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1,425 results for “Agriculture”
Not only hedgerows, but also flower fields can enhance bat activity in intensively used agricultural landscapes
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Organic farming and seminatural habitats for multifunctional agriculture: a case study in hedgerow landscapes of Brittany
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Testing the feasibility of quantifying change in agricultural soil carbon stocks through empirical sampling
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Carbon-sink potential of continuous alfalfa agriculture lowered by short-term nitrous oxide emission events
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Silicon concentrations and stoichiometry in two agricultural watersheds: implications for management and downstream water quality
Agriculture alters the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and silicon (Si) which contributes to the stoichiometric imbalance among these nutrients in aquatic systems. Limitation of Si relative to N and P can facilitate the growth of non-siliceous, potentially harmful, algal taxa which has severe environmental and economic impacts. Planting winter cover crops can retain N and P on the landscape, yet their effect on Si concentrations and stoichiometry is unknown. We analyzed three years of biweekly concentrations and loads of dissolved N, P, and Si from subsurface tile drains and stream water in two agricultural watersheds in northern Indiana. Intra-annual patterns in Si concentrations and stoichiometry showed that cover crop vegetation growth did not reduce in-stream Si concentrations as expected, although, compared to fallow conditions, winter cover crops increased Si:N ratios to conditions more favorable for diatom growth. To assess the risk of non-siliceous algal growth, we calculated a stoichiometric index to quantify biomass growth facilitated by excess N and P relative to Si. Index values showed a divergence between predicted algal growth and what we observed in the streams, indicating other factors influence algal community composition. The stoichiometric imbalance was more pronounced at high flows, suggesting increased risk of harmful blooms as climate change increases the frequency and intensity of precipitation in the midwestern U.S. Our data include some of the first published measurements of Si within small agricultural watersheds and provide the groundwork for understanding the role of agriculture on Si export and stoichiometry.
Methane concentrations and fluxes in agricultural and preserved tropical headwater streams
Tropical streams have been intensively impacted by agricultural activities. Among the most important agricultural activities in Brazil, sugarcane production represents a large impact for economic development and for environmental conditions. Permeating sugarcane fields, several headwater streams can be affected by sugarcane cultivation, in special, aquatic biogeochemical cycles because of the deforestation, fertilization, crop residues and higher temperatures in the tropics. In this study, we analyzed the effects of sugarcane cultivation on methane fluxes and concentrations, assuming that carbon cycles are influenced by agricultural activities in headwater streams. Our study aimed to (1) measure methane fluxes and concentrations in tropical streams located in Southeastern Brazil, (2) Analyze whether seasonal cycles influence methane fluxes and concentrations, (3) Evaluate the influence of sugarcane cultivation on methane fluxes and (4) Analyze the association between water chemistry in the methane concentrations in tropical streams. We found mean fluxes of CH4 of 0.280 mmol m-2 d-1, with higher fluxes during the summer and in streams draining preserved catchments. The average CH4 concentrations were 0.695 µmol L-1, with higher values during the summer and in streams draining preserved catchments. Methane concentrations in the studied streams was influenced by dissolved oxygen (negatively), dissolved organic carbon (negatively), water velocity (positively) and conductivity (negatively). Methane concentrations were significantly higher than concentrations found in Temperate Grasslands, Savannas & Shrublands and similar to concentrations found in other tropical biomes (excluding Tropical & Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests which receives large amounts of organic inputs). We conclude that sugarcane influence methane concentrations and fluxes in tropical streams by reducing the organic matter availability provided by the native vegetation in soil and water.
Bulk atmospheric deposition data along an agricultural-to-urban transect, central Ohio, 2021-2022
As precipitation acidity in the United States has decreased dramatically over the past forty years, new questions have emerged about the role of base cations and nitrogen (N) species in regulating precipitation pH. To address these questions, we studied precipitation chemistry in Ohio, a state with high N deposition and a mix of urban, industrial, and agricultural land use. This dataset contains precipitation chemistry and the flux of particulate matter collected at four sites along an agricultural-urban transect in central Ohio over the summers of 2021 and 2022. Samples were collected weekly from three or five replicate passive bulk deposition collectors at each site. In the lab, we filtered the samples and calculated the flux of total particulate matter. Liquid samples were measured for pH, nitrate, ammonium, and major ions. This dataset is complete and will not be added to in the future.
Anthropogenic nitrogen Balance and Riverine Nitrogen Footprint of Agriculture in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin during 1970-2019
These data support the findings of a manuscript by Lu et al. under review in Environmental Research Letters. We used data synthesis and a well-calibrated hydro-ecological model to quantify the dynamics and controls of the riverine N footprint (RNF) within the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin (MARB) from 1970 to 2019. These supportive data include (1) Annual synthetic N fertilizer and manure N input from 1970 to 2019 in sub-basins in the MARB; (2) Annual N inputs, outputs, and N balance from 1970 to 2017 in the MARB; (3) Changes in crop production, N load and riverine N footprint in response to key agricultural activities in MARB; (4) Changes in crop production, N load, and riverine N footprint under key agricultural activities at sub-basin level; (5) Annual acreage of major grain crops and total cropland areas in sub-basins of the MARB.
Laboratory measurements of nitrous oxide production rates in agricultural soils from Lancaster, PA, estuarine sediments from the Scheldt Estuary Belgium/Netherlands, and estuarine soils from the Delaware River NJ under gradients of physicochemical perturbation
A set of experiments was performed to test 1) how various physicochemical perturbations (salinity, zinc, temperature, soil moisture, and pH) influenced denitrification and nitrous oxide production on short timescales (<1 day) in agricultural soils from Lancaster, PA, USA, 2) how variation in a single parameter (salinity) influenced rates of denitrification and nitrous oxide production in sediments that experience a range in that parameter (tidal freshwater, oligohaline, and mesohaline estuarine sediments from the Scheldt River estuary Belgium/Netherlands) on short timescales (< 1 day), and 3) how denitrification and nitrous oxide production along with key functional gene expression in tidal freshwater estuarine soils from the Delaware River, NJ, USA responded to a long-term (6 month) change in a single parameter (salinity) in a press experiment with subsequent short-term (< 1 day) pulses. In the final long-term experiment, nitrite reductase (nirS) and nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) gene expression were also measured at three timepoints (days 7, 35, and 110).
Responses of agricultural weed community in a corn-soybean intercrop
This dataset was created as a part of an experiment which used a soybean-corn intercrop system for examining how the community structure of agricultural weeds changes with fertilization and with the identity of the crop species. The composition of the weed flora in intercrops was compared with the weed flora of the respective sole crops, with and without fertilization. The experiment was conducted at Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) in southwestern Michigan, USA, in 1993.
Data for McGill et.al. 2018. The greenhouse gas cost of agricultural intensification with groundwater irrigation in a Midwest US row cropping system. at the Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, MI (2013 to 2017)
Dataset Abstract Data for Data for McGill et.al. 2018. The greenhouse gas cost of agricultural intensification with groundwater irrigation in a Midwest US row cropping system. original data source http://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datasets/176
Precision Agriculture Yield Monitoring in Row Crop Agriculture at the Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, MI (1996 to 2013)
Dataset Abstract The LTER annual crops (corn, soy and wheat), treatments 1-4, are harvested annually using a combine equipped with a GPS and precision agriculture software to allow detailed yield measurements with coincident GPS latitude and longitude data.. original data source http://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datasets/40
Quebec Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 2012-2018 web archive collection derivatives
<p>Web archive derivatives of the Quebec Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 2012-2018 collection from the <a href="https://www.banq.qc.ca/accueil/">Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec</a>. The derivatives were created with the <a href="https://github.com/archivesunleashed/aut/">Archives Unleashed Toolkit</a>. Merci beaucoup BAnQ!</p> <p>These derivatives are in the <a href="https://parquet.apache.org/">Apache Parquet format</a>, which is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column-oriented_DBMS">columnar storage</a> format. These derivatives are generally small enough to work with on your local machine, and can be easily converted to Pandas DataFrames. See <a href="https://github.com/archivesunleashed/notebooks/blob/master/parquet_pandas_example.ipynb">this</a> notebook for examples.</p> <p><strong>Domains</strong></p> <pre><code class="language-java">.webpages().groupBy(ExtractDomainDF($"url").alias("url")).count().sort($"count".desc)</code></pre> <p>Produces a DataFrame with the following columns:</p> <ul> <li>domain</li> <li>count</li> </ul> <p><strong>Web Pages</strong></p> <pre><code class="language-java">.webpages().select($"crawl_date", $"url", $"mime_type_web_server", $"mime_type_tika", RemoveHTMLDF(RemoveHTTPHeaderDF(($"content"))).alias("content"))</code></pre> <p>Produces a DataFrame with the following columns:</p> <ul> <li>crawl_date</li> <li>url</li> <li>mime_type_web_server</li> <li>mime_type_tika</li> <li>content</li> </ul> <p><strong>Web Graph</strong></p> <pre><code class="language-java">.webgraph()</code></pre> <p>Produces a DataFrame with the following columns:</p> <ul> <li>crawl_date</li> <li>src</li> <li>dest</li> <li>anchor</li> </ul> <p><strong>Image Links</strong></p> <pre><code class="language-java">.imageLinks()</code></pre> <p>Produces a DataFrame with the following columns:</p> <ul> <li>src</li> <li>image_url</li> </ul> <p><a href="https://github.com/archivesunleashed/aut-docs/blob/master/current/binary-analysis.md#binary-analysis"><strong>Binary Analysis</strong></a></p> <ul> <li>Audio</li> <li>Images</li> <li>PDFs</li> <li>Presentation program files</li> <li>Spreadsheets</li> <li>Text files</li> <li>Videos</li> <li>Word processor files</li> </ul>
Derived data and code for Deines et al. 2020, Agricultural Water Management
<p>This codebase accompanies the paper:</p> <p>Deines, J.M., M.E. Schipanski, B. Golden, S.C. Zipper, S. Nozari, C. Rottler, B. Guerrero, & V. Sharda. 2020. Transitions from irrigated to dryland agriculture in the Ogallala Aquifer: Land use suitability and regional economic impacts. Agricultural Water Management 233:106061. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106061">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106061</a></p> <p>Data needed to reproduce the figures from Deines et al. 2020 can be found in the <code>data</code> folder.</p> <p>See the Readme.md or <a href="https://github.com/jdeines/Deines_etal_2020_agwat_OgallalaTransistions">https://github.com/jdeines/Deines_etal_2020_agwat_OgallalaTransistions</a> for more information.</p>
Flow of Agricultural Nitrogen, version 2 (FANv2): Model input and output data
<p>This upload includes data associated with the manuscript "An improved mechanistic model for ammonia volatilization in Earth system models: Flow of Agricultural Nitrogen, version 2 (FANv2)" submitted to Geoscientific Model Development. The dataset includes an input file for use with the Community Land Model, and an output file with the simulated ammonia emissions for the agricultural sector. The emissions are monthly averages from the simulation for 2010-2015. Additional information is given in the readme file.</p>
Data from: Leaching losses of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen from agricultural soils in the upper US Midwest
<p>Leaching losses of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) from agricultural systems are important to water quality and carbon and nutrient balances but are rarely reported; the few available studies suggest linkages to litter production (DOC) and nitrogen fertilization (DON). In this study we examine the leaching of DOC, DON, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> from no-till corn (maize) and perennial bioenergy crops (switchgrass, miscanthus, native grasses, restored prairie, and poplar) grown between 2009 and 2016 in a replicated field experiment in the upper Midwest U.S. Leaching was estimated from concentrations in soil water and modeled drainage (percolation) rates. DOC leaching rates (kg ha<sup>-1 </sup>yr<sup>-1</sup>) and volume-weighted mean concentrations (mg L<sup>-1</sup>) among cropping systems averaged 15.4 and 4.6, respectively; N fertilization had no effect and poplar lost the most DOC (21.8 and 6.9, respectively). DON leaching rates (kg ha<sup>-1 </sup>yr<sup>-1</sup>) and volume-weighted mean concentrations (mg L<sup>-1</sup>) under corn (the most heavily N-fertilized crop) averaged 4.5 and 1.0, respectively, which was higher than perennial grasses (mean: 1.5 and 0.5, respectively) and poplar (1.6 and 0.5, respectively). NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> comprised the majority of total N leaching in all systems (59-92%). Average NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> leaching (kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>) under corn (35.3) was higher than perennial grasses (5.9) and poplar (7.2). NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> concentrations in soil water from all cropping systems were relatively low (<0.07 mg N L<sup>-1</sup>). Perennial crops leached more NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> in the first few years after planting, and markedly less after. Among the fertilized crops, the leached N represented 14-38% of the added N over the study period; poplar lost the greatest proportion (38%) and corn was intermediate (23%). Requiring only one third or less of the N fertilization compared to corn, perennial bioenergy crops can substantially reduce N leaching and consequent movement into aquifers and surface waters.</p>
Agricultural intensification reduces plant taxonomic and functional diversity across European arable systems.
<p>1. Agricultural intensification is one of the main drivers of species loss worldwide, but there is still a lack of information about its effect on functional diversity of arable weeds communities.</p> <p>2. Using a large scale pan European study including 786 fields within 261 farms from eight countries, we analysed differences in the taxonomic and functional diversity of arable weeds assemblages across different levels of agricultural intensification in. We estimated weed species frequency in each field, and collected species' traits (vegetative height, specific leaf area and seed mass) from the TRY plant trait database. With this information we estimated taxonomic (species richness), functional composition (community weighted means) and functional diversity (functional richness, evenness, divergence and redundancy). We used indicators of agricultural management intensity at the individual field scale (e.g. yield, inputs of nitrogen fertilizer and herbicides, frequency of mechanical weed control practices) and at the landscape scale surrounding the field (i.e. number of crop types, mean field size and proportion of arable land cover within a radius of 500m from the sampling points).</p> <p>3. The effects of agricultural intensification on species and functional richness at the field scale were stronger than those of intensification at the landscape scale, and we did not observe evidence of interacting effects between the two scales. Overall, assemblages in more intensified areas had fewer species, a higher prevalence of species with ruderal strategies (low stature, high leaf area, light seeds), and lower functional redundancy.</p> <p>4. Maintaining the diversity of Europe's arable weed communities requires some simple management interventions, for example, reducing the high intensity of field-level agricultural management across Europe, which could be complemented by interventions that increase landscape complexity.</p>
Agricultural intensification heightens food safety risks posed by wild birds
<p>1. Agricultural intensification and simplification are key drivers of recent declines in wild bird populations, heightening the need to better balance conservation with food production. This is hindered, however, by perceptions that birds threaten food safety. While birds are known reservoirs of foodborne pathogens, there remains uncertainty about the links between landscape context, farming practices, and actual crop contamination by birds.</p> <p>2. Here, we examine relationships between landscape context, farming practices, and pathogen contamination by birds using a barrier-to-spillover approach. First, we censused bird communities using point count surveys. Second, we collected 2024 faecal samples from captured birds alongside 1215 faecal samples from brassica fields and food processing areas across 50 farms spanning the USA West Coast. We then estimated the prevalence of three foodborne pathogens across landscape and livestock intensification gradients. Finally, we quantified the number of plants with faeces.</p> <p>3. <i>Campylobacter </i>spp. were detected in 10.2% of faeces from captured birds and 13.1% of faeces from production areas. Nonnative birds were 4.1 times more likely to have <i>Campylobacter </i>spp. than native birds. <i>Salmonella </i>spp. were detected in 0.2% of faeces from production areas and were never detected in captured birds. We detected evidence of Shiga toxigenic <i>E. coli </i>in 1 sample across the >3200 tested.</p> <p>4. <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. prevalence in faeces from production areas increased with increasing mammalian livestock densities in the landscape but decreased with increasing amounts of natural habitat.</p> <p>5. We encountered bird faeces on 3.3% of plants examined. Despite the impact on pathogen prevalence, landscape context did not increase the number of plants with bird faeces, although on-farm mammalian livestock density slightly did.</p> <p>6. <i>Synthesis and applications. </i>Food safety and wildlife conservation are often thought to be in conflict. However, our findings suggest that natural habitat around farms may reduce crop contamination rates by birds. This is perhaps because natural habitat can promote native birds that are less likely to harbour foodborne pathogens or because it decreases contact with livestock waste. Our results suggest that preservation of natural habitats around farms could benefit both conservation and food safety, contrary to current standards for "best practices."</p>
Data from: Impact of agricultural weathering on physicochemical properties of biodegradable plastic mulch films: comparison of two diverse climates over four successive years
<p><span><span><span>Biodegradable plastic mulch films (BDMs) are essential in </span><span><span>the</span></span><span> production of vegetable and specialty crops due to their promotion of increased crop yield and quality. Unlike conventional polyethylene (PE) mulches, BDMs can be tilled into the soil after crop harvest to undergo biodegradation, thereby leading to minimal environmental impact. Agricultural weathering impacts both the performance of BDMs during crop production as a barrier to weeds and biodegradability of BDMs in the soil. To better understand the relative importance of climatic factors, the change of physicochemical properties of BDMs during single-season, 3-4 month, field trials for vegetable production at two diverse climates (Knoxville, TN and Mount Vernon, WA) across four successive years (2015-2018) was evaluated. Mulch treatments consisted of four commercially available BDMs composed primarily of polybutylene co-adipate- co-terephthalate (PBAT) that differed in color and polymeric feedstock</span><span><span>, a</span></span><span> black experimental BDM prepared from polylactic acid/polyhydroxybutyrate (PLA/PHA) blend, and conventional PE mulch. </span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span>Mulch deterioration did not vary extensively between </span><span><span>years. </span></span><span><span>Solar</span></span><span> radiation, an important factor to degradation of mulches, was higher in WA than TN in most sampling years. Yet, degradation occurred </span><span><span>more greatly for</span></span><span> BDMs in TN</span><span><span>,</span></span><span> which </span><span><span>is attributable</span></span><span> to higher temperatures in TN. </span><span><span>Loss of</span></span><span> mechanical properties and color </span><span><span>was greater</span></span><span> than chemical </span><span><span>property changes.</span></span><span> </span><span><span>Differences in the extent of molecular weight decrease</span></span><span> between years correlated significantly with solar radiation </span><span><span>exposure at the two locations.</span></span><span> A black-colored PBAT-based BDM was less susceptible to degradation than equivalent clear and white-on-black films, due to carbon black acting as a photostabilizer. The impact of weathering also differed between </span><span><span>three commercially available PBAT-based films.</span></span><span> The PLA/PHA mulch was more susceptible to degradation than PBAT-based BDMs, particularly in the warmer location, TN, partially due to a leaching out of PHA and lower-molecular weight polymer molecules. The extent of change for physicochemical properties </span><span><span>of</span></span><span> BDMs due to agricultural weathering is greatly affected by polymeric composition, </span><span><span>and is greater in warmer climates.</span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Contrasting population structure and demographic history of cereal aphids in different environmental and agricultural landscapes
<p>Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms files and phylogonetic trees of S. miscanthi samples collected in China and S. avenae from the UK used to study the population genetics analyses of these species. These are:</p> <p>China_samples_vcf.zip: dataset of SNPs from S. miscanthi sampled in 10 populations of China obtained using FreeBayes (in vcf format).</p> <p>China_samples_vcf_filtered.zip: SNPs from S. miscanthi after filtering the file China_samples_vcf.zip using vcftools (max-missing 0.75, minDP 3, mac 3, minQ 30, remove-indels, thin 2000, max-missing 0.9, thin 5000). This file was used in all population genetic analyses of the Chinese populations in the paper, transforming to the appropriate formats.</p> <p>China_samples_SNPs.fas: fasta file of phased SNPs used to estimate the phylogeny of S. miscanthi haplotypes using RAxML.</p> <p>China_RAxML_phylogeny_newick.tre: RAxML phylogenetic tree in newick format obtained with China_samples_SNPs.fas.</p> <p>England_samples_vcf.zip: dataset of SNPs from S. avenae sampled in 12 populations of England obtained using FreeBayes (in vcf format).</p> <p>England_samples_vcf_filtered.zip: SNPs from S. avenae after filtering the file England_samples_vcf.zip using vcftools (max-missing 0.5, mac 3, minQ 30, minDP 3, max-missing 0.5, exclude individuals with 50% missing data, max-missing 0.75, remove-indels, thin 2000). This file was used in all population genetic analyses of the English populations in the paper, transforming the vcf to the corresponding formats.</p> <p>England_samples_SNPs.fas: fasta file of phased SNPs.</p> <p>England_samples_SNPs_polymorphic.fas: fasta file of phased SNPs used in the phylogenetic reconstruction of S. avenae haplotypes using RAxML. This file is the same as England_samples_SNPs.fas after removing sites which were not polymorphic (e.g. a site that contains N and T in different samples is not considered polymorphic for RAxML and has to be removed)</p> <p>England_RAxML_phylogeny_newick.tre: RAxML phylogenetic tree in newick format obtained with England_samples_SNPs_polymorphic.fas.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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