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Fig. 8 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 8. Limonite conellae on the internal mould of Late Devonian orthoconic nautiloid (SNSB-BSPG 2014 XXI 81216) from Morocco. Overview on the preserved two specimens composed of five preserved chambers each (A1, A2), close up of limonitic conellae of different heights (A3, A4).

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Fig. 2 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 2. Calcite conellae on Late Oxfordian Amoeboceras serratum (Sowerby, 1813) [M] internal moulds from Rybaki locality in the Moscow region, Russia. A. GIN MPC 4/5, pair of calcite conellae on the last septum with partially preserved aragonite; A2, detail. B. GIN MPC 4/6, single calcite conella on internal mould of the last septum; B2, detail. C. GIN MPC 4/7, calcite conellae in the rear part of phosphorite internal mould of the body chamber.

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Fig. 3 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 3. Calcite conellae on the area of annular elevation of Late Callovian Quenstedtoceras lamberti (Sowerby, 1819) [M] (GIN MPC 4/8) from Peski locality in the Moscow region, Russia. Overview of the specimen (A1), note the transition from phragmocone to body chamber at about the middle of the preserved outer whorl. Close-up of tightly packed aggregates of conellae (A2, A3).

Fig. 3 in A new Y-shaped trace fossil attributed to upogebiid crustaceans from Early Pleistocene of Italy

Fig. 3. Holotype (INGUJ 200P11) of allegedly upogebiid trace fossil Parmaichnus stironensis igen. nov. et isp. nov. Scale bar 100 mm.

Fig. 4. Allegedly upogebiid Y in A new Y-shaped trace fossil attributed to upogebiid crustaceans from Early Pleistocene of Italy

Fig. 4. Allegedly upogebiid Y−shaped trace fossil Parmaichnus stironensis igen. nov. et isp. nov. (specimens left in the field) from Early Pleistocene of Italy. A. Specimen P1070182 (numbering from the field photograph collection). B. Specimen P1070193. C. Specimen P1070194. D. Specimen P1070196. Scale bars 50 mm.

Fig. 6 in A new Y-shaped trace fossil attributed to upogebiid crustaceans from Early Pleistocene of Italy

Fig. 6. Trace fossils associated with Parmaichnus stironensis. They penetrate from the discontinuity surface in the Quaternary sediments of the Stirone section. A–C. Thalassinoides cf. paradoxicus (Woodward, 1830). D. Pyritised tube indicated by arrow.

Fig. 5. Different Y in A new Y-shaped trace fossil attributed to upogebiid crustaceans from Early Pleistocene of Italy

Fig. 5. Different Y−shaped trace fossils (B, D, G, U) and Recent burrows compared to Parmaichnus stironensis (P–S). Redrawn from photographs. A. After Seike and Nara (2007: fig. 3c). B. Holotype of Psilonichnus upsilon, Hanna Bay, San Salvador, Bahamas, from AU photograph. C. After Bruce (1987: fig. 6). D. After Fürsich (1981: pl. 3: 2). E. After Curran and Frey (1977: pl. 1e). F. After Frey (1968: text−fig. 1). G. After Seilacher (1990: fig. 5D). H. After Dworschak (2004: fig. 2B); arrows point the turning chambers. I. After Swinbanks and Luternauer (1987: fig. 2.1). J. After Ott et al. (1976: pl. 1: 2). K. After Ott et al. (1976: pl. 1: 3). L. After Dworschak et al. (2006: fig. 1A). M. After Nash et al. (1984: pl. 2a); see also Bromley (1996: fig. 4.32). N. After Curran and Martin (2003: fig. 6). O. After Asgaard et al. (1997: fig. 6). P–S. Parmaichnus stironensis igen. nov. et isp. nov. P. Holotype, ING UJ 200P11, see also Fig. 3. Q. P1070193, see also Fig. 4B. R. P1070182, see also Fig. 4A. S. P1070196, see also Fig. 4D. T. After Atkinson and Taylor (1991: fig. 1f). U. Psilonichnus tubiformis, after Fürsich (1981: pl. 1: 1).

Fig. 2 in A new Y-shaped trace fossil attributed to upogebiid crustaceans from Early Pleistocene of Italy

Fig. 2. View of the Early Pleistocene part of the Stirone section (about 90 m), with the distinct unconformity in the middle (pointed by arrow) separating silts covered by sands.

Fig. 1. Location map and the geological section. A in A new Y-shaped trace fossil attributed to upogebiid crustaceans from Early Pleistocene of Italy

Fig. 1. Location map and the geological section. A. The study region on the map of Italy. B. Location of the study area. C. Location of the studied section. D. The studied section with indication of Parmaichnus stironensis igen. nov. et isp. nov.

Fig. 7 in Size-shape relationships in the Mesozoic planispiral ammonites

Fig. 7. Plot of W/D versus U/D for the whole large sample (gray points), n = 1222. Three samples are selected to show the almost invariable relative umbilical width along significant variation of relative width of whorl section. White squares: Poecilomorphus cycloides (Middle Jurassic) modified from Sturani (1971: pl. 8); black circles: Quenstedtoceras lamberti (Middle Jurassic) modified from Callomon (1985: fig. 5b); and white triangles: Dactylioceras clevelandicum (Early Jurassic) modified from Howarth (1973: pls. 3, 4).

Fig. 8 in Size-shape relationships in the Mesozoic planispiral ammonites

Fig. 8. ADA−model simulated ammonites (as explained in text) showing the distribution of morphotypes in the reduced morphologic space RM1. All ammonites are scaled to nearly equal size. Extreme morphotypes (out of the constrained morphospace CM1, see Fig. 5A) not known within the Mesozoic Ammonoidea are shown side−by−side with known morphotypes for comparison. Bold broken line is the main trend H2 = 0.3D.

Fig. 5. A in Size-shape relationships in the Mesozoic planispiral ammonites

Fig. 5. A. Reduced morphospace RM1. Plot of individual measurements (gray points, N = 1222) and mean values for the 201 species studied classified by morphotypes. The theoretical iso−U/D curves are explained in text. The gray trapezoid−like area is delimited by curves as explained in text. The bold broken curve shows the main trend H1/D = 0.3/(H2/H1). The two thinner curves [H1/D = 0.5/(H2/H1) and H1/D = 0.1/(H2/H1)] delimit the constrained empirical morphospace CM1, the portion of RM1 realised or occupied by Mesozoic ammonoids. B. Reduced morphospace RM2 with plots of individual measurements (N = 1222) in gray points, and mean values of each one of the 201 species studied. The general trend is represented by two straight lines as described in the text.

Fig. 6. A in Size-shape relationships in the Mesozoic planispiral ammonites

Fig. 6. A. Plot of all individual measurements (n = 1222) of H2/D versus D showing relatively low variation in the Mesozoic Ammonoidea. The main trend H2/D = 0.3 is almost equal to the average <h2> = 0.303. B. Comparison of estimations of D versus actual measurements through the ontogeny of selected specimens (see Appendix 1 for details of material).</h2>

Fig. 3. A in Size-shape relationships in the Mesozoic planispiral ammonites

Fig. 3. A. Representation of the log−spiral and the associated ellipse representing the whorl section. B. Geometric equivalences between variables of the log−spiral and classical variables defined in Fig. 2.

Fig. 4 in Size-shape relationships in the Mesozoic planispiral ammonites

Fig. 4. Correlation between actual and estimated (Equation 1) values of U/D for all the ammonites studied (N = 1222; gray points) and mean values for each species classified by morphotypes. The line corresponding to (U/D)obs = (U/D)pred is shown for comparison.

Fig. 2 in Size-shape relationships in the Mesozoic planispiral ammonites

Fig. 2. Dimensions measured in coiled and uncoiled ammonites. Note the transposition between H1 and H2 from coiled (A) to uncoiled (C) ammonites, passing through the identity between H1 and H2 in the singular case (B).

Fig. 1 in Size-shape relationships in the Mesozoic planispiral ammonites

Fig. 1. Representativity of the studied sample in time and shape diversity. A. Number of species considered for each subdivision of the Mesozoic. B. Number of species for each morphotype as defined in text. Some species include individuals belonging to different morphotypes of the adopted classification.

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Fig. 5 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 5. Difference in mean shell shape between an uninfected Bulinus tropicus (A), an infected B. tropicus (all types of infections collectively; B), and a B. tropicus infected by Petasiger sp. 5 (C). Each of the displayed specimens is the specimen nearest to the group mean in morphospace (Fig. 4). The differences in Procrustes shape coordinates among these specimens are visualized with vectors (vector length magnification = ×2.5).

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Fig. 4 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 4. Morphospace occupation plot reconstructed by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) on the Procrustes shape coordinates of 198 individuals of Bulinus tropicus from Lake Kasenda. Blue circles indicate uninfected specimens, orange symbols infected specimens, with ∇ = single infection by Echinoparyphium sp.; Δ = single infection by Austrodiplostomum sp. 2; □ = single infection by Plagiorchiida sp. I; ◊ = single infection by Petasiger sp. 5; ○ = any other infection. Filled symbols indicate the mean shape for each infection group, and the filled orange circle represents the mean of all trematode-infected snails. Vectors indicate the shape changes by any of these infection types compared to uninfected specimens. These differences are further illustrated in Fig. 5. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)