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5,931 results for “laterality”
Data from: Generating electricity while walking with a medial-lateral oscillating load carriage device
Biomechanical energy harvesters generate electricity, from human movement, to power portable electronics. We developed an energy harvesting module to be used in conjunction with a load carriage device that allows carried mass in a backpack to oscillate in the medial-lateral direction. The energy harvesting module was designed to tune medial-lateral oscillations of the carried mass to create favourable device-user interaction. We tested seven energy harvesting conditions and compared them to walking with the device when the weight was rigidly fixed to the backpack frame. For each energy harvesting condition, we changed the external load resistance: altering how much electricity was being generated and how much the carried mass would oscillate. We then correlated device behaviour to the biomechanical response of the user. The energy harvesting load carriage system generated electricity at no additional metabolic cost to the user, when compared to walking with the carried weight rigidly fixed. The device was able to generate up to 0.22±0.03 W of electricity, while walking with 9 kg of carried weight. The device also reduced the interaction forces experienced by the user, in the medial-lateral direction, compared to walking with the device when the mass was rigidly fixed.
Data from: Nod factors potentiate auxin signaling for transcriptional regulation and lateral root formation in Medicago truncatula
Nodulation (Nod) factors (NFs) are symbiotic molecules produced by rhizobia that are essential for establishment of the rhizobium–legume endosymbiosis. Purified NFs can stimulate lateral root formation (LRF) in Medicago truncatula, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Using a combination of reporter constructs, pharmacological and genetic approaches, we show that NFs act on early steps of LRF in M. truncatula, independently of the ethylene signaling pathway and of the cytokinin receptor MtCRE1, but in interaction with auxin. We conducted a whole-genome transcriptomic study upon NF and/or auxin treatments, using a lateral root inducible system adapted for M. truncatula. This revealed a large overlap between NF and auxin signaling and, more interestingly, synergistic interactions between these molecules. Three groups showing interaction effects were defined: group 1 contained more than 1500 genes responding specifically to the combinatorial treatment of NFs and auxin; group 2 comprised auxin-regulated genes whose expression was enhanced or antagonized by NFs; and in group 3 the expression of NF regulated genes was antagonized by auxin. Groups 1 and 2 were enriched in signaling and metabolic functions, which highlights important crosstalk between NF and auxin signaling for both developmental and symbiotic processes.
Data from: Lateral gene transfer from the dead
In phylogenetic studies, the evolution of molecular sequences is assumed to have taken place along the phylogeny traced by the ancestors of extant species. In the presence of lateral gene transfer (LGT), however, this may not be the case, because the species lineage from which a gene was transferred may have gone extinct or not have been sampled. Because it is not feasible to specify or reconstruct the complete phylogeny of all species, we must describe the evolution of genes outside the represented phylogeny by modelling the speciation dynamics that gave rise to the complete phylogeny. We demonstrate that if the number of sampled species is small compared to the total number of existing species, the overwhelming majority of gene transfers involve speciation to, and evolution along extinct or unsampled lineages. We show that the evolution of genes along extinct or unsampled lineages can to good approximation be treated as those of independently evolving lineages described by a few global parameters. Using this result, we derive an algorithm to calculate the probability of a gene tree and recover the maximum likelihood reconciliation given the phylogeny of the sampled species. Examining 473 near universal gene families from 36 cyanobacteria, we find that nearly a third of transfer events − 28% – appear to have topological signatures of evolution along extinct species, but only approximately 6% of transfers trace their ancestry to before the common ancestor of the sampled cyanobacteria.
Data from: Lateralized feeding behavior is associated with asymmetrical neuroanatomy and lateralized gene expressions in the brain in scale-eating cichlid fish
Lateralized behavior ('handedness') is unusual, but consistently found across diverse animal lineages, including humans. It is thought to reflect brain anatomical and/or functional asymmetries, but its neuro-molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Lake Tanganyika scale-eating cichlid fish, Perissodus microlepis show pronounced asymmetry in their jaw morphology as well as handedness in feeding behavior – feeding scales preferentially only from one or the other side of their victims. This makes them an ideal model in which to investigate potential laterality in neuroanatomy and transcription in the brain in relation to behavioral handedness. After determining behavioral handedness in P. microlepis (preferred attack side), we estimated the volume of the hemispheres of brain regions and captured their gene expression profiles. Our analyses revealed that the degree of behavioral handedness is mirrored at the level of neuroanatomical asymmetry, particularly in the tectum opticum. Transcriptome analyses showed that different brain regions (tectum opticum, telencephalon, hypothalamus and cerebellum) display distinct expression patterns, potentially reflecting their developmental interrelationships. For numerous genes in each brain region, their extent of expression differences between hemispheres was found to be correlated with the degree of behavioral lateralization. Interestingly, the tectum opticum and telencephalon showed divergent biases on the direction of up- or down-regulation of the laterality candidate genes (e.g., grm2) in the hemispheres, highlighting the connection of handedness with gene expression profiles and the different roles of these brain regions. Hence, handedness in predation behavior may be caused by asymmetric size of brain hemispheres and also by lateralized gene expressions in the brain.
Data from: A Bayesian method for analyzing lateral gene transfer
Lateral gene transfer (LGT)—which transfers DNA between two non-vertically related individuals belonging to the same or different species—is recognized as a major force in prokaryotic evolution, and evidence of its impact on eukaryotic evolution is ever increasing. LGT has attracted much public attention for its potential to transfer pathogenic elements and antibiotic resistance in bacteria, and to transfer pesticide resistance from genetically modified crops to other plants. In a wider perspective, there is a growing body of studies highlighting the role of LGT in enabling organisms to occupy new niches or adapt to environmental changes. The challenge LGT poses to the standard tree-based conception of evolution is also being debated. Studies of LGT have, however, been severely limited by a lack of computational tools. The best currently available LGT algorithms are parsimony-based phylogenetic methods, which require a pre-computed gene tree and cannot choose between sometimes wildly differing most-parsimonious solutions. Moreover, in many studies, simple heuristics are applied that can only handle putative orthologs and completely disregard gene duplications. Consequently, proposed LGT among specific gene families, and the rate of LGT in general remain debated. We present a Bayesian MCMC-based method that integrates gene duplication, gene loss, LGT, and sequence evolution, and apply the method in a genome-wide analysis of two groups of bacteria: Mollicutes and Cyanobacteria. Our analyses show that although the LGT rate between distant species is high, the net combined rate of duplication and close species-LGT is on average higher. We also show that the common practice of disregarding reconcilability in gene tree inference overestimates the number of LGT and duplication events.
Data from: The evolution of bipedal running in lizards suggests a consequential origin may be exploited in later lineages.
The origin of bipedal locomotion in lizards is unclear. Modeling studies have suggested that bipedalism may be an exaptation, a byproduct of features originally designed to increase maneuverability, which were only later exploited. Measurement of the body center of mass (BCOM) in 124 species of lizards confirms a significant rearward shift among bipedal lineages. Further racetrack trials showed a significant acceleration threshold between bipedal and quadrupedal runs. These suggest good general support for a passive bipedal model, in which the combination of these features lead to passive lifting of the front of the body. However, variation in morphology could only account for 56% of the variation in acceleration thresholds, suggesting that dynamics have a significant influence on bipedalism. Deviation from the passive bipedal model was compared with node age, supporting an increase in the influence of dynamics over time. Together, these results show that bipedalism may have first arisen as a consequence of acceleration and a rearward shift in the BCOM, but subsequent linages have exploited this consequence to become bipedal more often, suggesting that bipedalism in lizards may convey some advantage. Exploitation of bipedalism was also associated with increased rates of phenotypic diversity, suggesting exploiting bipedalism may promote adaptive radiation.
Data from: Serum levels of endothelial glycocalyx constituents in women at 20 weeks' gestation who later develop gestational diabetes mellitus compared to matched controls: a pilot study
Objectives: The aim of this pilot study was to determine the serum concentration of heparan sulfate, hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate and syndecan-1 and if these serum concentrations can be used to identify women at 20 weeks' gestation who later develop gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Design: Nested case–control study from Auckland, New Zealand participants in the prospective cohort Screening for Pregnancy Endpoints study. Setting: Auckland, New Zealand. Participants: 20 pregnant women (70% European, 15% Indian, 10% Asian, 5% Pacific Islander) at 20 weeks' gestation without any hypertensive complications who developed GDM by existing New Zealand criteria defined as a fasting glucose ≥5.5 mmol/L and/or 2 hours ≥9.0 mmol/L after a 75 g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. Women not meeting these criteria were excluded from this study. The patients with GDM were matched with 20 women who had uncomplicated pregnancies and negative screening for GDM and matched for ethnicity, maternal age and BMI. Primary and secondary outcome measures: The primary measures were the serum concentrations of syndecan-1, heparan sulfate, hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate determined by quantitative ELISA. There were no secondary outcome measures. Results: Binary logistic regression was performed to determine if serum concentrations of endothelial glycocalyx layer constituents in women at 20 weeks' gestation would be useful in predicting the subsequent diagnosis of GDM. The model was not statistically significant χ2=12.5, df=8, p=0.13, which indicates that the model was unable to distinguish between pregnant women at 20 weeks' gestation who later developed GDM and those who did not. Conclusions: Serum concentrations of syndecan-1, heparan sulfate, hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate in pregnant women at 20 weeks' gestation were not associated with later development of GDM. To further explore whether there is any relationship between endothelial glycocalyx constituents and GDM, the next step is to evaluate serum concentrations at the time diagnosis of GDM.
Kelp forests at the end of the earth: 45 years later
<p>The kelp forests of southern South America are some of the least disturbed on the planet. The remoteness of this region has, until recently, spared it from many of the direct anthropogenic stressors that have negatively affected these ecosystems elsewhere. <a name="_Hlk28090816">Re-surveys of 11 locations at the easternmost extent of Tierra del Fuego originally conducted in 1973 showed no significant differences in the densities of adult and juvenile <i>Macrocystis</i> <i>pyrifera</i> kelp or kelp holdfast diameter between the two survey periods. </a>Additionally, sea urchin assemblage structure at the same sites were not significantly different between the two time periods, with the dominant species <i>Loxechinus albus</i> accounting for 66.3% of total sea urchin abundance in 2018 and 61.1% in 1973. Time series of Landsat imagery of the region from 1998 to 2018 showed no long-term trends in kelp canopy over the past 20 years. However, ~ 4-year oscillations in canopy fraction were observed and were strongly and negatively correlated with the NOAA Multivariate ENSO index and sea surface temperature. More extensive surveying in 2018 showed significant differences in benthic community structure between exposed and sheltered locations. Fish species endemic to the Magellanic Province accounted for 73% of all nearshore species observed and from 98-100% of the numerical abundance enumerated at sites. Fish assemblage structure varied significantly among locations and wave exposures. The recent creation of the Yaganes Marine Park is an important step in protecting this unique and biologically rich region; however, the nearshore waters of the region are currently not included in this protection. There is a general lack of information on changes in kelp forests over long time periods, making a global assessment difficult. A complete picture of how these ecosystems are responding to human pressures must also include remote locations and locations with little to no impact.</p>
Data from: Low rates of lateral gene transfer among metabolic genes define the evolving biogeochemical niches of archaea through deep time
Phylogenomic analyses of archaeal genome sequences are providing windows into the group's evolutionary past, even though most archaeal taxa lack a conventional fossil record. Here, phylogenetic analyses were performed using key metabolic genes that define the metabolic niche of microorganisms. Such genes are generally considered to have undergone high rates of lateral gene transfer. Many gene sequences formed clades that were identical, or similar, to the tree constructed using large numbers of genes from the stable core of the genome. Surprisingly, such lateral transfer events were readily identified and quantifiable, occurring only a relatively small number of times in the archaeal domain of life. By placing gene acquisition events into a temporal framework, the rates by which new metabolic genes were acquired can be quantified. The highest lateral transfer rates were among cytochrome oxidase genes that use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor (with a total of 12-14 lateral transfer events, or 3.4-4.0 events per billion years, across the entire archaeal domain). Genes involved in sulfur or nitrogen metabolism had much lower rates, on the order of one lateral transfer event per billion years. This suggests that lateral transfer rates of key metabolic proteins are rare and not rampant.
Data from: Mimicry-dependent lateralization in the visual inspection of foreign eggs by American robins
Brain lateralization, or the specialization of function in the left vs. right brain hemispheres, has been found in a variety of lineages in contexts ranging from foraging to social and sexual behaviours, including the recognition of conspecific social partners. Here we studied whether the recognition and rejection of avian brood parasitic eggs, another context for species recognition, may also involve lateralized visual processing. We focused on American robins (Turdus migratorius), an egg-rejecter host to occasional brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and tested if robins preferentially used one visual hemifield over the other to inspect mimetic vs. non-mimetic model eggs. At the population level, robins showed a significantly lateralized absolute eyedness index (EI) when viewing mimetic model eggs, but individuals varied in left vs. right visual hemifield preference. In contrast, absolute EI was significantly lower when viewing non-mimetic eggs. We also found that robins with more lateralized eye usage rejected model eggs at higher rates. We suggest that the inspection and recognition of foreign eggs represents a specialized and lateralized context of species recognition in this and perhaps in other egg rejecter hosts of brood parasites.
Data from: Prenatal exposure to predation affects predator recognition learning via lateralization plasticity
Prey with cerebral lateralization often shows a bias in escape direction and asymmetrical use of eyes for scanning. Such asymmetries are likely to cause ecological disadvantages when, for example, predators attack from the side in which the prey is more susceptible. However, lateralized individuals are diffuse in many species and, paradoxically, their frequency increases via developmental plasticity in environments with high-predation risk. Using wood frog tadpoles, Lithobates sylvaticus, we tested the hypothesis that cerebral lateralization enhances predator recognition learning and thus overcomes the costs of behavioral asymmetries in high predation risk environments. In the first experiment, we found tadpoles exposed to risk as embryos developed more intense lateralization in a rotational test compared to predator-naive controls. Risk exposure led to the more frequent development of clockwise swimming preference. In the second experiment, we found that tadpoles exhibiting no behavioral lateralization and tadpoles with marked clockwise swimming preference learned to recognize the novel predator odor, with the latter showing a better performance as predicted. Tadpoles with anticlockwise swimming preference did not learn to associate the predator with risk. Exposure to a high-risk environment during early ontogeny appears to favor the development of either a lateralization phenotype with refined predator recognition learning skills, or, to a lesser extent, a lateralization phenotype with poor predator recognition learning skills. Such individuals likely cope with predation using mechanisms other than learning.
Data from: Single mechanosensory neurons encode lateral displacements using precise spike timing and thresholds
During locomotion, animals rely on multiple sensory modalities to maintain stability. External cues may guide behavior, but they must be interpreted in the context of the animal's own body movements. Mechanosensory cues that can resolve dynamic internal and environmental conditions, like those from vertebrate vestibular systems or other proprioceptors, are essential for guided movement. How do afferent proprioceptor neurons transform movement into a neural code? In flies, modified hindwings known as halteres detect forces produced by body rotations, and are essential for flight. The mechanisms by which haltere neurons transform forces resulting from three-dimensional body rotations into patterns of neural spikes are unknown, however. We use intracellular electrodes to record from haltere primary afferent neurons during a range of haltere motions. We find that spike timing activity of individual neurons changes with displacement, and propose a mechanism by which single neurons can encode three-dimensional haltere movements during flight.
Data from: A lateral flow immunochromatographic strip test for rapid detection of hexoestrol in fish samples
A lateral flow immunochromatographic test strip was developed for on-site rapid and sensitive detection of Hexoestrol (HES) residues in fish samples with colloidal gold labeled the anti-HES monoclonal antibody (mAb). The strip is composed of a sample pad, a conjugate reagent pad, an absorbent pad, and a test membrane containing a control line and a test line. The sensitivity (half inhibitory concentration, IC50) of the strip in the detection of fish extract samples was confirmed to be 1.86 μg/kg, and the limit detection (LOD) value was 0.62 μg/kg. For intra-assay and inter-assay reproducibility, recoveries of HES spiked samples were ranged from 86.3% to 92.3% and 85.8% to 93.4%, coefficients of variation were 2.91-4.64% and 4.24-5.17% respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to confirm the performance of the strip. The strip test only took less than 10 minutes, and thus provides a repaid method for on-site detection of HES residues.
Data from: Assessing the effects of a sequestered germline on interdomain lateral gene transfer in Metazoa
A sequestered germline in Metazoa has been argued to be an obstacle to lateral gene transfer (LGT), though few studies have specifically assessed this claim. Here we test the hypothesis that the origin of a sequestered germline reduced LGT events in Bilateria (i.e. triploblast lineages) as compared to early-diverging Metazoa (i.e. Ctenophora, Cnidaria, Porifera, and Placozoa). We analyze single-gene phylogenies generated with over 900 species, sampled from among Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota to identify well-supported interdomain LGTs. We focus on interdomain LGT (i.e. those between prokaryotes and Metazoa) as systematic errors in single gene tree reconstruction create uncertainties for interpreting eukaryote-to-eukaryotes transfers. The breadth of the sampled Metazoa enables us to estimate the timing of LGTs, and to examine the pattern before vs. after the evolution of a sequestered germline. We identified 58 LGTs found only in Metazoa and prokaryotes (i.e. bacteria and/or archaea), and 7 genes transferred from prokaryotes into Metazoa plus one other eukaryotic clade. Our analyses indicate that more interdomain transfers occurred before the development of a sequestered germline, consistent with the hypothesis that this feature is an obstacle to LGT.
Data from: Single-cell selectivity and functional architecture of human lateral occipital complex
<p>The human lateral occipital complex (LOC) is more strongly activated by images of objects compared to scrambled controls, but detailed information at the neuronal level is currently lacking. We recorded with microelectrode arrays in the LOC of two patients, and obtained highly selective single-unit, multi-unit and high-gamma responses to images of objects. Contrary to predictions derived from functional imaging studies, all neuronal properties indicated that the posterior subsector of LOC we recorded from occupies an unexpectedly high position in the hierarchy of visual areas. Notably, the response latencies of LOC neurons were long, the shape selectivity was spatially clustered, LOC receptive fields were large and bilateral, and a number of LOC neurons exhibited 3D-structure selectivity (a preference for convex or concave stimuli), which are all properties typical of end-stage ventral stream areas. Thus, our results challenge prevailing ideas about the position of the more posterior subsector of LOC in the hierarchy of visual areas.</p>
Data from: Variation in non-invasive ventilation use in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Objective: We sought to examine prevalence and predictors of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in a composite cohort of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients followed in a clinical trials setting (PRO-ACT database). Methods: NIV initiation and status were ascertained from response to question 12 of the revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R). Factors affecting NIV use in patients with forced vital capacity (FVC) ≤ 50% of predicted were examined. Predictors of NIV were evaluated by Cox proportional hazard models and generalized linear mixed models. Results: Among 1,784 patients with 8,417 simultaneous ALSFRS-R and FVC% measures, NIV was used by 604 (33.9%). Of 918 encounters when FVC% ≤ 50%, NIV was reported in 482 (52.5%). Independent predictors of NIV initiation were lower FVC% (hazard ratio HR 1.27, 95% CI: 1.17-1.37 for 10% drop), dyspnea (HR 2.62, 95% CI: 1.87-3.69), orthopnea (HR 4.09, 95% CI: 3.02-5.55), lower bulbar and gross motor subscores of ALSFRS-R (HRs 1.09 (95% CI: 1.03-1.14) and 1.13 (95% CI: 1.07-1.20) respectively, per point), and male sex (HR 1.73, 95% CI: 1.31-2.28). Adjusted for other variables, bulbar onset did not significantly influence time to NIV (HR 0.72 (95% CI: 0.47-1.08)). Considerable unexplained variability in NIV use was found. Conclusion: NIV use was lower than expected in this ALS cohort that was likely to be optimally managed. Absence of respiratory symptoms and female sex may be barriers to NIV use. Prospective exploration of factors affecting adoption of NIV may help bridge this gap and improve care in ALS.
Fig. 4. Male antenna, lateral view. A. Merodon bombiformis Hull, 1944 in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 4. Male antenna, lateral view. A. Merodon bombiformis Hull, 1944 (FSUNS; FSUNS ID ZA2_079). B. M. multifasciatus Curran, 1939 (USNM; FSUNS ID 04512). C. M. vittatus Vujić & Likov sp. nov., holotype (NBCN; FSUNS ID 04085). D. M. zebra Vujić & Radenković sp. nov. paratype (NBCN; FSUNS ID 05174). E. M. lotus Vujić & Radenković sp. nov., paratype (FSUNS; FSUNS ID ZA6_066). F. M. nasicus Bezzi, 1915 (TAUI; FSUNS ID 04972). Scale bar = 2 mm.
FIGURE 8. Metaprotella sandalensis Mayer, 1898. Lateral view. A in The Caprellidea (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from Mauritius Island, Western Indian Ocean
FIGURE 8. Metaprotella sandalensis Mayer, 1898. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 3. Hemiaegina minuta Mayer, 1890. Lateral view. A in The Caprellidea (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from Mauritius Island, Western Indian Ocean
FIGURE 3. Hemiaegina minuta Mayer, 1890. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 2. Caprella scaura Templeton, 1836. Lateral view. A in The Caprellidea (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from Mauritius Island, Western Indian Ocean
FIGURE 2. Caprella scaura Templeton, 1836. Lateral view. A, male; B, female. Scale bar: 1 mm.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.