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3,682 results for “ROOTS”
Squamation and scale morphology at the root of jawed vertebrates
<p>Placoderms, as the earliest branching jawed vertebrates, are crucial to understanding how the characters of crown gnathostomes comprising Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes evolved from their stem relatives. Despite the growing knowledge of the anatomy and diversity of placoderms over the past decade, the dermal scales of placoderms are predominantly known from isolated material, either morphologically or histologically, resulting in their squamation being poorly understood. Here we provide a comprehensive description of the squamation and scale morphology of a primitive taxon of Antiarcha (a clade at the root of jawed vertebrates), <em>Parayunnanolepis</em> <em>xitunensis</em>, based on the virtual restoration of an articulated specimen by using X-ray computed tomography. Thirteen morphotypes of scales are classified to exhibit how the morphology changes with their position on the body in primitive antiarchs, based on which nine areas of the post-thoracic body are distinguished to show their scale variations in the dorsal, flank, ventral, and caudal lobe regions. In this study, the histological structure of yunnanolepidoid scales is described for the first time based on disarticulated scales from the type locality and horizon of <em>P</em>. <em>xitunensis</em>. The results demonstrate that yunnanolepidoid scales are remarkably different from their dermal plates as well as euantiarch scales in lack of a well-developed middle layer. Together, our study reveals that the high regionalization of squamation and the bipartite histological structure of scales might be plesiomorphic for antiarchs, and jawed vertebrates in general.</p>
Correlation between fine root traits and pathogen richness depends on plant mycorrhizal types
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span>Root uptake strategies are associated with the strength of negative plant</span><span>–</span><span>soil feedback induced (PSF) induced by soil pathogens. Given the intensified effect of pathogen richness in fine roots on the strength of negative PSF through the synergistic effects of multiple pathogens, researchers have proposed a trade-off between nutrient acquisition and pathogen defence in roots. However, empirical evidence is lacking. In addition, because the interaction between pathogens and fine roots depends on the mycorrhizal types of tree species, both fine root traits and mycorrhizal types should be incorporated to reveal covariation in pathogen richness and the strength of negative PSF. In this study, we selected 50 arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree species and 7 ectomycorrhizal (ECM) tree species in a subtropical forest to investigate the relationships between fine root traits and pathogen richness in fine roots and determined whether their relationships depended on plant mycorrhizal types. Our results showed that pathogen richness was negatively correlated with fine root diameter but was positively correlated with specific root length for the AM-associated species, while for the ECM-associated species, the pathogen richness was only found to have a significant negative relationship with the relative abundance of ECM fungi. These findings highlight the difference between AM- and ECM-associated species in pathogen defence and bridge the gap between root traits and pathogen richness, which is significant for improving our understanding of the potential factors mediating the strength of PSF and thus maintaining tree species diversity.</span></span></p>
送子娘娘 Songzi Niangniang 竹根雕 Bamboo root Carving
**送子娘娘 Songzi Niangniang** 竹根雕 Bamboo root Carving There are different stories and legends of different Chinese goddesses of fertility in different parts of China. Zhusheng Niangniang is a goddess figure derived from three goddesses recorded in the Ming dynasty novel Investiture of the Gods. The three goddesses are younger sisters of the god of wealth Zhao Gongming, named Zhao Yunxiao, Zhao Qiongxiao and Zhao Bixiao. Later on, the three goddesses were combined into three in one, known as Zhusheng Niangniang. In Taoist painting and sculpture, she is a goddess of birth and childcare is in charge of pregnancy, delivery of infant, protection of mother and child. She holds a book and a brush reflecting the Chinese practise of recording new born child in the family lineage records. Many temples have a shrine dedicated to her in one of the side halls and she may sometimes appear together with other goddess of fertility. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Tracings of root centreline
<p>Root Trajectories grown under 0 - 0.5 and 1 MPa</p>
Swarming Behavior Emerging from the Uptake–Kinetics Feedback Control in a Plant-Root-Inspired Robot
<p>This video is a supporting material of the paper "Swarming Behavior Emerging from the Uptake–Kinetics Feedback Control in a Plant-Root-Inspired Robot". The paper presents a plant root behavior-based approach to defining the control architecture of a plant-root-inspired robot, which is composed of three root-agents for nutrient uptake and one shoot-agent for nutrient redistribution. By taking inspiration and extracting key principles from the uptake of nutrient, movements and communication strategies adopted by plant roots, we developed an uptake–kinetics feedback control for the robotic roots. Exploiting the proposed control, each root is able to regulate the growth direction, towards the nutrients that are most needed, and to adjust nutrient uptake, by decreasing the absorption rate of the most plentiful one. Results from computer simulations and implementation of the proposed control on the robotic platform, Plantoid, demonstrate an emergent swarming behavior aimed at optimizing the internal equilibrium among nutrients through the self-organization of the roots. Plant wellness is improved by dynamically adjusting nutrients priorities only according to local information without the need of a centralized unit delegated for wellness monitoring and task allocation among the agents. Thus, the root-agents can ideally and autonomously grow at the best speed, exploiting nutrient distribution and improving performance, in terms of exploration capabilities and exploitation of resources, with respect to the tropism-inspired control previously proposed by the same authors.</p> <p>The supplementary video (Supplementary Video S1) shows how each agent independently moves according to their internal state and local perception, and the immediate response of the uptake–kinetics mechanism that, as soon as the missing nutrient is inserted in the environment, leads to a decreasing of the imbalance of nutrients in the whole plant.</p>
Percentage distribution of plant-fixed carbon in orchid shoots and roots, protocorms, and mycorrhizal fungal mycelium and amount (total and concentration) of carbon transferred to protocorms and mycorrhizal fungal mycelium by green orchids in each experimental microcosm
<p> The minute 'dust seeds' of some terrestrial orchids preferentially germinate and develop as mycoheterotrophic protocorms near conspecific adult plants. In this paper we tested the hypothesis that mycorrhizal mycelial connections provide a direct pathway for transfer of recent photosynthate from conspecific green orchids to achlorophyllous protocorms. Mycelial networks of <em>Ceratobasidium cornigerum </em>connecting green <em>Dactylorhiza fuchsii</em> plants with developing achlorophyllous protocorms of the same species were established on oatmeal or water agar before the shoots of green plants were exposed to <sup>14</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>. After incubation for 48 hours, the pattern of distribution of fixed carbon was visualised in intact entire autotrophic/protocorm systems using digital autoradiography and quantified in protocorms by liquid scintillation counting. The data presented here represent the percentage distribution of the <sup>14</sup>C fixed by the orchids in our experimental systems to plant shoots, roots, protocorms and the mycorrhizal mycelium. We also show the total amount of <sup>14</sup>C present in plant shoots and protocorms when grown in each of the three media tested (100% water agar, 100% oatmeal agar, and 50:50 water: oatmeal agar). We also show the amount of carbon (total and concentration) transferred from green orchids to protocorms and mycorrhizal mycelium in each microcosm across the three media treatments.</p>
Belowground plant competition: Uncoupling root response strategies of peas
<p>Belowground plant competition was shown to induce varying responses, from increases to decreases in root biomass allocation or in directional root placement. Such inconsistencies could result from the fact that root allocation and directional growth were seldom studied together, even though they might represent different strategies. Moreover, variations in belowground responses might be due to different size hierarchies between plants, but this hypothesis was not studied previously. In a greenhouse rhizobox experiment, we examined the way both root allocation and directional root placement of <em>Pisum sativum</em> are affected by the size and density of <em>Festuca glauca</em> neighbors, and by nutrient distribution. We found that root allocation of <em>P. sativum</em> increased with the density and size of <em>F. glauca</em>. In contrast, directional root placement was unaffected by neighbor size and either increased toward or away from neighbors when nutrients were patchily or uniformly distributed, respectively. These results demonstrate that directional root placement under competition is contingent on the distribution of soil resources. Interestingly, our results suggest that root allocation and directional placement might be uncoupled strategies that simultaneously provide stress tolerance and spatial responsiveness to neighbors, thus highlighting the importance of measuring both when studying belowground plant competition.</p>
Dataset on global root zone storage capacity controls
<ul> <li>The 'master.csv' file contains all the catchment characteristics used for model training</li> <li>The p_mean_gswp3_land.nc, t_mean_gswp3_land.nc, idu_mean_land.nc, slp_land.nc files contain the 4 variables used to predict global gridded root zone storage capacity Sr</li> <li>The sr_predicted_map.nc is the global gridded sr map as direct output from the scripts in https://github.com/fvanoorschot/python_scripts_global_sr_controls</li> <li>The sr_predicted_map_with_ncinfo.nc is the same as previous file, but including the netcdf-information.</li> </ul>
Data to: Root System Architecture Reorganization Under Decreasing Soil Phosphorus Lowers Root System Conductance of Zea mays
<p>corresponding image data to: Root System Architecture Reorganization Under Decreasing Soil Phosphorus Lowers Root System Conductance of Zea mays</p>
Dataset for Cenozoic India-Asia collision driven by mantle dragging the cratonic root
<p>Dataset for the paper:</p> <p>Cenozoic India-Asia collision driven by mantle dragging the cratonic root</p> <p>For more infomation, please look into the README file or contact Professor Lijun Liu at ljliu@mail.iggcas.ac.cn, thank you!</p>
Data from: A trait-based root acquisition-defence-decomposition framework in angiosperm tree species
<p>Plants make trade-offs between root resource acquisition and defence ability, for adapting to the complex belowground environment. This includes forming partnerships with different types of root associating microorganisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi. These trade-offs, by mediating root chemistry, exert legacy effects on nutrient release during decomposition, which may, in turn, affect the ability of new roots to re-acquire resources, thereby generating a feedback loop. However, the linkages at the basis of this potential feedback loop remain largely unquantified. Here, we propose a trait-based root 'acquisition-defence-decomposition' conceptual framework and test the strength of relevant linkages across 90 angiosperm tree species. We show that, at the plant species level, the root-fungal symbiosis gradient within the root economics space, root chemical defence (condensed tannins), and root decomposition rate are closely linked, providing support to this framework. Beyond the dichotomy between arbuscular mycorrhizal-dominated versus ectomycorrhizal-dominated systems, we suggest a continuous shift in feedback loops, from "high arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis-low defence-fast decomposition-inorganic nutrition" by evolutionarily ancient taxa to "high ectomycorrhizal symbiosis-high defence-slow decomposition-organic nutrition" by more modern taxa. This 'acquisition-defence-decomposition' framework provides solid foundation for testable hypotheses on the multidimensional linkages between species' belowground strategies and ecosystem nutrient cycling in evolutionary context.</p>
TreeGrow - Data from: Morphology, bud burst and root fungal communities of Norway spruces (Picea abies)
<p>Our study delved into the relationship between root-associated fungi, gene expression and plant morphology in Norway spruce cuttings derived from both slow-and fast-growing trees. We found no clear link between the gene expression patterns of adventitious roots and the growth phenotype, suggesting no fundamental differences in the receptiveness to fungal symbionts between the phenotypes. Interestingly, saplings from slow-growing parental trees exhibited a higher richness of ectomycorrhizal species and larger roots. Some ectomycorrhizal species, typically found on mature spruces, were more prevalent on saplings from slow-growing spruces. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungus, Hyaloscypha hepaticola, showed a stronger association with saplings from fast-growing spruces. Moreover, saplings from slow-growing spruces had a greater number of Ascomycete taxa and free-living saprotrophic fungi. Aboveground sapling stems displayed some phenotypic variation; saplings from fast-growing phenotypes had longer branches but fewer whorls in their stems compared to those from the slow-growing group. In conclusion, the observed root-associated fungi and phenotypic characteristics in young Norway spruces may play a role in their long-term growth rate. This suggests that the early interactions between spruces and fungi could potentially influence their growth trajectory.</p>
How do fine root traits of fast-growing trees promote soil organic carbon stabilization?
<p>Soil represents a larger reservoir of soil organic carbon (SOC) than terrestrial vegetation, offering a great potential for reducing the widespread adverse consequences of climate change. In forests and tree plantations, fine roots significantly impact SOC stabilization through their functional traits. However, it is not obvious which fine root traits between those related to chemistry (easily decomposable or recalcitrant), to architecture or morphology are the most conducive to SOC stabilization in phylogenetically related fast-growing trees. We assessed the effects of root functional traits on SOC storage and stabilization by studying <span>five hybrid poplar clones </span><span>(<em>Populus </em>spp.)</span><span> </span><span>with different root traits in plantations located in New Liskeard, ON, Canada</span>. We collected <span>soil cores at depths of 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm, and determined bulk soil organic carbon, </span><span>particulate organic carbon (> 53 μm, POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (< 53 μm, MAOC) fractions and fine root (< 2 mm diameter) traits.</span><span> We found that r</span>oot length density (RLD) was the best predictor of increased SOC stocks and MAOC among all root traits. Soil organic C stocks and MAOC were also positively correlated with root traits indicative of low chemical recalcitrance (i.e. high N and soluble compounds concentrations and low lignin/N). Such easily decomposed root matter could be readily consumed by soil microorganisms and promote adsorption of microbial by-products onto mineral surfaces. Thus, root traits that increase the soil volume explored by fine roots and are associated with easily decomposed organic compounds play a key role in SOC accumulation and persistence.</p>
Figure 2. Rooting filaments, drawn from paratype. Scale bar 5 in Corymorpha rubicincta, a new Hydroid (Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata, Corymorphidae) from Port Phillip, Australia
Figure 2. Rooting filaments, drawn from paratype. Scale bar 5 mm.
Fig. 4 in Morphometric Differences Among Root Vole (Muridae: Microtus Oeconomus) Populations In Hungary
Fig. 4. Lingual view of the left mandible with landmarks
Fig. 3 in Morphometric Differences Among Root Vole (Muridae: Microtus Oeconomus) Populations In Hungary
Fig. 3. Dorsal view of root vole cranium with landmarks
Root foraging strategies and niche segregation of three Mediterranean shrub species
<p>Shrubs are usually adapted to stressful environments in which soil resources are limited, and thus, roots are fundamental for their biological success. However, root measures are challenging to collect, especially in field conditions and at the individual level. For this study, we collected data on the three-dimensional distribution of fine root biomass of twenty-three individuals belonging to three shrub species in a Mediterranean shrubland in Central Spain: gum rockrose (<em>Cistus ladanifer</em> L.), rosemary (<em>Salvia rosmarinus</em> Schleid.), and hairy-fruited broom (<em>Cytisus striatus</em> [Hill] Rothm). Our goal was to determine the soil-foraging strategies adopted by the plants. We hypothesized that plants would show stabilizing niche differences explaining the high plant biodiversity characteristic of Mediterranean shrublands and that they would follow the game theory model's prediction of exploitative segregation of roots behaving territorially but also over-proliferating roots close to their stem and engaging in a root tragedy of the commons. We found that two-thirds to three-fourths of the biomass was belowground, and the system's productivity was roughly 500-600 g C m-2 y-1. Only rosemary plants competed with neighbors following the exploitative segregation predictions. Broom plants had the shallowest and most widespread root systems but significantly reduced their root range toward competing neighbors. Gum rockrose presented deep, narrow root systems avoiding extensive overlap with neighbors but did not appear to respond to competitive pressure levels. Shrubs appeared to stratify their roots at different soil depths, supporting the niche segregation hypothesis.</p>
Figure 1 in Analysis of microbial diversity in the root of Astragalus mongholicus
Figure 1. Photos of the NS and SS samples.
Figure 3 in Analysis of microbial diversity in the root of Astragalus mongholicus
Figure 3. Rarefaction curve of the NS and SS samples.
Figure 2 in Analysis of microbial diversity in the root of Astragalus mongholicus
Figure 2. OTU Venn diagram of the NS and SS samples.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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