. A. Specimen NIGP Mo 131370 from sample yd96923−10,upper part of the Dahai Member,Dahai of Huize in the eastern Yunnan,Meishucunian. Apical view (A 1); lamello−fibrillae at the apex (A2). B. Specimen NIGP Mo131370A from sample yd9649−2,upper phosphatic bed of the Zhongyicun Member,Yulu of Huize in the eastern Yunnan,Meishucunian. Lamello−fibrillae of the shell wall. C. Specimen NIGP Mo 131365 from yd96923−10, upper part of the Dahai Member, Dahai of Huize in the eastern Yunnan, Meishucunian (note fibrous structure).

Fig. 5 in Phosphate replicated and replaced microstructure of molluscan shells from the earliest Cambrian of China

Fig. 5. Latouchella cf. korobkovi Vostokova,1962. Specimen NIGP Mo 131371 from yd96924−8A upper part of the Dahai Member,Dahai of Huize in the eastern Yunnan, Meishucunian. A. Lateral view. B, C. Enlargement of place shown by arrow in B, note lamello−fibrillar structure.

Fig. 3 in Phosphate replicated and replaced microstructure of molluscan shells from the earliest Cambrian of China

Fig. 3. Watsonella yunnanensis (He and Yang,1982). Specimen NIGP Mo 131363 from sample yy9649−1,upper phosphatic bed of the Zhongyicun Member, Yulu of Huize in the eastern Yunnan, Meishucunian. A. Lateral view. B, C. Lamello−fibrillar structure. D. Enlargement of C.

Fig. 4. Ramenta cambrina Jiang,1982 in Phosphate replicated and replaced microstructure of molluscan shells from the earliest Cambrian of China

Fig. 4. Ramenta cambrina Jiang,1982. Specimen NIGP Mo 131200 from sample yy9649−1,upper phosphatic bed of the Zhongyicun Member,Beideng of Anning in the eastern Yunnan,Meishucunian. A. Lateral view. B. Apical view. C. Enlargement of place shown by arrow a in B,note irregular polygonal convexity. D. Enlargement of C, note lamello−fibrillar structure.

Fig. 2 in Phosphate replicated and replaced microstructure of molluscan shells from the earliest Cambrian of China

Fig. 2. Ilsanella cf. orectes (Jiang,1982). Specimen NIGP Mo 131353 from sample yb96929−1,upper phosphatic bed of the Zhongyicun Member,Baizai Xundian in the eastern Yunnan,Meishucunian. A. Lateral view. B. Lamello−fibrillae (arrow a) approximately perpendicular to growth lines (arrow b). C. Microstructure of inner surface of external coating. D. Enlargement of place shown by arrow in C, note lamello−fibrillae.

Fig. 7 in Phosphate replicated and replaced microstructure of molluscan shells from the earliest Cambrian of China

Fig. 7. Papilloconus explanatus Feng et al.,2000. Specimen NIGP Mo 131364 from sample yd96924,upper phosphatic bed of the Zhongyicun Member, Baizai of Xundian in the eastern Yunnan,Meishucunian. A. Lateral view. B. Apical view. C. Enlargement of place shown by arrow in B,note regular ar − rangement of nodules, corresponding to the end of prisms.

FIGURE 8 in Application of shell spiral deviation methodology to fossil brachiopods: Implications for obtaining specimen ontogenetic ages

FIGURE 8. Example of two fossil brachiopod species, Rafinesquina sp. (left) and Pseudoatrypa sp. (right), which generated problematic spiral deviation graphs. 1, Ventral view 2, Longitudinal-sectional view 3, Spiral fitting 4, Spiral deviations graphs.

FIGURE 2 in Application of shell spiral deviation methodology to fossil brachiopods: Implications for obtaining specimen ontogenetic ages

FIGURE 2. Example of a shell sample (Platystrophia ponderosa) sectioning through the plane of symmetry, producing two identical halves. Both halves were analyzed for their spiral deviations.

FIGURE 4 in Application of shell spiral deviation methodology to fossil brachiopods: Implications for obtaining specimen ontogenetic ages

FIGURE 4. Spiral deviations from the dorsal and ventral valves of specimens one (1), two (2), and three (3) of the species Laqueus rubellus.

FIGURE 1 in Application of shell spiral deviation methodology to fossil brachiopods: Implications for obtaining specimen ontogenetic ages

FIGURE 1. Ventral, dorsal, posterior, and longitudinal-sectional views of the fossil brachiopods Laqueus rubellus, Terebratula terebratula, Pseudoatrypa sp., and Platystrophia ponderosa. Scale bars equal 1 cm.

FIGURE 9 in Application of shell spiral deviation methodology to fossil brachiopods: Implications for obtaining specimen ontogenetic ages

FIGURE 9. Comparison of spiral deviation graphs when the dorsal valve of Terebratula terebratula specimen is fit to one (left) and two (right) spirals. A and B represent locations on the graphs that change drastically when two spirals are fit to the biological outline instead of one. Minimum A becomes more distinct when two spirals are used whereas the opposite occurs for minimum B.

FIGURE 3 in Application of shell spiral deviation methodology to fossil brachiopods: Implications for obtaining specimen ontogenetic ages

FIGURE 3. Example of shell (Laqueus rubellus) digitization and spiral fitting. 1, The brachiopod shell was digitized by clicking the outline in an anterior-ward direction, starting at the umbo. 2, The digitized outline was saved as (x,y) coordinates, which were used to plot a biological outline in R. 3, R code was used to fit a perfect logarithmic spiral to the shell outline. 4, The deviations from a perfect spiral were represented in a spiral deviation graph, with green points representing spiral maxima and red points representing spiral minima.

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FIGURE 14 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 14. Three-dimensional rotational model (video) of Timaniella harkeri (GSC26406). For video see palaeo-electronica.org/content/2017/1891-xmt-on-brachiopod-fossils.

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FIGURE 12 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 12. XMT result of Tyloplecta nankingensis (Q-2). 1-7, serial slices in the transverse plane (from dorsal to ventral). 8-14, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 15-18, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 19-21, lateral (19), ventral (20) and dorsal (21) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 22, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: cp, cardinal process; ap, adductor platform; ms, median septum; mc, muscle scar.