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680 results for “exclusivity”
Figures 19–24 in Provisional revision of the genus Odontocera Audinet-Serville, 1834 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). I: exclusions, new rank, synonymies and the description of two new genera
Figures 19–24. Species of Odontocroton (Group B (i)). 19) Odontocroton sanguinolentus (Bates, 1873), syntype female. 20–24. Odontocroton rufifrons (Fisher, 1937). 20) Holotype female. 21) Male, dorsal aspect. 22) Male, ventral aspect. 23) Female, dorsal aspect. 24) Female, ventral aspect.
Figures 7–12 in Provisional revision of the genus Odontocera Audinet-Serville, 1834 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). I: exclusions, new rank, synonymies and the description of two new genera
Figures 7–12. Species of Odontocroton (Group A). 7-8. Odontocroton flavirostris (Melzer, 1930), holotype female. 7) Dorsal aspect. 8) Ventral aspect. 9-10. Odontocroton melzeri (Fisher, 1952). 9) Holotype male. 10) Topotype, male. 11-12. Odontocera soror (Gounelle, 1911), syntype male. 11) Dorsal aspect. 12) Ventral aspect.
Figures 13–18 in Provisional revision of the genus Odontocera Audinet-Serville, 1834 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). I: exclusions, new rank, synonymies and the description of two new genera
Figures 13–18. Species of Odontocroton (Group A and Group B (i)). 13) Odontocroton soror (Fisher, 1952), syntype female. 14) Odontocroton monnei (Zajciw, 1968), holotype male. 15–18. Odontocroton apicalis (Klug, 1825). 15) Holotype female. 16) Detail, holotype. 17) Dorsal aspect, male. 18) Ventral aspect, male.
Figures 1–6 in Provisional revision of the genus Odontocera Audinet-Serville, 1834 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). I: exclusions, new rank, synonymies and the description of two new genera
Figures 1–6. Odontocroton flavicauda (Bates, 1873). 1) Holotype, male. 2) Male, pale form. 3) Male, dark form, dorsal aspect. 4) Male, dark form, ventral aspect. 5) Female, dorsal aspect. 6) Female, ventral aspect.
Informatics and statistics for: Stable coexistence or competitive exclusion? Fern endophytes demonstrate rapid turnover favoring a dominant fungus
<p>Fungal endophytes are critical members of the plant microbiome, but their community dynamics throughout an entire growing season are underexplored. Additionally, most fungal endophyte research has centered on seed-reproducing hosts, while spore-reproducing plants spend a significant proportion of their lifecycle in a haploid state and may filter vertically-transmitted fungi. In order to examine annual fungal endophyte community dynamics in a spore-reproducing host, we examined endophytes in a single population of ferns, <i>Polystichum munitum</i>, in the Pacific Northwest. Through culture-independent sequencing, we characterized the community assembly and temporal turnover of foliar endophytes throughout a growing season. From these results, we selected endophytes with outsized representations in sequence data and performed <i>in vitro</i> competition assays. Finally, we inoculated sterile fern gametophytes with dominant fungi observed in the field and determined their effects on host performance. Sequencing demonstrated that ferns were colonized by a diverse community of fungal endophytes in newly-emerged tissue, but diversity decreased throughout the season leading to the preponderance of a single fungus in later sampling months. This previously-undescribed endophyte appears to form specialized associations with the fern. While competition assays on a variety of media types failed to demonstrate that the dominant fungus was competitive against other fungi isolated from the same hosts, inoculation onto sterile fern gametophytes resulted in increased host growth suggesting mutualistic effects. When considering the potential for other fungi to act antagonistically on ferns in nature, the presence of this fungus may drive host success within the study site and possibly throughout its growing range.</p>
FIGURE 48 in The empidoid flies (Diptera: Empidoidea, exclusive of Dolichopodidae) of the Russian Arctic islands and Svalbard Archipelago
FIGURE 48. Rhamphomyia (Pararhamphomyia) ursinella Melander, male habitus, lateral view.
FIGURE 35 in The empidoid flies (Diptera: Empidoidea, exclusive of Dolichopodidae) of the Russian Arctic islands and Svalbard Archipelago
FIGURE 35. Rhamphomyia (Pararhamphomyia) kjellmanii Holmgren, male habitus, lateral view.
FIGURE 9 in The empidoid flies (Diptera: Empidoidea, exclusive of Dolichopodidae) of the Russian Arctic islands and Svalbard Archipelago
FIGURE 9. Rhamphomyia (Ctenempis) albopilosa Coquillett, male habitus, lateral view.
Data from: False exclusion: a case to embed predator performance in classical population models
We argue that predator-prey dynamics, a cornerstone of ecology, can be driven by insufficiently-explored aspects of predator performance that are inherently prey-dependent: i.e., these have been falsely excluded. Classical -Lotka Volterra based- models tend to only consider prey-dependent ingestion rate. We highlight three other prey-dependent responses and provide empirically-derived functions to describe them. These functions introduce neglected nonlinearities and threshold behaviours into dynamic models leading to unexpected outcomes: specifically, as prey abundance increases predators: 1) become less efficient at using prey; 2) initially allocate resources towards survival and then allocate resources towards reproduction; and 3) are less likely to die. Based on experiments using model-zooplankton, we explore consequences of including these functions in the classical structure and show they alter qualitative and quantitative dynamics of an empirically-informed, generic predator-prey model. Through bifurcation analysis, our revised structure predicts: 1) predator extinctions, where the classical structure allows persistence; 2) predator survival, where the classical structure drives predators towards extinction; and 3) greater stability through smaller amplitude of cycles, relative to the classical structure. Then, by exploring parameter space, we show how these responses alter predictions of predator-prey stability and competition between predators. Based on our results, we suggest that classical assumptions about predator responses to prey abundance should be re-evaluated.
Data from: Aboveground mammal and invertebrate exclusions cause consistent changes in soil food webs of two subalpine grassland types, but mechanisms are system-specific
Ungulates, smaller mammals, and invertebrates can each affect soil biota through their influence on vegetation and soil characteristics. However, direct and indirect effects of the aboveground biota on soil food webs remain to be unraveled. We assessed effects of progressively excluding aboveground large-, medium- and small-sized mammals as well as invertebrates on soil nematode diversity and feeding type abundances in two subalpine grassland types: short- and tall-grass vegetation. We explored pathways that link exclusions of aboveground biota to nematode feeding type abundances via changes in plants, soil environment, soil microbial biomass, and soil nutrients. In both vegetation types, exclusions caused a similar shift toward higher abundance of all nematode feeding types, except plant feeders, lower Shannon diversity, and lower evenness. These effects were strongest when small mammals, or both small mammals and invertebrates were excluded in addition to excluding larger mammals. Exclusions resulted in a changed abiotic soil environment that only affected nematodes in the short-grass vegetation. In each vegetation type, exclusion effects on nematode abundances were mediated by different drivers related to plant quantity and quality. In the short-grass vegetation, not all exclusion effects on omni–carnivorous nematodes were mediated by the abundance of lower trophic level nematodes, suggesting that omni–carnivores also depended on other prey than nematodes. We conclude that small aboveground herbivores have major impacts on the soil food web of subalpine short- and tall-grass ecosystems. Excluding aboveground animals caused similar shifts in soil nematode assemblages in both subalpine vegetation types, however, mechanisms turned out to be system-specific.
Data from: Patterns of species relatedness created by competitive exclusion depend on species niche differences: evidence from Iberian Atlantic grasslands
It is commonly assumed that closely related species share more similar niches than do distantly related species, thus limiting their ability to coexist and leading to patterns of phylogenetic over-dispersion. On the contrary, recent theoretical developments argue that competitive exclusion may lead to patterns of either over-dispersion, clustering or randomness, depending on the relative importance of niche differences and interspecific competitive ability differences. In this study, we utilized semi-natural grassland communities to test the hypothesis that the pattern of species relatedness generated by competitive exclusion depends on species niche differences. Instead of inferring processes from observed patterns, we experimentally manipulated grassland plots to test the effects of competitive exclusion. We compared grazed plots (in which grazing functioned as an equalizing mechanism and suppressed aboveground competition) with neighbouring plots experimentally excluded from grazing over the course of nine years (in which aboveground competition was not prevented). Weak niche differences between species allowed competitive exclusion to generate phylogenetic clustering, because phylogenetically structured plant canopy height and capacity for lateral spread conferred superior competitive ability to grasses that outcompeted species in all dicot branches. By contrast, moderate niche differences allowed competitive exclusion to result in a random pattern of phylogenetic species assembly, because species niche differences partially counterbalanced competitive exclusion by superior competitors in the grass family. We conclude that patterns of species relatedness created by competitive exclusion in Iberian Atlantic grasslands depend on species niche differences. Competitive exclusion may cause differential patterns of phylogenetic assembly.
Data from: Evolution of the exclusively human-pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae: human-specific engagement of immunoregulatory Siglecs
Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea exclusively in humans and uses multiple strategies to infect, including acquisition of host sialic acids that cap and mask lipooligosaccharide termini, while restricting complement activation. We hypothesized that gonococci selectively target human anti-inflammatory sialic acid-recognizing Siglec receptors on innate immune cells to blunt host responses, and that pro-inflammatory Siglecs and SIGLEC pseudogene polymorphisms represent host evolutionary adaptions to counteract this interaction. N. gonorrhoeae can indeed engage multiple human but not chimpanzee CD33rSiglecs expressed on innate immune cells and in the genitourinary tract––including Siglec-11 (inhibitory) and Siglec-16 (activating), which we detected for the first time on human cervical epithelium. Surprisingly, in addition to LOS-sialic acid, we found that gonococcal porin (PorB) mediated binding to multiple Siglecs. PorB also bound preferentially to human Siglecs and not chimpanzee orthologs, modulating host immune reactions in a human-specific manner. Lastly, we studied the distribution of null SIGLEC polymorphisms in a Namibian cohort with a high prevalence of gonorrhea, and found that uninfected women preferentially harbor functional SIGLEC16 alleles encoding an activating immune receptor. These results contribute to the understanding of the human specificity of N. gonorrhoeae and how it evolved to evade the human immune defense.
Data from: Population-level dynamics in experimental mixed infections: evidence for competitive exclusion among bacterial parasites of Paramecium caudatum
Parasites frequently share their host populations with other parasites. However, little is known about how different parasites respond to competition with diverse competitor species in the within-host and between-host environments. We explored the repeatability of competition by simultaneously exposing microcosm populations of the ciliate Paramecium caudatum to pairs of parasites from the Holospora species complex (H. undulata, H. caryophila and H. obtusa) affected the persistence and prevalence of each compared to single infections, across three host genotypes. Three weeks post-inoculation we identified the presence of each parasite using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Competitive exclusion (62/72) was more common than co-existence (10/72) in populations inoculated with 2 parasites. There was a clear pattern of competitive superiority, with H. caryophila persisting in all doubly inoculated populations (with either H. undulata or H. obtusa), and H. undulata tending to exclude H. obtusa. This mirrored infection success in single infections, with H. caryophila having a higher infection prevalence in single inoculations, followed by H. undulata then H. obtusa. The probability of persistence in co-inoculations did not change across the different host genotypes, and prevalence was the same as in single infections. Our results are consistent with superinfection models, which assume the competitive exclusion of parasites upon contact within the same host. Furthermore, such non-random competitive epidemiological dynamics, where one parasites always wins, may be of interest for public health management, especially if the winning parasite is avirulent, as is seemingly the case here.
FIGURE 14 in The Cholevinae of Romania (exclusive of Leptodirini) (Coleoptera, Leiodidae) with special reference to the hypogeal records
FIGURE 14. Distribution of Catops tristis, C. ventricosus and C. nitidicollis in Romania.
FIGURE 10 in The Cholevinae of Romania (exclusive of Leptodirini) (Coleoptera, Leiodidae) with special reference to the hypogeal records
FIGURE 10. Distribution of Catops picipes in Romania.
FIGURE 7 in The Cholevinae of Romania (exclusive of Leptodirini) (Coleoptera, Leiodidae) with special reference to the hypogeal records
FIGURE 7. Distribution of Choleva nivalis, Ch. oresitropha and Ch. reitteri in Romania.
FIGURE 15 in The Cholevinae of Romania (exclusive of Leptodirini) (Coleoptera, Leiodidae) with special reference to the hypogeal records
FIGURE 15. Distribution of Catops subfuscus in Romania.
FIGURE 1 in The Cholevinae of Romania (exclusive of Leptodirini) (Coleoptera, Leiodidae) with special reference to the hypogeal records
FIGURE 1. Distribution of Anemadus strigulosus and Nemadus colonoides in Romania.
FIGURE 4 in The Cholevinae of Romania (exclusive of Leptodirini) (Coleoptera, Leiodidae) with special reference to the hypogeal records
FIGURE 4. Distribution of Nargus species in Romania.
FIGURE 6 in The Cholevinae of Romania (exclusive of Leptodirini) (Coleoptera, Leiodidae) with special reference to the hypogeal records
FIGURE 6. Distribution of Choleva marseuli, Ch. agilis and Ch. oblonga in Romania.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.