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Subspecies and Distribution. M. c. capensis Schreber, 1776 — S Africa N to Angola, Mozambique, and Zambia. M. c. buechneri Baryshnikov, 2000 — C Asia including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. M. c. concisa Thomas & Wroughton, 1907 — Algeria, Morocco, and Subsaharan Africa from Mauritania to Ethiopia. M.c. cotton: Lydekker, 1906 — C Africa from Gabon to Tanzania. M. M.c. inaurita Hodgson, 1836 — Nepal. \g M.c. indica Kerr, 1792 — India and Pakistan. M. M.c. maxwell Thomas, 1923 — Kenya and Somalia. \J M.c. pumalio Pocock, 1946 — S Arabian Peninsula and Yemen. M. M.c. signata Pocock, 1909 — Guinea and Sierra Leone. \f M.c. wilsoni Cheesman, 1920 — Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. c. capensis Schreber, 1776 — S Africa N to Angola, Mozambique, and Zambia. M. c. buechneri Baryshnikov, 2000 — C Asia including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. M. c. concisa Thomas & Wroughton, 1907 — Algeria, Morocco, and Subsaharan Africa from Mauritania to Ethiopia. M.c. cotton: Lydekker, 1906 — C Africa from Gabon to Tanzania. M. M.c. inaurita Hodgson, 1836 — Nepal. \g M.c. indica Kerr, 1792 — India and Pakistan. M. M.c. maxwell Thomas, 1923 — Kenya and Somalia. \J M.c. pumalio Pocock, 1946 — S Arabian Peninsula and Yemen. M. M.c. signata Pocock, 1909 — Guinea and Sierra Leone. \f M.c. wilsoni Cheesman, 1920 — Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria.

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Subspecies and Distribution. E.h.hemionusPallas,1775—SMongoliaandextendingintoNChina. E.h.khurLesson,1827—LittleRannofKutch,Gujarat,India. E.h.kulanGroves&Mazak,1967—KazakhstanandTurkmenistan(Badkhyzregion). E. h. onager Boddaert, 1785 — two reserves in Iran (Touran and Bahram-e-Goor), Israel (Negev Desert), and Saudi Arabia (Taif). in Equidae

Subspecies and Distribution. E.h.hemionusPallas,1775—SMongoliaandextendingintoNChina. E.h.khurLesson,1827—LittleRannofKutch,Gujarat,India. E.h.kulanGroves&Mazak,1967—KazakhstanandTurkmenistan(Badkhyzregion). E. h. onager Boddaert, 1785 — two reserves in Iran (Touran and Bahram-e-Goor), Israel (Negev Desert), and Saudi Arabia (Taif).

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Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.

opennotspecifiedAug 2011View details →

Subspecies and Distribution. P.c.capensisPallas,1766—SouthAfrica,includingLesothoandSwaziland. P.c.bamendaeBrauer,1913—CameroonandCentralAfricanRepublic. P.c.capillosaBrauer,1917—SEthiopia. P.c.erlanger:Neumann,1901—SSomalia. P.c.habessinicaHemprich&Ehrenberg,1832—Egypt,NSudan,Israel,SaudiArabia,andYemen. P.c.jacksoniThomas,1900—EKenya. P.c.jayakariThomas,1892—Oman. P.c.johnston:Thomas,1894—SWTanzania,Malawi,Mozambique,andZimbabwe. P.c.kerstingiMatschie,1899—TogoandBenin. P.c.mackinder:Thomas,1900—WKenya. P.c.matschietNeumann,1900—DRCongoandTanzania. P.c.pallidaThomas,1891—NSomalia. P.c.ruficepsHemprich&Ehrenberg,1832—NandWAfrica. P.c.scioanaGiglioli,1888—NEthiopia. P.c.sharicaThomas&Wroughton,1907—Chad. P.c.syriacaSchreber,1784—Syria,Lebanon,Jordan,andIsrael. P. c. welwitschii Gray, 1868 — SW Angola and Namibia. The distribution information for this species is still incomplete; the Rock Hyrax is also present in Eritrea, Niger, Nigeria, C & S Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia and E Botswana, but the subspecific identity of these populations still requires confirmation. in Procaviidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.c.capensisPallas,1766—SouthAfrica,includingLesothoandSwaziland. P.c.bamendaeBrauer,1913—CameroonandCentralAfricanRepublic. P.c.capillosaBrauer,1917—SEthiopia. P.c.erlanger:Neumann,1901—SSomalia. P.c.habessinicaHemprich&Ehrenberg,1832—Egypt,NSudan,Israel,SaudiArabia,andYemen. P.c.jacksoniThomas,1900—EKenya. P.c.jayakariThomas,1892—Oman. P.c.johnston:Thomas,1894—SWTanzania,Malawi,Mozambique,andZimbabwe. P.c.kerstingiMatschie,1899—TogoandBenin. P.c.mackinder:Thomas,1900—WKenya. P.c.matschietNeumann,1900—DRCongoandTanzania. P.c.pallidaThomas,1891—NSomalia. P.c.ruficepsHemprich&Ehrenberg,1832—NandWAfrica. P.c.scioanaGiglioli,1888—NEthiopia. P.c.sharicaThomas&Wroughton,1907—Chad. P.c.syriacaSchreber,1784—Syria,Lebanon,Jordan,andIsrael. P. c. welwitschii Gray, 1868 — SW Angola and Namibia. The distribution information for this species is still incomplete; the Rock Hyrax is also present in Eritrea, Niger, Nigeria, C & S Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia and E Botswana, but the subspecific identity of these populations still requires confirmation.

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FIGURE 2 in Checklist of the spiders (Araneae) of Israel

FIGURE 2. Scheme of geographical areas in Israel and adjacent countries. Area numbers are given according to Klein, 1988, except for number 23 corresponding to South-Western Sinai, Egypt (located outside the present map and therefore not shown here). 1. Upper Galilee; 2. Lower Galilee; 3. Carmel Ridge; 4. Northern Coastal Plain; 5. Valley of Yizre'el; 6. Samaria; 7. Jordan Valley and. Southern Golan; 8. Central Coastal Plain; 9. Southern Coastal Plain; 10. Foothills of Judea; 11. Judean Hills; 12. Judean Desert. 13. Dead Sea Area; 14. Arava Valley; 15. Northern Negev; 16. Southern Negev; 17. Central Negev; 18. Golan Heights; 19. Mount Hermon; 20. Northern Sinai; 21. Central Sinai Foothills; 22. Sinai Mountains.

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FIGURE 3 in Checklist of the spiders (Araneae) of Israel

FIGURE 3. Map of Israel and adjacent areas divided into subregions (abbreviations are encoded in the text).

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FIGURE 1 in Checklist of the spiders (Araneae) of Israel

FIGURE 1. Zoologists who have provided the most significant contribution to the study of the spider fauna of Israel.

Distribution. Arid mountainous regions of the Middle East. Known populations in Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. The species also ranges across much of Afghanistan and Iran, and surrounding regions in Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. in Canidae

Distribution. Arid mountainous regions of the Middle East. Known populations in Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. The species also ranges across much of Afghanistan and Iran, and surrounding regions in Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V. v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V. v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas).

Subspecies and Distribution. P. p. pardus Linnaeus, 1758 — Sudan and NE Zaire. P. p. adersi Pocock, 1932 — Zanzibar I (could be extinct). P. p. adusta Pocock, 1927 — Ethiopian highlands. P. p. ciscaucasicus Satunin, 1914 — Caucasus mountains. P. p. dathei Zukowsky, 1959 — S and C Iran (of dubious validity). P. p. delacouri Pocock, 1930 — S China to Malay Peninsula. P. p. fusca Meyer, 1794 — Indian subcontinent. P. p. japonensis Gray, 1862 — NC China. P. p. jarvisi Pocock, 1932 — Sinai Peninsula. P. p. kotiya Deraniyagala, 1949 — Sri Lanka. P. p. leopardus Schreber, 1777 — Rain forests of W and C Africa. P. p. melanotica Gunther, 1775 — S Africa. P. p. melas Cuvier, 1809 — Java. P. p. nanopardus Thomas, 1904 — Somali arid zone. P. p. nimr Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833 —S Israel to Arabian peninsula. P. p. orientalis Schlegel, 1857 — Russian Far East, Korea, and NE China. P. p. panthera Schreber, 1777 — N Africa. P. p. pernigra Gray, 1863 — Kashmir through Nepal to SW Xizang and Sichuan. P. p. reichenow: Cabrera, 1918 — Savannas of Cameroon. P. p. ruwenzori Camerano, 1906 — Ruwenzori and Virunga mountains of Zaire, Rwanda, and Burundi. P. p. saxicolor Pocock, 1927 — N Iran and S Turkmenistan E to Afghanistan. P. p. sindica Pocock, 1930 — SE Afghanistan through W and S Pakistan. P. p. suahelicus Neumann, 1900 — E Africa, from Kenya S to Mozambique. P. p. tulliana Valenciennes, 1856 — Turkey. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P. p. pardus Linnaeus, 1758 — Sudan and NE Zaire. P. p. adersi Pocock, 1932 — Zanzibar I (could be extinct). P. p. adusta Pocock, 1927 — Ethiopian highlands. P. p. ciscaucasicus Satunin, 1914 — Caucasus mountains. P. p. dathei Zukowsky, 1959 — S and C Iran (of dubious validity). P. p. delacouri Pocock, 1930 — S China to Malay Peninsula. P. p. fusca Meyer, 1794 — Indian subcontinent. P. p. japonensis Gray, 1862 — NC China. P. p. jarvisi Pocock, 1932 — Sinai Peninsula. P. p. kotiya Deraniyagala, 1949 — Sri Lanka. P. p. leopardus Schreber, 1777 — Rain forests of W and C Africa. P. p. melanotica Gunther, 1775 — S Africa. P. p. melas Cuvier, 1809 — Java. P. p. nanopardus Thomas, 1904 — Somali arid zone. P. p. nimr Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833 —S Israel to Arabian peninsula. P. p. orientalis Schlegel, 1857 — Russian Far East, Korea, and NE China. P. p. panthera Schreber, 1777 — N Africa. P. p. pernigra Gray, 1863 — Kashmir through Nepal to SW Xizang and Sichuan. P. p. reichenow: Cabrera, 1918 — Savannas of Cameroon. P. p. ruwenzori Camerano, 1906 — Ruwenzori and Virunga mountains of Zaire, Rwanda, and Burundi. P. p. saxicolor Pocock, 1927 — N Iran and S Turkmenistan E to Afghanistan. P. p. sindica Pocock, 1930 — SE Afghanistan through W and S Pakistan. P. p. suahelicus Neumann, 1900 — E Africa, from Kenya S to Mozambique. P. p. tulliana Valenciennes, 1856 — Turkey.

Subspecies and Distribution. F. c. chaus Schreber, 1777 — SE Turkey, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Irak, Syria, Iran, and N to the Caucasus Mountains, adjoining Russia, and E through region of Caspian and Aral Seas to W China. F. c. affinus Gray, 1830 — Sub-Himalayan region. F. c. fulvidina Thomas, 1929 — Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, also Myanmar and Thailand. F. c. kelaarti Pocock, 1939 — S India & Sri Lanka. F. c. kutas Pearson, 1832 — N India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. F. c. nilotica de Winton, 1898 — Egypt. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. F. c. chaus Schreber, 1777 — SE Turkey, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Irak, Syria, Iran, and N to the Caucasus Mountains, adjoining Russia, and E through region of Caspian and Aral Seas to W China. F. c. affinus Gray, 1830 — Sub-Himalayan region. F. c. fulvidina Thomas, 1929 — Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, also Myanmar and Thailand. F. c. kelaarti Pocock, 1939 — S India & Sri Lanka. F. c. kutas Pearson, 1832 — N India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. F. c. nilotica de Winton, 1898 — Egypt.

Subspecies and Distribution. F.m. margarita Loche, 1858 — Sahara. F. m. harrisoni Hemmer, Grubb & Groves, 1976 — Egypt, Israel, Arabian Peninsula. F. m. scheffeli Hemmer, 1974 — Pakistan. F.m. thinobia Ognev, 1926 — deserts E of the Caspian Sea. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. F.m. margarita Loche, 1858 — Sahara. F. m. harrisoni Hemmer, Grubb & Groves, 1976 — Egypt, Israel, Arabian Peninsula. F. m. scheffeli Hemmer, 1974 — Pakistan. F.m. thinobia Ognev, 1926 — deserts E of the Caspian Sea.

Subspecies and Distribution. M. n. nattereriKuhl, 1817 — broadly extended in N, C & E Europe until 60° N and W Turkey. M.n.hoveliD.L.Harrison,1964—SCTurkey,WSyria,Lebanon,Israel,andWJordan. M. n. tschuliensis Kuzyakin, 1935 — Crimea S to Caucasus region. Isolated populations from W Russia, Crete, Cyprus, and Iraq, Iran, and Turkmenistan are not currently assigned to a subspecies. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. n. nattereriKuhl, 1817 — broadly extended in N, C & E Europe until 60° N and W Turkey. M.n.hoveliD.L.Harrison,1964—SCTurkey,WSyria,Lebanon,Israel,andWJordan. M. n. tschuliensis Kuzyakin, 1935 — Crimea S to Caucasus region. Isolated populations from W Russia, Crete, Cyprus, and Iraq, Iran, and Turkmenistan are not currently assigned to a subspecies.

Subspecies and Distribution. M.c.capacciniBonaparte,1837—Mediterraneancountriesbelow46°N,fromEIbe-rianPeninsula,NAfrica,andlargeislands(Balearics,Corsica,Sardinia,Sicily,andCrete). M. c. bureschi Heinrich, 1936 — W & S Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, and W Iran. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.c.capacciniBonaparte,1837—Mediterraneancountriesbelow46°N,fromEIbe-rianPeninsula,NAfrica,andlargeislands(Balearics,Corsica,Sardinia,Sicily,andCrete). M. c. bureschi Heinrich, 1936 — W & S Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, and W Iran.

Subspecies and Distribution. P.c.christiiJ.E.Gray,1838—EgyptandNSudan. P. c. petraeus Benda, 2008 — S Israel, SWJordan, and NE Egypt (Sinai). in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.c.christiiJ.E.Gray,1838—EgyptandNSudan. P. c. petraeus Benda, 2008 — S Israel, SWJordan, and NE Egypt (Sinai).

Subspecies and Distribution. O.h.hemprichiiPeters,1859—NAfricainMorocco,Algeria,Tunisia,NNiger,Libya,Egypt,andNSudan,SETurkey,LevantregioninSyria,Lebanon,Israel,Palestine,andJordan,SEIraq(tentatively),andtherestofMesopotamia. O.h.cinereaSatunin,1909—mountainousareasofEArabia(atleastOmanandtheUnitedArabEmirates)andC&SIran. O. h. jin Cheesman & Hinton, 1924 — lowland deserts of C & E Arabia, in Saudi Arabia and (tentatively) Qatar; also SE Iran. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. O.h.hemprichiiPeters,1859—NAfricainMorocco,Algeria,Tunisia,NNiger,Libya,Egypt,andNSudan,SETurkey,LevantregioninSyria,Lebanon,Israel,Palestine,andJordan,SEIraq(tentatively),andtherestofMesopotamia. O.h.cinereaSatunin,1909—mountainousareasofEArabia(atleastOmanandtheUnitedArabEmirates)andC&SIran. O. h. jin Cheesman & Hinton, 1924 — lowland deserts of C & E Arabia, in Saudi Arabia and (tentatively) Qatar; also SE Iran.

Subspecies and Distribution. E.s.serotinusSchreber,1774—muchofEuropeexceptforSIberianPeninsulaandmostofScandinavia,beingfoundinSBritainandfromN&CIberianPeninsulaEtoextremeSScandinavia,SWEuropeanRussia,Caucasus,andN&ETurkeyalongwithnumerousMediterraneanIs(BalearicIs,Corsica,Sardinia,andSicily),includingIonian(Corfu)andAegeanIs(Samothrace,Lesbos,Skyros,Euboea,Samos,Crete,andRhodes). E.s.mirzadeFilippi,1865—STurkey,WSyria,Lebanon,Israel,andNW,C&SWIran. E. s. turcomanus Eversmann, 1840 — Central Asia in SC Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, N Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, N Afghanistan, and NW China (Xinjiang). in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. E.s.serotinusSchreber,1774—muchofEuropeexceptforSIberianPeninsulaandmostofScandinavia,beingfoundinSBritainandfromN&CIberianPeninsulaEtoextremeSScandinavia,SWEuropeanRussia,Caucasus,andN&ETurkeyalongwithnumerousMediterraneanIs(BalearicIs,Corsica,Sardinia,andSicily),includingIonian(Corfu)andAegeanIs(Samothrace,Lesbos,Skyros,Euboea,Samos,Crete,andRhodes). E.s.mirzadeFilippi,1865—STurkey,WSyria,Lebanon,Israel,andNW,C&SWIran. E. s. turcomanus Eversmann, 1840 — Central Asia in SC Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, N Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, N Afghanistan, and NW China (Xinjiang).

Distribution. Palestine, S Israel, SWJordan, NE Egypt (Sinai), NE & SC Sudan, W Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and SW Oman; it may occur in SE Egypt, and there is a purported record from C Kenya, but these need verification. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Palestine, S Israel, SWJordan, NE Egypt (Sinai), NE & SC Sudan, W Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and SW Oman; it may occur in SE Egypt, and there is a purported record from C Kenya, but these need verification.

Subspecies and Distribution. P.k.kuhliiNatterer,1817—C&SEurope,fromNFranceandIberianPeninsulaEtotheBalkans,limitinginNinSGermany,SCzechRepublic,Austria,andSlovakia;alsoonlargeMediterraneanIs. P.k.tkhwaniusCheesman&Hinton,1924—EAsiainSyria,Lebanon,Israel,Jordan,Iraq,Iran,andArabianPeninsula. P.k.lepidusBlyth,1845—SPoland,extremeESlovakia,Romania,Ukraine,WRussia,WKazakhstan,Caucasus,Anatolia,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,Afghanistan,Pakistan,andIndia. P. k. marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830 — N Africa from Morocco E to Egypt. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.k.kuhliiNatterer,1817—C&SEurope,fromNFranceandIberianPeninsulaEtotheBalkans,limitinginNinSGermany,SCzechRepublic,Austria,andSlovakia;alsoonlargeMediterraneanIs. P.k.tkhwaniusCheesman&Hinton,1924—EAsiainSyria,Lebanon,Israel,Jordan,Iraq,Iran,andArabianPeninsula. P.k.lepidusBlyth,1845—SPoland,extremeESlovakia,Romania,Ukraine,WRussia,WKazakhstan,Caucasus,Anatolia,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,Afghanistan,Pakistan,andIndia. P. k. marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830 — N Africa from Morocco E to Egypt.

Subspecies and Distribution. N. n. noctula Schreber, 1774 — throughout Europe from Great Britain, France, and Spain E to W Russia, W Kazakhstan, and SW Turkmenistan, including S Scandinavia, Gotland and Oland Is, and Cyprus (Cyprus records somewhat tentatively regarded as this subspecies). Absent throughout much of Iberia and is locally extinct in Portugal. N. n. lebanoticus D. L.. Harrison, 1962 — WC & SW Syria, Lebanon, and NE Israel. N. n. mecklenburzevi Kuzyakin, 1934 — SC & E Kazakhstan, SC Russia, W Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and NW China (Xinjiang). The species may be present in N Africa, with two records claimed from Algeria in 1858, but these may represent N. lasiopterus; further sampling is needed. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. N. n. noctula Schreber, 1774 — throughout Europe from Great Britain, France, and Spain E to W Russia, W Kazakhstan, and SW Turkmenistan, including S Scandinavia, Gotland and Oland Is, and Cyprus (Cyprus records somewhat tentatively regarded as this subspecies). Absent throughout much of Iberia and is locally extinct in Portugal. N. n. lebanoticus D. L.. Harrison, 1962 — WC & SW Syria, Lebanon, and NE Israel. N. n. mecklenburzevi Kuzyakin, 1934 — SC & E Kazakhstan, SC Russia, W Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and NW China (Xinjiang). The species may be present in N Africa, with two records claimed from Algeria in 1858, but these may represent N. lasiopterus; further sampling is needed.