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Data from: The effect of foot posture on capacity to apply free moments to the ground: implications for fighting performance in great apes
In contrast to most other primates, great apes have feet in which the heel supports body weight during standing, walking, and running. One possible advantage of this plantigrade foot posture is that it may enhance fighting performance by increasing the ability to apply free moments (i.e., force couples) to the ground. We tested this possibility by measuring performance of human subjects when performing from plantigrade and digitigrade (standing on the ball of the foot and toes) postures. We found that plantigrade posture substantially increased the capacity to apply free moments to the ground and to perform a variety of behaviors that are likely to be important to fighting performance in great apes. As predicted, performance in maximal effort lateral striking and pushing was strongly correlated with free moment magnitude. All else being equal, these results suggest species that can adopt plantigrade posture will be able to apply larger free moments to the ground than species restricted to digitigrade or unguligrade foot posture. Additionally, these results are consistent with the suggestion that selection for physical competition may have been one of the factors that led to the evolution of the derived plantigrade foot posture of great apes.
Intraspecific functional trait structure of restoration-relevant species: implications for restoration seed sourcing
<ol> <li><span>Recent research has highlighted the existence of significant intraspecific trait variation within and among populations of plant species. This inherent variation within species means there is a wealth of trait diversity from which to source germplasm for use in ecological restoration. However, it remains unclear how to source materials from this pool of trait diversity in order to achieve desired outcomes and support ecosystem function in a restoration context.</span></li> <li> <span>We provide a framework to study the structure of trait variation across populations and genotypes in an effort to bridge functional trait research with the sourcing of native plant materials for restoration. We investigated the structure of intraspecific functional trait variation in three forb species used in restoration on the Colorado Plateau to (i) understand </span>the structure of functional trait variation within and among populations, and (ii) determine if individual and multivariate functional traits differ between populations while accounting for trait variation within and among genotypes.</li> <li><span>We found considerable functional trait variation at all sampling levels, with variation within populations often surpassing variation among populations. Still, we observed population-level differences in trait values in eight of the twelve species-by-trait combinations and populations largely segregated in multivariate trait space.</span></li> <li> <i><span>Synthesis and applications</span></i><span>. Using micropropagation techniques, we uncovered population-level differences in functional trait variation, suggesting that mixing populations to create restoration germplasm following a regional admixture provenancing approach could lead to increased functional diversity in restorations. However, the substantial trait variation identified within some populations of our study species also suggests a similar potential when utilizing genotypically diverse material from even a single population. Further research on these and other species is needed to understand the structure of intraspecific functional trait variation and how it impacts ecosystem function. The approach outlined in this study can assist researchers in assessing the underlying trait variation present in various restoration materials and provide managers with more detailed information that can help make germplasm sourcing decisions. </span> </li> </ol>
Data from: Molecular phylogeny, revised higher classification, and implications for conservation of endangered Hawaiian leaf-mining moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Philodoria)
The leaf-mining moth genus Philodoria Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is composed of 30 described species, all of which are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Philodoria is known to feed on 10 families of endemic Hawaiian host plants, with several species recorded only from threatened or endangered hosts. Beyond their dependence on these plants, little is known of their evolutionary history and conservation status. We constructed a molecular phylogeny of Philodoria to assess validity of its current subgeneric classification and to help guide future work on this threatened Hawaiian lineage. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences from three genes (CO1, CAD, EF-1α) combining for a total of 2,041 base pairs, were collected from 11 Philodoria species, incorporating taxa from both currently recognized subgenera. These data were analyzed using both parsimony and model-based phylogenetic approaches. Contrary to the most recent systematic treatment of Philodoria, our results indicate strongly that the two currently recognized Philodoria subgenera are not monophyletic and that morphological characters used to classify them are homoplasious. Based on our robust results, we revised the higher classification of Philodoria: the subgenus Eophilodoria Zimmerman, 1978 is established as subjective junior synonym of Philodoria Walsingham, 1907. We also present new host plant and distribution data and discuss host range of Philodoria as it pertains to endangered Hawaiian plants.
Data from: Genomic analysis of a migratory divide reveals candidate genes for migration and implicates selective sweeps in generating islands of differentiation
Differential gene flow, reductions in diversity following linked selection and/or features of the genome can structure patterns of genomic differentiation during the process of speciation. Possible sources of reproductive isolation are well studied between coastal and inland subspecies groups of Swainson's thrushes, with differences in seasonal migratory behaviour likely playing a key role in reducing hybrid fitness. We assembled and annotated a draft reference genome for this species and generated whole-genome shotgun sequence data for populations adjacent to the hybrid zone between these groups. We documented substantial genomewide heterogeneity in relative estimates of genetic differentiation between the groups. Within population diversity was lower in areas of high relative differentiation, supporting a role for selective sweeps in generating this pattern. Absolute genetic differentiation was reduced in these areas, further suggesting that recurrent selective sweeps in the ancestral population and/or between divergent populations following secondary contact likely occurred. Relative genetic differentiation was also higher near centromeres and on the Z chromosome, suggesting that features of the genome also contribute to genomewide heterogeneity. Genes linked to migratory traits were concentrated in islands of differentiation, supporting previous suggestions that seasonal migration is under divergent selection between Swainson's thrushes. Differences in migratory behaviour likely play a central role in the speciation of many taxa; we developed the infrastructure here to permit future investigations into the role several candidate genes play in reducing gene flow between not only Swainson's thrushes but other species as well.
FIGURE 1. 9.7 in A larva of the eteline lutjanid, Randallichthys filamentosus (Pisces: Perciformes), with comments on phylogenetic implications of larval morphology of basal lutjanids
FIGURE 1. 9.7 mm larva of Randallichthys filamentosus (NMST PL144) from the western Pacific Ocean. The second spine of the dorsal fin is broken, apparently near its tip, but the fleshy filament seems to be intact. Most caudalfin rays are broken. The specimen is scaled, but many scales are missing. The illustration shows the tip of the ctenus of the intact scales nearest the track of the lateral line: anteriorly, this seems to be the row immediately above the lateral line. Assuming that there are two scales per myomere in the area of the tail where no cteni are shown (scales missing), as there are elsewhere, there are 52 scale rows along the track of the lateral line, but no lateralline pores were visible in any scale.
FIGURE 1 in Phylogeny of the Sciaroidea (Diptera): the implication of additional taxa and character data
FIGURE 1. Phylogeny of the Sciaroidea. The most parsimonious cladogram (260 steps, CI 31, RI 67) was obtained with the program NONA. Numbers above hatch marks (open = homoplaseous, black = unique) refer to characters; numbers below hatch marks refer to the state indicated. Only unambiguous changes are shown. The current family assignments of the genera are shown.
FIGURE 4 in Molecular relationships of the Australian Ennominae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and implications for the phylogeny of the Geometridae from molecular and morphological data
FIGURE 4. Twodimensional structure of a 28S D2 for the Australian geometrid moth Ciampa arietaria. The subdomains (D2a, D2b and D2c) are labelled following Michot and Bachellerie (1987); numbers correspond to nucleotide positions in Fig. 2.
FIGURE 3. Gap data matrix for 28S D2 in Molecular relationships of the Australian Ennominae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and implications for the phylogeny of the Geometridae from molecular and morphological data
FIGURE 3. Gap data matrix for 28S D2 sequences of geometrid species used to create a phylogeny for the Australian Geometridae. (0) gap absent; (1) gap present; () inapplicable.
FIGURE 9 in Molecular relationships of the Australian Ennominae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and implications for the phylogeny of the Geometridae from molecular and morphological data
FIGURE 9. Strict consensus cladogram of 3629 equally most parsimonious trees obtained using step matrix unweighted parsimony analysis of the 28S D2 fragment of geometrid species used to create a phylogeny for the Australian Geometridae. A = Archiearinae, Al = Alsophilinae, Am = Amphypyrinae, Az = Azelinini, B = Boarmiini, Ca = Caberini, Ci = Cidariini, C = Colotoini, D = Drepanidae, E = Ennomini, G = Geometrinae, Ha = Hadeninae, H = Hydriomenini, La = Larentiinae, L = Lithinini, M = Macariini, Nac = Nacophorini, N = Noctuinae, O = Oenochrominae, Op = Operophterini, S = Sterrhinae, U = unplaced, X = Xanthorhoini.
Data from: Targeted resequencing reveals geographical patterns of differentiation for loci implicated in parallel evolution
Parallel divergence and speciation provide evidence for the role of divergent selection in generating biological diversity. Recent studies indicate that parallel phenotypic divergence may not have the same genetic basis in different geographical locations - "outlier loci" (loci potentially affected by divergent selection) are often not shared among parallel instances of phenotypic divergence. However, limited sharing may be due, in part, to technical issues if false positive outliers occur. Here, we test this idea in the marine snail Littorina saxatilis, which has evolved two partly isolated ecotypes (adapted to crab predation vs. wave action) in multiple locations independently. We argue that if the low extent of sharing observed in earlier studies in this system is due to sampling effects, we expect outliers not to show elevated FST when sequenced in new samples from the original locations, and also not to follow predictable geographical patterns of elevated FST. Following a hierarchical sampling design (within vs. between country), we applied capture sequencing, targeting outliers from earlier studies and control loci. We found that outliers again showed elevated levels of FST in their original location, suggesting they were not generated by sampling effects. Outliers were also likely to show increased FST in geographically close locations, which may be explained by higher levels of gene flow or shared ancestral genetic variation compared to more distant locations. However, in contrast to earlier findings, we also found some outlier types to show elevated FST in geographically distant locations. We discuss possible explanations for this unexpected result.
FIGURE 2 in Conservation implications of a morphometric comparison between the Illinois Chorus Frog (Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis) and Strecker's Chorus Frog (P. s. streckeri) (Anura: Hylidae) from Arkansas, Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas
FIGURE 2. On the left are three representative ICFs from Clay County, AR. On the right are three representative SCFs from Yell and Conway counties, AR.
FIGURE 3 in Conservation implications of a morphometric comparison between the Illinois Chorus Frog (Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis) and Strecker's Chorus Frog (P. s. streckeri) (Anura: Hylidae) from Arkansas, Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas
FIGURE 3. Results of principal components analysis of the combined data for snout-vent length, tibia length, and head length for all state samples of ICFs and SCFs.
Personality predicts innovation and social learning in children; Implications for cultural evolution
<p>Innovation and social learning are the pillars of cultural evolution, allowing cultural behaviours to cumulatively advance over generations. Yet, little is known about individual differences in the use of social and asocial information. We examined whether personality influenced children's propensity to observe others or independently generate solutions to novel problems. Conscientiousness was associated with electing for no demonstrations, while agreeableness was associated with opting for demonstrations. For children receiving demonstrations, openness to experience consistently predicted deviation from observed methods. Children who opted for no demonstrations were also more likely than those opting for demonstrations to exhibit tool manufacture on an innovation challenge and displayed higher creativity. These results highlight how new cultural traditions emerge, establish and advance by identifying which individuals generate new cultural variants in populations and which are influential in the diffusion of these variants, and help reduce the apparent tension within the 'ratchet' of cumulative culture.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Discovery of the genus Plethodontohyla (Anura: Microhylidae) in dry western Madagascar: description of a new species and biogeographic implications
FIGURE 4. Map of Madagascar showing the known distribution of Plethodontohyla fonetana (black square), P. guentheri (black triangle) and remaining members of the genus Plethodontohyla (gray dots), excluding those species now placed in Rhombophryne. The latter records also exclude P. guentherpetersi, as its generic placement is uncertain.
FIGURE 1 in Discovery of the genus Plethodontohyla (Anura: Microhylidae) in dry western Madagascar: description of a new species and biogeographic implications
FIGURE 1. Plethodontohyla fonetana, holotype (ZSM 123/2006) in dorsolateral view, photographed in life.
FIGURE 1 in Genetic structure of Ipomoea imperati (Convolvulaceae) in the Mediterranean region and implications for its conservation
FIGURE 1. Geographical distribution of chloroplast haplotypes. Further locality details are provided in Table 1.
FIGURE 3 in Genetic structure of Ipomoea imperati (Convolvulaceae) in the Mediterranean region and implications for its conservation
FIGURE 3. Single most parsimonious (MP) tree /Maximum Clade Credibility (MCC) tree for ITS sequences of the organisms in study. Topology of the MP tree is identical to that of MCC tree from the Bayesian analyses (see text for details). Numbers below branches are, left to right, bootstrap percentages (Felsenstein 1985) out of 1000 replicates, the clade decay index (Bremer 1994) computed out of trees up to 10 steps longer and the posterior probability of the maximum clade credibility tree (branches with p.p. <0.5 were collapsed, with the exception of the Israel/Honduras/Valencia clade, which was present in the MP tree). Estimated divergence times are provided above nodes. Nodes numbers refer to Table 3.
FIGURE 2 in Genetic structure of Ipomoea imperati (Convolvulaceae) in the Mediterranean region and implications for its conservation
FIGURE 2. Median-joining network for plastid DNA haplotypes in Mediterranean, Mexican and Honduran samples of Ipomoea imperati. Haplotypes are represented by the circles, the size of each being proportional to the observed frequency of each haplotype. Median vectors are labelled mv1 and mv2; these represent possible unsampled or extinct haplotypes. Information on the geographic locations where each haplotype is found is provided in Table 1.
FIGURE 1 in Phylogenetic analysis of the Paulsoni species group (Decapoda: Alpheidae) from the American Pacific, with implications for the phylogenetic classification of the genus Synalpheus
FIGURE 1. Dorsal view of frontal portion of caparace: A, S. bannerorum (holotype); B, S. superus (holotype); C, S. peruvianus (holotype); D, S. mexicanus (holotype).
FIGURE 3 in Phylogenetic analysis of the Paulsoni species group (Decapoda: Alpheidae) from the American Pacific, with implications for the phylogenetic classification of the genus Synalpheus
FIGURE 3. Abdomen, lateral view: A, S. lani (holotype); B, S. mexicanus (holotype). Telson and uropods, dorsal view: C, S. peruvianus (holotype); D, S. mexicanus (holotype); E, S. lani (holotype).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.