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Figure 24 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda

Figure 24. Circum-oesophageal nerve ring morphology. (A) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (B) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Crepidula plana. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Cypraea robertsi. Upper diagram depicts cerebral, pleural, supra-esophageal, and sub-oesophageal ganglia; lower diagram depicts pedal ganglia and pedal cords. Scale bar = 1 mm. (E) Nitidiscala tinctum. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (F) Prunum apicinum. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (G) Ilyanassa obsoletus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: bg, buccal ganglion; ceg, cerebral ganglion; d, dialyneury; e, oesophagus; pc, pedal cord; pdg, pedal ganglion; plg, pleural ganglion; ppg, propodial ganglion; sb, sub-oesophageal ganglion; sc, statocone; sp, supra-oesophageal ganglion; z, zygoneury.

Figure 3 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda

Figure 3. Male reproductive morphology. (A) Lampanella minima. Note connective tissue between renal vas deferens and pericardium and accessory lobe of prostatic tissue on mantle cavity floor alongside proximal prostate. (B) Petaloconchus varians. (C) Crepidula plana. Note terminal papilla. (D) Strombus mutabilis. Note seminal groove continuous along ventral aspect of penis. (E) Cypraea robertsi. Note seminal groove continuous along ventral aspect of penis. (F) Prunum apicinum. Penial duct not shown. Arrow indicates slit-like communication between proximal prostate and mantle cavity. (G) Ilyanassa obsoletus. Arrow indicates fused, tube-like communication between proximal prostate and mantle cavity. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: ped, penial duct; pe, penis; per, pericardium; pr, prostate; pvd, pallial vas deferens; sg, seminal groove.

Figure 8 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda

Figure 8. Histology of anterior oesophagus; ventral fold. (A) Macleaniella moskalevi. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (B) Theodoxus fluviatilis. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 1 mm. (E) Strombus mutabilis. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (F) Littorina littorea. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (G) Cypraea robertsi. Note that ventral fold is offset to the right. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: bp, buccal pouch; bg, buccal ganglion; c., radular cartilage; ceg, cerebral ganglion; df, dorsal fold; e.g. oesophageal gland; r, radula; sgd, salivary gland duct; sgl, salivary gland; vf, ventral fold; vlf, ventro-lateral fold.

Figure 28 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda

Figure 28. Evolution of the reproductive system. Black hashmarks indicate forward changes, grey hashmarks indicate forward homoplasies (DELTRAN).

Figure 11 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 11. The shells of the holotypes of the four new species. A, Bostrycapulus latebrus (FMNH 282358). B, B. odites (Natal Museum V9447/T1783). C, B. pritzkeri (Australian Museum #C400000). D, B. urraca (ANSP 412178). Scale bar = 10 mm.

Figure 4 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 4. Unrooted haplotype network of COI sequences from Bostrycapulus calyptraeformis. Slashes on branches show the number of differences between the haplotypes. Branches without slashes have a length of one. Size of the circles represent the number of individuals with that haplotype.

Figure 1 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 1. Photographs of (A) Bostrycapulus calyptraeformis from Venado Beach in Panama and (B) B. odites sp. nov. from the subtidal of Playa Orengo (the three shells on the right) and the intertidal zone of nearby San Antonio Oeste (the shell on the left), Argentina. Both plates show the variation in shell colour and spine development found in samples collected from the same site. Samples from within a site do not differ in more than three or four base pairs in COI sequences. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 8. A, 2 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 8. A, 2-week-old larva of Bostrycapulus calyptraeformis showing the velar pigment, shell sculpture (on the top of the shell) and large foot. Scale bar = 300 Mm. B, intracapsular larva of B. aculeatus showing the welldeveloped velum with pigment spots and body pigmentation. Scale bar = 200 Mm.

Figure 7 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 7. Embryos of Bostrycapulus urraca sp. nov. A, early postgastrula stage where the embryo is covered with a thin ciliated epithelium. B, mid-veliger stage, showing the granulated shell sculpture, the operculum behind the well-developed foot, the single embryonic kidneys and the reduced velum. C, Hatching stage, showing the well-developed shell sculpture. Scale bar = 150 Mm.

Figure 3 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 3. The Bayesian best estimate topology of the phylogeny of Bostrycapulus based on 16S. Numbers above the branches represent bootstrap percentages and those below the branches are Bayesian support. Branches are labelled with the collecting locality and the individual code. * = type individual.

Figure 9 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 9. Illustrations of anatomy of Bostrycapulus, drawn from observations of several animals of B. odites sp. nov. from Argentina. There are no differences among species in the characters depicted here. A, dorsal view of the animal subsequent to removal from the shell. B, dorsal view of the animal with the mantle reflected. C, osphradium. D, penis. Abbreviations: cg, capsule gland; ct, ctenidia; dg, digestive gland; e, oesophagus; f, foot; fp, food pouch; g, seminal groove; gd, gonad; hg, hypobranchial gland; i, intestine; k, kidney; nr, nerve ring; os, osphradium; sg, salivary gland; sm, shell muscle; ss, style sac; st, stomach; v, ventricle.

Figure 2 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 2. The Bayesian best estimate topology of the phylogeny of Bostrycapulus based on COI. Numbers above the branches represent bootstrap percentages and those below the branches are Bayesian support. Branches are labelled with the collecting locality and the individual code. * = type individual.

Figure 6 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 6. Embryos of Bostrycapulus pritzkeri sp. nov. Note the distinctive granular shell sculpture and the absence of a distinct velum at all stages. A, excapsulated early stage embryos at the beginning of shell formation. Scale bar = 150 Mm. B, excapsulated embryos with welldeveloped shells showing granular shell sculpture and the small ridge of the velum at the base of the tentacle. Scale bar = 250 Mm. C, encapsulated embryos near hatching with fully developed shell and body pigmentation. Scale bar = 250 Mm.

Figure 5. Protoconchs. A in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 5. Protoconchs. A, Bostrycapulus pritzkeri sp. nov. from Sydney. B, B. calyptraeformis from the Perlas Islands, Panama. C, B. cf. tegulicia from Cape Verde. D, B. gravispinosus from Minabe, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. E, B. calyptraeformis from Paita, Peru. F, B. odities sp. nov. from Playa Orengo, Argentina. G, B. urraca sp. nov. from Isla Parida, Panama. H, B. aculeatus from Lido Key, Florida. I, B. odites sp. nov. from São Paulo, Brazil. All are to the same scale. Scale bar = 500 Mm.

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Fig. 2 in Arganiella Giusti & Pezzoli, 1980 (Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea: Hydrobiidae): a widespread genus or several narrow-range endemic genera?

Fig. 2. Shells, operculum and radulae of Docleiana tabanensis (Boeters, Glöer & Pešić, 2014) (UGSB 18847). A–C. Shells. D–E. Operculum (D = inner side; E = outer side). F. Protoconch. G–I. Radulae. G. Portion of radula ribbon. H. Central radular teeth. I. Inner and outer marginal teeth.

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Fig. 1 in Arganiella Giusti & Pezzoli, 1980 (Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea: Hydrobiidae): a widespread genus or several narrow-range endemic genera?

Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree based on the combined (COI, 18S) dataset. Statistical support of the nodes is indicated when Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 and bootstrap supports ≥ 75% (black dots). On the right, the morphology of shell, penis and distal female genitalia is presented for: a) Arganiella wolfi Boeters & Glöer, b) A. pescei Giusti & Pezzoli, 1980 and c) A. tabanensis Boeters, Glöer & Pešić, 2014. Reproductive organs were re-drawn from Arconada & Ramos (2007a), Bodon et al. (2001) and Boeters et al. (2014) for the three species, respectively. Scale bar below topology: substitutions per site.

Fig. 3. A–D in The land snail genus Pterocyclos Benson, 1832 (Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoridae) from Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, with descriptions of two new species

Fig. 3. A–D, Shell and operculum of Pterocyclos rupestris: A, lectotype UMZC 2359.1; B, paralectotype UMZC 2359.2; C, syntype of var. 3 UMZC 2359.3; D, operculum from same lot of the paralectotype (showing top, side and bottom views). E, F, Specimens of P. blandi from Langkawi Island, Perlis, Malaysia CUMZ 4582. G, Holotype UMZC 1032 of P. subalatus. H–J, Pterocyclos spaleotes: H, lectotype NMW 1955.158.01107, I, paralectotype NMW 1981.118.02705; J, topotype specimen CUMZ 4585. K, Holotype ZMA Moll. 135622 of P. umbraticus. L–P, Pterocyclos diluvium Sutcharit & Panha, new species: L, holotype CUMZ 4595, M, paratype CUMZ 4588, N, specimen from Gua Cenderawasih, Perlis, Malaysia CUMZ 4592; and O, P, specimens from Tam Tone-din, Kuan-Don, Satun, Thailand CUMZ 4590 showing a: O, uniform whitish shell; and P, dark brown colour patterns. Q–S, Pterocyclos frednaggsi Sutcharit & Panha, new species: Q, holotype CUMZ 4594; R, paratype CUMZ 4581; S, specimen from Gua Pulai, Gua Musang, Kelantan, Malaysia CUMZ 4597.

Fig. 2. A–C in The land snail genus Pterocyclos Benson, 1832 (Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoridae) from Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, with descriptions of two new species

Fig. 2. A–C, General anatomy of Pterocyclos frednaggsi Sutcharit & Panha, new species, from Gua Musang, Kelantan, Malaysia CUMZ 4944, showing: A, right side of male with testis and external penis; B, right side of female with ovary and vaginal groove; C, left side of female with lung cavity and heart. D, E, Radula morphology of: D, Pterocyclos spaleotes, topotype specimen CUMZ 4585; E, Pterocyclos frednaggsi Sutcharit & Panha, new species, paratype CUMZ 4581.

Fig. 1 in The land snail genus Pterocyclos Benson, 1832 (Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoridae) from Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, with descriptions of two new species

Fig. 1. Distribution map of Pterocyclos species examined in this study. The numbered locality names are detailed in Table 1. The approximate type locality of Pterocyclos subalatus, and Pterocyclos umbraticus, are indicated by locality numbers 3 and 5, respectively.

Figs 54–55 in Comparative morphology of Dorsanum miran and Bullia granulosa from Morocco (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Nassariidae)

Figs 54–55. Bullia granulosa anatomy of nerve ring, topology of oesophagus indicated by arrows: (54) dorsal view; (55) ventral view. Scale bar = 1 mm.