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Fig. 9 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)

Fig. 9. Plot showing the relationship between the number of terrace lines on the lateral border of the librigena and the lateral border length in Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assamblege, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain.

Fig. 18 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)

Fig. 18. Bivariate plot showing relationship between exsagittal pygidial spine length and the anterior pygidial width (n = 100) (A), maximum pygidial width (n = 107) (B), posterior pygidial width (n = 108) (C), and pygidium axial length (n = 108) (D) in paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain.

Fig. 16 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)

Fig. 16. Bivariate plots showing relationship between glabellar length and palpebral lobe length (n = 118) (A), palpebral lobe width (n = 101) (B), posterior glabellar width (n = 54) (C), and frontal area width (n = 63) (D) in paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain.

Fig. 1. A in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)

Fig. 1. A. Geological setting of the Purujosa trilobite assemblage in the Iberian Chains (modified from Gozalo and Liñán 1988). B. Geological setting, showing pre-Hercynian outcrops and the Iberian Chains in NE Spain. C. Composite column with middle Cambrian formations and Mediterranean substages showing the stratigraphical distributions of Eccaparadoxides mediterraneus (Pompeckj, 1901) and Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860). Tectono-stratigraphical zones of Iberian Peninsula: CZ, Cantabrian Zone; ELAZ, East Lusitanian–Alcudian Zone; GCZ, Galician–Castilian Zone; OMZ, Ossa–Morena Zone; SPZ, South Portugal Zone; WALZ, West Asturian–Leonese Zone.

Fig. 3 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)

Fig. 3. Common patterns of glabellar furrows within the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain. A. Specimen with two transglabellar (S1 and S2), two discontinuous (S3 and S4), and a convergence of SO and S1. B. Specimen with two transglabellar furrows (S1 and S2), one discontinuous furrow (S3), and a convergence of SO and S1. C. Specimen with two transglabellar furrows (S1 normal and S2 shallow medially), two discontinuous (S3 and barely visible S4), and convergence of SO. D. Specimen with two transglabellar furrows (S1 normal and S2 shallow medially), two discontinuous (S3 and barely visible S4), without convergence of any furrow. E. Specimen with two straight transglabellar furrows (S1 and S2), S2 shallow medially, and a shallow S3. F. Specimen with only two straight transglabellar furrows (S1 and S2). These patterns are seen in the 95% of the specimens although it is likely that other patterns can be found. Note that the ornamentation is strong in A and weaker in D and absent in E and F.

Fig. 7 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)

Fig. 7. Paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from Sabedo, León province, Solenopleuropsis ribeiroi Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain. A, B. Lectotypes. A. EM 170 091, fairly complete specimen with two transglabelar glabellar furrow and two weakly incised visible discontinuous furrows. Note convergence of SO and S1, S3, and S4. B. EM 170 091 in lateral view, showing the rear part of the thorax slightly flexed. C–G. Paralectotypes. C. EM 170 092, cranidium with two continuous glabellar furrows and slightly convergent SO and S1. D. EM 170 093, cranidium with two continuous glabellar furrows and two weakly developed discontinuos glabellar furrows. E. EM 170 094, rear part of the thorax with attached pygidium with low spinosity-degree. F. EM 170 095, rear part of the thorax showing large rear pleural spines flanking the pygidium. G. EM 170 096, isolated pygidium. All specimens are photographs taken from internal moulds covered by sublimated NH Cl. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 4 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)

Fig. 4. Cranidia of paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) showing differently developed glabellar furrows and preservation patterns common in mudstone from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain. A. Meraspid cranidium with one glabellar furrow and S2 barely visible, the arrow points to preglabellar field (MPZ2011/2). B. Meraspid cranidium with two glabellar furrows, the arrow points to preglabellar field, right arrow points to the exsagital extension of the anterior facial branch of facial suture which touch the side of the glabella (MPZ2011/3). C. Holaspid cranidium with two continuous glabellar furrows and one no continuous and convergence of SO and S1 (MPZ2011/4). D. Holaspid cranidium with two continuous glabellar furrow and convergence of S1 (MPZ2011/5). E. Holaspid cranidium with two continuous glabellar furrows and two barely visible discontinuous two glabellar furrow, SO and S1 almost without convergence, arrow points to the exsagital extension of the anterior facial branch of facial suture which touch the side of the glabella (MPZ2011/6). F. Holaspid cranidium with two continuous glabellar furrows and two barely discontinuous glabellar furrows; SO and S1 almost without convergence (MPZ2011/7). G. Holaspid cranidium with two glabellar furrows; SO and S1 almost without convergence, arrow points to the exsagital extension of the anterior facial branch of facial suture along the side of the glabella (MPZ2011/8). H. Holaspid cranidium with two continuous glabellar furrows and two discontinuous, SO and S1 convergent, arrow points the genal caeca (MPZ2011/9). All photographs are taken from latex casts and internal moulds covered by sublimated NH Cl.

Fig. 17 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)

Fig. 17. Bivariate plots showing relationship between glabellar length and posterior cranidial width (A) and ratio of posterior cranidial width divided by palpebral lobes length (B) (n = 63) in paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain.

Fig. 2 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)

Fig. 2. Reconstruction of the cranidium (A) and two types of pygidia of paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860); with features measured on the dorsal view indicated type Eccaparadoxides mediterraneus (Pompeckj, 1901) pygidium (B) and type E. pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) pygidium (C), and reconstruction of the librigena (D). Abbreviations: α S1, angle of furrow 1; tr., transversal.

Fig. 15 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)

Fig. 15. Bivariate plots showing relationship between glabellar length and anterior border length (n = 133) (A) and anterior border length/glabellar width ratio (n = 133) (B) in paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain.

Fig. 13 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)

Fig. 13. Pygidial morphologies of paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860), from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain. Note how the spinosity degree is highly variable among small pygidia between specimens without spine and other with spines (A–J; MPZ2010/936, MPZ2011/28, MPZ2011/29, MPZ2011/30, MPZ2011/31, MPZ2011/32, MPZ2011/33, MPZ2011/34, MPZ2011/35, MPZ2011/36, respectively); by contrast, big pygidia show a high spinosity-degree (K–N; MPZ2011/37, MPZ2011/38, MPZ2011/39, MPZ2011/40, respectively). All photographs taken from internal moulds immersed under water. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 14 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)

Fig. 14. Spinosity-degree in Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain. Note how the small pygidia have a high variability whereas large pygidia follow more strictly the ontogenetic trend.

Fig. 8 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)

Fig. 8. Sequence between specimens of Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assamblege, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain. A. MPZ2011/25, specimen with granules. B. MPZ2011/26, specimen with weakly developed granules. C. MPZ2011/27, specimen with barely visible granules. Whole specimens (A 1, B 1, C 1), enlargements (A 2, B 2, C 2). Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 12 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)

Fig. 12. Plots showing the relationship between the number of segments and the cranidial length (A), and the pygidial length (B) in Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain.

Fig. 11 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 11. Palaeogeographic distribution of gogiids in the early and middle Cambrian; reconstruction after McKerrow et al. (1992).

Fig. 9 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 9. Eocrinoid blastozoan Gogia parsleyi Zamora sp. nov. A. Paratype MPZ2008/162. Complete juvenile specimen (length of theca is about 5 mm); brachioles are spiralled and probably show a 2−2 pattern. B. Paratype MPZ2006/558a. Advanced juvenile specimen (length of theca is 11 mm). C. Paratype MPZ2008/164b. Fragment of theca with tessellated plates, epispires with characteristic rim. D. Paratype MPZ2008/161, upper part of theca. Photographs are of latex casts taken from natural moulds whitened with NH4Cl.

Fig. 7 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 7. Details of element structures in eocrinoidean blastozoan Gogia parsleyi Zamora sp. nov. (SEM photos of latex casts). A. Fragment of a holdfast from the specimen MPZ2004/161, consisting of an aggregate of globular plates (A1), details of specimen (A2, A3). B. Internal view of a plate showing sutural pores of epispires (MPZ2004/225); general view of an isolated plate (B1), detail of the epispire (B2). C. External surface of a plate (MPZ2004/232) (C1), details of the epispires showing the raised rim and stereomic structures (C2, C3). Arrows indicate enlarged details.

Fig. 2 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 2. Geological setting of the two discussed localities in the Iberian Chains (after Liñán et al. 2008). A. Pre−Hercynian outcrops and tectono−stratigraphic zones of the Iberian Peninsula; the Iberian Chains are framed. Zones: CZ, Cantabrian; WALZ, West Asturian−Leonese; GCZ, Galician−Castilian; ELAZ, East Lusitanian−Alcudian; OMZ, Ossa−Morena Zone; SPZ, South Portuguese. B. Pre−Hercynian outcrops and tectono−stratigraphic zones and units of the Iberian Chains; Murero and Purujosa (indicated by stars) (Modified from Gozalo and Liñán 1988).

Fig. 1 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 1. Holotype (MGM2005K) of gogiid echinoderm Alanisicystis andalusiae Ubaghs and Vizcaïno, 1991 from the lower Cambrian of the Ossa Morena zone (South Spain). Photograph of latex cast whitened with NH4Cl.

Fig. 8 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 8. Camera lucida drawings of eocrinoid blastozoan Gogia parsleyi Zamora sp. nov. A. General view of the paratype MPZ2004/161, detached holdfast below. B. Thecal plate, half−epispires with their prominent rim indicated. C. Two brachioles on a single thecal plate. D. Biserial brachiole terminally enrolled. E. Epispire covered by a single domal plate. F. Epispire covered by tiny plates. G. Spiralled brachiole.