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644 results for “Shrubs”
FIGURE 13a–g. Discolopeus triacaenus n in A new leafhopper genus Discolopeus and nine new species (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae) associated with shrubs, trees and poisonous plants in South Africa
FIGURE 13a–g. Discolopeus triacaenus n.gen. & sp., male and female genitalia, line drawing. a. Genital capsule, dorsally; b. Genital capsule, laterally; c. Subgenital plate, ventrally; d, e. Aedeagus, laterally and dorsally respectively; f. Connective, dorsally; g. Style, dorsally.
FIGURE 3a–p. Discolopeus lissus n in A new leafhopper genus Discolopeus and nine new species (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae) associated with shrubs, trees and poisonous plants in South Africa
FIGURE 3a–p. Discolopeus lissus n.gen. & sp., male and female genitalia, line drawing. a. Genital capsule, dorsally; b. Genital capsule, laterally; c. Subgenital plate, ventrally; d, e. Aedeagus, laterally and dorsally respectively; f, g. Style, dorsally and laterally respectively; h. Apex, aedeagal process, laterally; i, j. Aedeagal process, laterally and dorsally respectively; k, l, m. Valvifers 1, variation in shape, viewed laterally; n, o. Sternite VII, variation in posterior margin; p. Connective, dorsally.
FIGURE 12a–i. Discolopeus thigmacaenus n in A new leafhopper genus Discolopeus and nine new species (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae) associated with shrubs, trees and poisonous plants in South Africa
FIGURE 12a–i. Discolopeus thigmacaenus n.gen. & sp., habitus, dorsally. a. Wiedouw, male; b. Gifberg, female; c. Wiedouw, female; d. Gifberg, male; e. Nymph, Gifberg; f, hind wing, male; g, tegmina, male; h, hind wing female; i, tegmina, female.
FIGURE 9a–j. Discolopeus copeus n in A new leafhopper genus Discolopeus and nine new species (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae) associated with shrubs, trees and poisonous plants in South Africa
FIGURE 9a–j. Discolopeus copeus n.gen. & sp., male and female genitalia, line drawing. a. Genital capsule, dorsally; b. Subgenital plate, ventrally; c. Genital capsule, laterally; d, e. Aedeagus, laterally and dorsally respectively; f, g. Style, dorsally and laterally, respectively; h. Connective; i, j. Sternite VII, variation in posterior margin.
FIGURE 17a–h. Discolopeus viraktamathi n in A new leafhopper genus Discolopeus and nine new species (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae) associated with shrubs, trees and poisonous plants in South Africa
FIGURE 17a–h. Discolopeus viraktamathi n.gen. & sp., habitus. a, b, c. Cradock, male, dorsally, female, dorsally and laterally, respectively; d, e, f. Waterpoort, male, female, nymph, respectively, dorsally; g, tegmina, male; h, hind wing male.
FIGURE 19a–c in A new leafhopper genus Discolopeus and nine new species (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae) associated with shrubs, trees and poisonous plants in South Africa
FIGURE 19a–c. Distribution maps of leafhopper species of Discolopeus gen.n. and associated plants. a. Hyaenanche globosa near Vanrhynsdorp and one record near Citrusdal (red squares); b. Potential natural distribution of D. copeus sp.n. in the southwestern parts of South Africa, Western Cape Province; c. Point distributions of D. colopeus sp.n., D. lissus sp.n., D. tetracaenus sp.n., D. thigmacaenus sp.n., D. triacaenus sp.n. and D. viraktamathi sp.n. in Western, Northern and Eastern Cape Provinces.
FIGURE 8a–j. Discolopeus arctus n in A new leafhopper genus Discolopeus and nine new species (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae) associated with shrubs, trees and poisonous plants in South Africa
FIGURE 8a–j. Discolopeus arctus n. gen. & sp., habitus. a, b. Male and female respectively, dorsally; c, d. Male and female respectively, laterally; e, f. Nymphs, early and late instar, dorsally; g, h. Face, male and female, respectively; i, hind wing; j, tegmina.
Soil radiocarbon from moist acidic tussock and erect shrub tundra at Toolik Field Station
<p>Soil radiocarbon data from one moist acidic tussock tundra and one erect shrub tundra (<em>Betula glandulosa</em>) site in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range near Toolik Field Station, AK, USA. Data covers the active layer. The tussock site is located on Itkillik I glacial deposits. The shrub site is a palsa within a riparian area, and likely underwent a relatively recent shift in vegetation cover from wet sedge to shrub. (The soil profile is made up of two different soil types within the active layer).</p>
FIGURE 4 in Sarcolobus cambogensis (Marsdenieae, Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae): A new rheophytic shrub from Cambodia
FIGURE 4. Flowers of Sarcolobus cambogensis A. Side view of gynostegium: prominent staminal corona (cr), apically truncate gynostegium (gy). B. Top view of gynostegium. C. Side view of pollinarium: narrow-oblong corpusculum (cp), wide, barely geniculate caudicles (cu), pollinium (p). D. Top view of pollinarium. (illustrations: Elizabeth McHone from M. Newman 2162)
FIGURE 3. Sarcolobus cambogensis. A. Habit. B. Stipular and laminar colleters. C. Follicular fruit. D in Sarcolobus cambogensis (Marsdenieae, Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae): A new rheophytic shrub from Cambodia
FIGURE 3. Sarcolobus cambogensis. A. Habit. B. Stipular and laminar colleters. C. Follicular fruit. D. Seed, without coma. (illustrations: Elizabeth McHone, A from H. Won photograph at type locality, B from H. Won 6398, C from M. Newman 2337, and D from H. Won 8697)
FIGURE 1 in Sarcolobus cambogensis (Marsdenieae, Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae): A new rheophytic shrub from Cambodia
FIGURE 1. Distribution of Sarcolobus cambogensis in Koh Kong province, Cambodia. Map generated with SimpleMappr (Shorthouse, 2010).
FIGURE 2. Sarcolobus cambogensis habitat and growth form. A. riparian habitat, B. shrubby habit, C in Sarcolobus cambogensis (Marsdenieae, Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae): A new rheophytic shrub from Cambodia
FIGURE 2. Sarcolobus cambogensis habitat and growth form. A. riparian habitat, B. shrubby habit, C. open follicle releasing seeds, and D. orange flowers (photographs: Hyosig Won from type locality)
FIGURE 3. Macrolobium campestre Huber.A. Shrub. B in Taxonomic studies in the Macrolobium campestre complex (Leguminosae)
FIGURE 3. Macrolobium campestre Huber.A. Shrub. B. Inflorescence (in campina of Rondônia). C. Branch. D. Fruit. E. Habit (in terra firme forest, Portel, Pará).Photographs A–B by Narcísio Bigio and C–E by Maria Félix.
JuniperMapper: AI for Shrub Delineation (DATA)
<p>JuniperMapper is a dataset created to individually delineate <em>Juniperus</em> shrubs from satellite images using deep learning models. This data contains two types of datasets collected from the national park of Sierra Nevada, Spain:</p> <ol> <li>Photo Interpreted (PI) data: manually created by experts using a visual inspection of satellite images.</li> <li>Field Work (FW) data: manually created by experts using an in-situ inspection.</li> </ol> <p>Both datasets contain a set of RGB input images (.tif) at 13 cm resolution downloaded from Google Earth satellites, and their corresponding annotations (shapefiles) delineating each shrub. In addition, a .json file following the COCO dataset structure is also provided to train deep learning models.</p> <p>The PI dataset can be used to develop the deep learning model. It is already partitioned into Train, Validation, and Test sets. While the FW dataset can be used to perform the external validation of the model.</p>
Fig. 1. Frankenia fruticosa, Helme 7796 in Frankenia fruticosa (Frankeniaceae), a new dwarf shrub from the Knersvlakte, Western Cape
Fig. 1. Frankenia fruticosa, Helme 7796 (NBG). A, calyx; B, petal; C, stamen (adaxial view) and detached anther (abaxial view); D, ovary at anthesis (left) and after pollination (right). Scale: 1 mm. Artist: John Manning.
Data from: Phylogeography of the arid shrub Atraphaxis frutescens (Polygonaceae) in northwestern China: evidence from cpDNA sequences
Climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene are usually considered as a significant factor in shaping intraspecific genetic variation and influencing demographic histories. To well-understand these processes in desert northwest China, we selected arid adapted Atraphaxis frutescens as the study species. Two cpDNA regions (psbK-psbI, psbB-psbH) were sequenced in 272 individuals from 33 natural populations across the range of this shrub, and 10 haplotypes were identified. It was found to contain high levels of total gene diversity (H T = 0.858), and low levels of within-population diversity (H S = 0.092). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicates that genetic differentiation primarily occurs among groups of populations. Based on BEAST (Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Sampling Trees) analysis, we suggest that intraspecific differentiation of the species, resulting from isolated populations, accompanied enhanced desertification during the middle and late Pleistocene. The expansion of the Gurbantunggut and Kumtag deserts in this area appears to have triggered divergence among populations of the western, central, and eastern portions of the region and shaped genetic differentiation among them. Two possible independent glacial refugia were predicted, the Ili Valley and the northern Junggar Basin. Extensive development of arid habitats (desert margin and arid piedmont grassland) coupled with a more equable climate because the early Holocene are factors likely to have generated recent expansion of A. frutescens.
Data from: Native lagomorphs suppress grass establishment in a shrub‐encroached, semiarid grassland
Shrub encroachment into arid grasslands has been associated with reduced grass abundance, increased soil erosion, and local declines in biodiversity. Livestock overgrazing and the associated reduction of fine fuels has been a primary driver of shrub encroachment in the southwestern United States, but shrublands continue to persist despite livestock removal and grassland restoration efforts. We hypothesized that herbivory feedbacks from native mammals may contribute to continued suppression of grasses after the removal of livestock. Our herbivore exclusion experiment in southeastern Arizona included five treatment levels and allowed access to native mammals based on their relative body size, separating the effects of rodents, lagomorphs, and mule deer. We included two control treatments and replicated each treatment 10 times (n = 50). We introduced uniform divisions of lawn sod (Cynodon dactylon) into each exclosure for 24-hour periods prior to (n = 2) and following (n = 2) the monsoon rains and used motion-activated cameras to document herbivore visitations. In the pre-monsoon trials, treatments that allowed lagomorph access had less sod biomass relative to other treatments (p < 0.001), averaging 44% ( 36%) and 29% ( 45%) remaining biomass after the 24-hour trial periods. Following the onset of monsoons, differences in remaining biomass among treatments disappeared. Desert cottontails (Sylvilagus audubonii) were detected more frequently than any of the other 11 herbivore species present at the site, accounting for 83% of detections during the pre-monsoon trials. Significantly more (p < 0.001) desert cottontails were detected during the pre-monsoon trials (2,077) compared to the post-monsoon trials (174), which coincided with biomass removal from lagomorph accessible treatments. We conclude that desert cottontails are significant consumers of herbaceous vegetation in shrub-encroached arid grasslands and they, along with other native herbivores, may act as a biotic feedback contributing to the competitive advantage and persistence of shrubs.
Data from: Shrub encroachment does not reduce the activity of some soil enzymes in Mediterranean semiarid grasslands
Shrub encroachment is a worldwide phenomenon with implications for desertification and global change. We evaluated its effects on the activities of urease, phosphatase and b-glucosidase in Mediterranean semiarid grasslands dominated by Stipa tenacissima by sampling 12 sites with and without resprouting shrubs along a climatic gradient. The presence of shrubs affected the evaluated enzymes at different spatial scales. Soils under S. tenacissima tussocks and in bare ground areas devoid of vascular plants had higher values of phosphatase and urease when the shrubs were present. For the b-glucosidase, this effect was site-specific. At the scale of whole plots (30 m 30 m), shrubs increased soil enzyme activities between 2% (b-glucosidase) and 22% (urease), albeit these differences were significant only in the later case. Our results indicate that shrub encroachment does not reduce the activity of extracellular soil enzymes in S. tenacissima grasslands.
Data from: Shrub encroachment can reverse desertification in semi-arid Mediterranean grasslands
The worldwide phenomenon of shrub encroachment in grass-dominated dryland ecosystems is commonly associated with desertification. Studies of the purported desertification effects associated with shrub encroachment are often restricted to relatively few study areas, and document a narrow range of possible impacts upon biota and ecosystem processes. We conducted a study in degraded Mediterranean grasslands dominated by Stipa tenacissima to simultaneously evaluate the effects of shrub encroachment on the structure and composition of multiple biotic community components, and on various indicators of ecosystem function. Shrub encroachment enhanced vascular plant richness, biomass of fungi, actinomycetes and other bacteria, and was linked with greater soil fertility and N mineralization rates. While shrub encroachment may be a widespread phenomenon in drylands, an interpretation that this is an expression of desertification is not universal. Our results suggest that shrub establishment may be an important step in the reversal of desertification processes in the Mediterranean region.
Ericoid mycorrhizal shrubs alter the relationship between tree mycorrhizal dominance and soil carbon and nitrogen
<p>1. Plant-fungal associations strongly influence forest carbon and nitrogen cycling. The prevailing framework for understanding these relationships is through the relative abundance of arbuscular (AM) versus ectomycorrhizal (EcM) trees. Ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) shrubs are also common in forests and interactions between co-occurring ErM shrubs and AM and EcM trees could shift soil biogeochemical responses. Here we test hypotheses that the effects of ErM shrubs on soil carbon and nitrogen either extend or are redundant with those of EcM trees.</p> <p>2. Using regional vegetation inventory data (>3,500 plot observations) we evaluated the frequency, richness, and relative abundance of ErM plants in temperate forests in the eastern United States and examined their relationship with EcM plant cover. We then used surface soil (7 cm) data from 414 plots within a single forest to analyze relationships between ErM plant cover, relative EcM tree basal area, and soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations while accounting for other biogeochemical controls, such as soil moisture.</p> <p>3. At both scales, we found a positive relationship between ErM and EcM plants, and the majority of ErM plants were in the shrub layer. Within the forest site, ErM plants strongly modulated tree mycorrhizal dominance effects. We found negative relationships between EcM relative basal area and soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations, but these relationships were weak to negligible in the absence of ErM plants. Both EcM relative basal area and ErM plant cover were positively associated with the soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. However, this relationship was driven by relatively lower nitrogen for EcM trees and higher carbon for ErM plants. As such, the functional effects of ErM plants on soil biogeochemistry neither extended nor were redundant with those of EcM trees.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. We found that ErM shrubs strongly influenced the relationship between tree mycorrhizal associations and soil biogeochemistry, and the effects of ErM shrubs and EcM trees on carbon and nitrogen were functionally distinct. Our findings suggest that ErM shrubs could confound interpretation of AM versus EcM tree effects in ecosystems where they co-occur but also bolster growing calls to consider mycorrhizal functional types as variables that strongly influence forest biogeochemistry.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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