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Figure 1 in Climatic dependence in the daily and seasonal calling activity of anurans from coastal wetlands of southernmost Brazil
Figure 1. Map of the study area. (a) The North and South America continent. (b) The Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. (c) The area of the TAIM Ecological Station.
Figure 3 in Climatic dependence in the daily and seasonal calling activity of anurans from coastal wetlands of southernmost Brazil
Figure 3. (a) Monthly variation of the maximum (continuous line) and minimum (dashed line) water temperature (°C), minimum absolute air relative humidity (dotted line; %), and hours of rainfall from December 2012 to April 2014. (b) Monthly calling activity of the anuran amphibians community in a wetland area from southernmost Brazil from December 2012 to April 2014. The number of species that exhibited calling activities in each month is shown at the top of the graph and the following categories were used: white – no records; dotted area – between 0.1 and 3.99 hours of daily activity; horizontal bar – between 4 and 7.99 hours of daily activity; dark grey – between 8 and 11.99 hours of daily activity; black – between 12 and 17 hours of daily activity; and plus symbol – activity peak indicated by the mean vector (µ) of the circular analysis.
Figure 4 in Climatic dependence in the daily and seasonal calling activity of anurans from coastal wetlands of southernmost Brazil
Figure 4. Calling activity frequency of the species of anuran amphibians found in wetlands from southernmost Brazil, highlighting the seasons with greatest activity: spring 2013 (September– November 2013); summer 2013 (December 2012–February 2013) and summer 2014 (December 2013–February 2014). The number of records per hour is represented by: white – no records; dotted area – 1-7 records; horizontal bar – 8-14 records; dark grey – 15-21 records; black – 22- 36 records; and plus symbol – activity peak indicated by the mean vector (µ) of the circular analysis.
FIGURES 1–3. 1 in Description of Parentocirrus brasiliensis sp. n. (Ciliophora: Spirotrichea), a new ciliate protist present in activated sludge
FIGURES 1–3. 1. Drawing of living specimen, showing ventral side. CV = contractile vacuole. 2. Drawing of silver impregnated specimen, showing ventral side. Macronuclear row dettached and displayed in the left. Ma = macronuclear nodules; Mi = micronuclei. 3. Drawing of silver impregnated specimen, showing dorsal side. Kineties are indicated by arabic algarisms. Arrows point to scattered kinetids. CC = caudal cirri.
FIGURES 8–10. Silver impregnated specimens. 8 in Description of Parentocirrus brasiliensis sp. n. (Ciliophora: Spirotrichea), a new ciliate protist present in activated sludge
FIGURES 8–10. Silver impregnated specimens. 8 – specimen with anomalous macronuclear apparatus. Arrowheads pointing to anteriormost and posteriormost macronuclear nodules, which are constricted in the equatorial region; 9 – specimen showing ventral ciliature variation. Arrowhead pointing to cirrus located between right ventral row and right marginal row; 10 – Dorsal side showing dorsal ciliature variation. Arrowhead pointing to posterior scattered kinetids. Legend: Ma = Macronuclear module; Mi = micronucleus. Scale bars: 10µm.
Data from: Heritability, environmental effects, and genetic and phenotypic correlations of oxidative stress resistance-related enzyme activities during early life stages in Atlantic salmon
Oxidative stress (OS) may pose important physiological constraints on individuals, affecting trade-offs between growth and reproduction or ageing and survival. Despite such evolutionary and ecological importance, the results from studies on the magnitude of individual variation in OS resistance and the underlying causes of this variation such as genetic, environmental, and maternal origins, remain inconclusive. Using a high throughput methodology, we investigated the activity levels in three OS resistance-related enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; glutathione reductase, GR; glutathione S-transferase, GST) during the early life stages of 1000 individuals from 50 paternal half-sib families in two populations of Atlantic salmon. Using animal mixed models, we detected the presence of narrow-sense heritability for SOD and GST; that for GST differed between populations due to differences in environmental variance. We found support for the presence of common environmental variation, including maternal effects, for only GR. Using a bivariate animal model, we detected a positive environmental correlation between activity levels of SOD and GST but were unable to detect an additive genetic correlation. Our results complement previous heritability findings for levels of reactive oxygen species or OS resistance by demonstrating the presence of heritability for OS-related enzyme activities. Our findings provide a foundation for future work, such as investigations on the evolutionary importance of variation in enzyme activities. In addition, our findings emphasise the importance of accounting for developmental stage, environmental variance, and kin relationships when investigating the OS-response at the enzyme activity level.
Data from: Timing of rapid diversification and convergent origins of active pollination within Agavoideae (Asparagaceae)
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Yucca species are ideal candidates for the study of coevolution due to the obligate mutualism they form with yucca moth pollinators (genera Tegeticula and Parategeticula). Yuccas are not the only species to exhibit a mutualism with yucca moths; the genus Hesperoyucca is pollinated by the California yucca moth (Tegeticula maculata). Relationships among yuccas, Hesperoyucca, and other members of subfamily Agavoideae are necessary to understand the evolution of this unique pollination syndrome. Here, we investigate evolutionary relationships of yuccas and closely related genera looking at the timing and origin of yucca moth pollination. METHODS: In this study, we sequenced the chloroplast genomes of 20 species in the subfamily Agavoideae (Asparagaceae) and three confamilial outgroup taxa to resolve intergeneric phylogenetic relationships of Agavoideae. We estimated divergence times using protein-coding genes from 67 chloroplast genomes sampled across monocots to determine the timing of the yucca moth pollination origin. KEY RESULTS: We confidently resolved intergeneric relationships in Agavoideae, demonstrating the origin of the yucca–yucca moth mutualism on two distinct lineages that diverged 27 million years ago. Comparisons of Yucca and Hesperoyucca divergence time to those of yucca moths (Tegeticula and Parategeticula, Prodoxidae) indicate overlapping ages for the origin of pollinating behavior in the moths and pollination by yucca moths in the two plant lineages. CONCLUSION: Whereas pollinating yucca moths have been shown to have a single origin within the Prodoxidae, there were independent acquisitions of active pollination on lineages leading to Yucca and Hesperoyucca within the Agavoideae.
Data from: Recurrent circuit dynamics underlie persistent activity in the macaque frontoparietal network
<p>During delayed oculomotor response tasks, neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) and the frontal eye fields (FEF) exhibit persistent activity that reflects the active maintenance of behaviorally relevant information. Despite many computational models of the mechanisms of persistent activity, there is a lack of circuit-level data from the primate to inform the theories. To fill this gap, we simultaneously recorded ensembles of neurons in both LIP and FEF while macaques performed a memory-guided saccade task. A population encoding model revealed strong and symmetric long-timescale recurrent excitation between LIP and FEF. Unexpectedly, LIP exhibited stronger local functional connectivity than FEF, and many neurons in LIP had longer network and intrinsic timescales. The differences in connectivity could be explained by the strength of recurrent dynamics in attractor networks. These findings reveal reciprocal multi-area circuit dynamics in the frontoparietal network during persistent activity and lay the groundwork for quantitative comparisons to theoretical models.</p>
Aldosterone and dexamethasone activate African lungfish mineralocorticoid receptor: Increased activation after removal of the amino-terminal domain
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Aldosterone, the main physiological mineralocorticoid in humans and other terrestrial vertebrates, first appears in lungfish, which are lobe-finned fish that are forerunners of terrestrial vertebrates. Aldosterone activation of the MR regulates internal homeostasis of water, sodium and potassium, which was critical in the conquest of land by vertebrates. We studied transcriptional activation of the slender African lungfish MR by aldosterone, other corticosteroids and progesterone and find that aldosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol and progesterone have half-maximal responses (EC50s) below 1 nM and are potential physiological mineralocorticoids. In contrast, EC50s for corticosterone and cortisol were 23 nM and 66 nM, respectively. Unexpectedly, truncated lungfish MR, consisting of the DNA-binding, hinge and steroid-binding domains, had a stronger response to corticosteroids and progesterone than full-length lungfish MR, indicating that the N-terminal domain represses steroid activation of lungfish MR, unlike human MR in which the N-terminal domain contains an activation function. BLAST searches of GenBank did not retrieve a GR ortholog, leading us to test dexamethasone and triamcinolone for activation of lungfish MR. At 10 nM, both synthetic glucocorticoids are about 4-fold stronger than 10 nM aldosterone in activating full-length lungfish MR, leading us to propose that lungfish MR also functions as a GR.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Supplemental tables for: A periventricular gradient of innate immune cell activation in Multiple Sclerosis
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Objectives:</b> To explore <i>in-vivo</i> innate immune cell activation as a function of the distance from ventricular CSF in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) using [18F]-DPA714 PET, and to investigate its relationship with periventricular microstructural damage, evaluated by magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), and with trajectories of disability worsening.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Methods: </b>Thirty-seven MS patients and nineteen healthy controls underwent MRI and [18F]-DPA714 TSPO dynamic PET, from which individual maps of voxels characterized by innate immune cell activation (DPA+) were generated. White matter (WM) was divided in 3mm-thick concentric rings radiating from the ventricular surface toward the cortex, and the percentage of DPA+ voxels and mean MTR were extracted from each ring. Two-year trajectories of disability worsening were collected to identify patients with and without recent disability worsening.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Results: </b>The percentage of DPA+ voxels was higher in patients compared to controls in the periventricular WM (<span><span>p=6.10e-6</span></span>), and declined with increasing distance from ventricular surface, with a steeper gradient in patients compared to controls (<span><span>p=0.001</span></span>). This gradient was found both in periventricular lesions and normal-appearing WM. In the total WM, it correlated with a gradient of microstructural tissue damage measured by MTR (<span><span>r<sub>s</sub>=-0.65, p=1.0e-3</span></span>). When compared to clinically stable patients, patients with disability worsening were characterized <span><span>by a higher percentage of DPA+ voxels </span></span>in the periventricular normal-appearing WM (<span><span>p=0.025</span></span>).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Conclusions: </b>Our results demonstrate that in MS the innate immune cell activation predominates in periventricular regions and associates with microstructural damage and disability worsening. This could result from the diffusion of pro-inflammatory CSF-derived factors into surrounding tissues.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Activation markers plotted against nutrient sensors in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells.
<p>Activation markers (CD69, CD25, CD71, and CD38) plotted against nutrient sensors (GLUT1, GLUT4, HK1, HK2, and CD36) in CD4+ T-cells.</p>
Data from: Active sound production of scarab beetle larvae opens up new possibilities for species-specific pest monitoring in soils
Root-feeding Scarabaeidae larvae can pose a serious threat to agricultural and forest ecosystems, but many details of larval ecology are still unknown. We developed an acoustic data analysis method based on active sound production by larvae (i.e. stridulations) for gaining new insights into larval ecology. In a laboratory study, third instar larvae of the Common Cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) (n = 38) and the Forest Cockchafer (M. hippocastani) (n = 15) kept in soil-filled containers were acoustically monitored for 5 min each, resulting in the first known stridulation recordings for each species. Subsequent continuous monitoring of three M. hippocastani larvae over several hours showed that a single larva could stridulate more than 70 times per hour, and stridulation rates increased drastically with increasing larval abundance. The new fractal dimension-based data analysis method automatically detected audio sections with stridulations and provided a semi-quantitative estimate of stridulation activity. It is the first data analysis method specifically targeting Scarabaeidae larvae stridulations in soils, enabling for the first time non-invasive species-specific pest monitoring.
Causal links between parietal alpha activity and spatial auditory attention
Both visual and auditory spatial selective attention result in lateralized alpha (8-14 Hz) oscillatory power in parietal cortex: alpha increases in the hemisphere ipsilateral to attentional focus. Brain stimulation studies suggest a causal relationship between parietal alpha and suppression of the representation of contralateral visual space. However, there is no evidence that parietal alpha controls auditory spatial attention. Here, we performed high definition transcranial alternating current stimulation (HD-tACS) on human subjects performing an auditory task in which they directed attention based on either spatial or nonspatial features. Alpha (10 Hz) but not theta (6 Hz) HD-tACS of right parietal cortex interfered with attending left but not right auditory space. Parietal stimulation had no effect for nonspatial auditory attention. Moreover, performance in post-stimulation trials returned rapidly to baseline. These results demonstrate a causal, frequency-, hemispheric-, and task-specific effect of parietal alpha brain stimulation on top-down control of auditory spatial attention.
Health Friendly Activity Index
<p><span>W</span>e developed <span>the Health-Friendly Activity Index (HFAI)</span> to comprehensively <span>measure the </span>health-friendly activities of corporations or organizations<span>. We </span>validated the developed tool and reported on its use as an assessment tool to improve consumers' health-related outcomes. This was a cross-sectional study. Development of the HFAI questionnaire followed a three-phase process: item generation, item construction, and validation with field testing. Using relevance and feasibility criteria, we developed a 105-item questionnaire with six domains (Governance and Infrastructure, Needs Assessment, Planning, Implementation, Monitoring and Feedback, and Outcomes). <span>To assess the sensitivity and validity of the questionnaire, the HFAI and Contribution Assessment Tool for Consumer's Health (CATCH) were administered to 302 participants (151 employers and 151 employees) from 151 Korean companies. The CATCH measured the contribution of each company to the physical, mental, social, and spiritual health of its consumers. To estimate the reliability and validity of all five HFAI domains and their respective scales, Cronbach's α coefficients and correlation coefficients were used. Each domain and scale of the HFAI exhibited a Cronbach's α coefficient between 0.80 and 0.98 for the employers and employees. <span>The </span>overall HFAI and its six domains <span>correlated significantly and positively with</span> all health outcomes such as physical, mental, social, and spiritual status scores evaluated using the CATCH <span>(</span><span>Spearman's correlation range: 0.37 to 0.68).</span> </span>The HFAI, a unique assessment tool with acceptable psychometric properties, can <span>help corporate managers assess their health-friendly activities</span>.</p>
fMRI free-viewing data, resting-state and structural in macaques associated with publication 'Social prediction modulates activity of macaque superior temporal cortex'
<p>Using a free-viewing and functional magnetic resonance imaging, we show that activity in a region of the macaque middle superior temporal (midSTS) cortex was specifically modulated by the predictability of social interactions. This region could be distinguished from other temporal regions involved in face processing. Using resting-state fMRI in anesthetized macaques, we showed that the connectivity between the face-responsive areas and the social prediction area was more integrated in macaques than in humans. We reproduce the social prediction results in a replication study and provide a control to rule out oculomotor implication through the FEF in the social prediction activity of the midSTS, using Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation. Using standard geometric shape movement stimuli, we also show that macaques do not attribute mental state to shapes.</p>
Broad-Scale Responses of Harbor Porpoises to Pile-Driving and Vessel Activities During Offshore Windfarm Construction
<p>Offshore windfarm developments are expanding, requiring assessment and mitigation of impacts on protected species. Typically, assessments of impacts on marine mammals have focussed on pile-driving, as intense impulsive noise elicits adverse behavioural responses. However, other construction activities such as jacket and turbine installation also change acoustic habitats through increased vessel activity. To date, the contribution of construction-related vessel activity in shaping marine mammal behavioural responses at windfarm construction sites has been overlooked and no guidelines or mitigation measures have been implemented.</p> <p>We compared broad-scale spatio-temporal variation in harbour porpoise occurrence and foraging activity between baseline periods and different construction phases at two Scottish offshore windfarms. Following a Before-After Control-Impact design, arrays of echolocation click detectors (CPODs) were deployed in 25 km by 25 km impact and reference blocks throughout the 2017-2019 construction. Echolocation clicks and buzzes were used to investigate porpoise occurrence and foraging activity respectively. In parallel, we characterised broadband noise levels using calibrated noise recorders (SoundTraps and SM2Ms) and vessel activities using AIS data integrated with engineering records. Following an impact gradient design, we then quantified the magnitude of porpoise responses in relation to changes in the acoustic environment and vessel activity.</p> <p>Compared to baseline, an 8-17% decline in porpoise occurrence was observed in the impact block during pile-driving and other construction activities. The probability of detecting porpoises and buzzing activity was positively related to the distance from vessel and construction activities, and negatively related to levels of vessel intensity and background noise. Porpoise displacement was observed at up to 12 km from pile-driving activities and up to 4 km from construction vessels. This evidence of broad-scale behavioural responses of harbour porpoises to these different construction activities highlights the importance of assessing and managing all vessel activities at offshore windfarm sites to minimise potential impacts of anthropogenic noise.</p>
Does Disease Activity Influence the Levels of Uric Acid in Psoriatic Arthritis?
<p>Background: Hyperuricemia is not only associated with the development of gout but also with renal and vascular dysfunction. The prevalence of this condition has already been studied in psoriasis, but there are a few studies that have been carried out in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Some studies have shown an association with metabolic syndrome, while others with the extent of cutaneous involvement, but there are no studies that have evaluated the disease activity with compound indexes.<br> Objective: The aim of the study was to determine if disease activity, measured by different composite scores, influences the levels of uric acid.<br> Method: This was a cross-sectional, observational study, which included 52 PsA patients. Clinical assessments included dactylitis, tender and swollen joint counts, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index, Leeds Enthesis Index, Minimal Disease Activity and Disease Activity for Psoriatic Arthritis. Hyperuricemia was defined as serum uric acid levels ≥ 6mg/dL in females and ≥ 7mg/dL in males.<br> Results: Among the 52 included patients, 55.76% were female. The mean age was 54.9 ± 11.6 years. Hyperuricemia occurred in 26.92%. Demographic data, diet, comorbidities and medication were similar between patients with and without hyperuricemia. Patients with hyperuricemia had higher waist circumference (p <0.0046). There was no difference in disease activity between groups, either in the isolated items or in the composite indexes. There was a significant difference in uric acid levels according to the classification of chronic kidney disease by estimated glomerular filtration rate (p=0.0016). Individuals using leflunomide had significantly lower levels of uric acid than those who were not using (p=0.0071).<br> Conclusion: This study supports the notion that, in PsA, hyperuricemia is more related to metabolic factors than to disease activity.</p>
Do extraordinary science and technology scientists balance their publishing and patenting activities?
<p>Data of figures in the article titled "<strong>Do extraordinary science and technology scientists balance their publishing and patenting activities?."</strong></p>
Data from: Winter territory prospecting is associated with life-history stage but not activity in a passerine
Finding a high quality territory is essential for many animals to reproduce successfully. Despite its importance for fitness, we know little about the process of territory prospecting in wild birds, and whether individual traits and behaviours, such as personality, co-vary with territory prospecting. Here, we use long-term data from a wild, insular house sparrow Passer domesticus population to test three hypotheses about territory fidelity and prospecting: (1) House sparrows show high territory fidelity between years and also during winter. (2) Individuals will prospect for a breeding territory during their first winter whereas older, more experienced individuals will keep a territory from previous years and will, therefore, show no or reduced winter territory prospecting. (3) More active behavioural types will prospect more than less active behavioural types. We use data from four winters from automatically, daily recorded nest-box visits of 188 birds of known age. The number of nest-boxes that each individual visited within each winter was used as a proxy of winter territory prospecting. We show that house sparrows visit multiple nest-boxes during their first winter, whereas older individuals keep territories year-round and, potentially because of this, indeed show reduced winter territory prospecting. Activity was not associated with the number of nest-boxes visited. Further research is needed to investigate whether time of territory and mate acquisition differs among individuals and the possible effect on lifetime fitness.
FIGURE 4 in A new Western Pacific Tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae): The first Pleuronectiform discovered at active Hydrothermal Vents
FIGURE 4. Capture locations for holotype (indicated by star) and other specimens (indicated by black circles) of Symphurus thermophilus examined in this study. Another locality where species has also been observed is indicated by the black square.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.