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Figure 15 in New organic-walled Foraminifera (Protista) from the ocean's deepest point, the Challenger Deep (western Pacific Ocean)

Figure 15. Conicotheca nigrans gen. et sp. nov. A–E, transmission light and scanning electron micrographs of same specimen. A, B, general views. C, aperture. D, proximal part of test ('proloculus') showing smooth surface. E, part of test with rougher surface covered in scale-like features, probably clay particles. F–H, transmission light and scanning electron micrographs of same specimen. F, G, general views. H, distal (apertural) end.

Figure 14 in New organic-walled Foraminifera (Protista) from the ocean's deepest point, the Challenger Deep (western Pacific Ocean)

Figure 14. Conicotheca nigrans gen. et sp. nov. Transmission light micrographs of specimens on open slides in glycerol. A, holotype, reg. no. MPC-02704. B–D, paratypes, reg. nos. MPC-02699-02701. E–I, paratypes, reg. nos. ZF 5168. J–P, additional specimens. All scale bars = 25 Mm.

Figure 11 in New organic-walled Foraminifera (Protista) from the ocean's deepest point, the Challenger Deep (western Pacific Ocean)

Figure 11. Resigella bilocularis sp. nov. Transmission light micrographs of specimens on open slides in glycerol. A, holotype, reg. no. MPC-02697. B, paratype, reg. no. MPC-02696. C, D, general view and detail of specimen illustrated by SEM in Figure 12A–B. E, general view of specimen illustrated by SEM in Figure 13E–F. G, specimen with delicate partition in front of stercomata. H, paratype, reg. no. ZF 5171. I, small specimen with clearly developed neck between the two chambers. All scale bars = 50 Mm.

Figure 10 in New organic-walled Foraminifera (Protista) from the ocean's deepest point, the Challenger Deep (western Pacific Ocean)

Figure 10. Resigella laevis sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. A, B, aperture. C, D, surface of test near aperture showing relatively sparse development of finger-like projections. E, general view of test. F, aperture. G, broken section of wall.

Figure 9 in New organic-walled Foraminifera (Protista) from the ocean's deepest point, the Challenger Deep (western Pacific Ocean)

Figure 9. Resigella laevis sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. A, general view of test. B, proloculus. C, detail of interdigitated border between smooth organic surface of proloculus and highly ornamented organic surface of later chambers; boxes indicate areas shown in detail in D and F. D, E, surface of chamber immediately in front of proloculus showing mass of finger-like projections; the flat features are probably clay particles. F, G, surface of proloculus.

Figure 8 in New organic-walled Foraminifera (Protista) from the ocean's deepest point, the Challenger Deep (western Pacific Ocean)

Figure 8. Resigella laevis sp. nov. Transmission light micrographs of specimens on open slides in glycerol. A, holotype, reg. no. MPC-02710. B–G, paratypes, reg. nos. MPC-02711-02715. H, I, paratypes, reg. nos. ZF 5170. J–O, other specimens; M shows detail of final chamber with partition in front of stercomata; O shows detail of final chamber with mass of cytoplasm in front of stercomata. All scale bars = 50 Mm except where indicated otherwise.

Figure 7 in New organic-walled Foraminifera (Protista) from the ocean's deepest point, the Challenger Deep (western Pacific Ocean)

Figure 7. Nodellum aculeata sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. A, general view of test; area indicated by box is shown in detail in F. B, damaged region showing curved lines of fracture. C, D, broken sections of the wall showing probable agglutinated grain and lack of internal structure. E, inner surface of wall. F, G, surface of wall showing scale-like patches (probably clay particles) surrounded by masses of tiny, finger-like projections.

Figure 6 in New organic-walled Foraminifera (Protista) from the ocean's deepest point, the Challenger Deep (western Pacific Ocean)

Figure 6. Nodellum aculeata sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. A, general view of entire specimen; boxes indicate areas shown in detail in other images. B, C, progressively closer views of test surface near the aperture. D, E, progressively closer views of test surface near proloculus. Note the finger-like projections covering the surface of the wall in both areas.

Figure 5 in New organic-walled Foraminifera (Protista) from the ocean's deepest point, the Challenger Deep (western Pacific Ocean)

Figure 5. Nodellum aculeata sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs of test apertures. A, C, D, specimens in which test tapers gently towards circular aperture. B, specimen with abruptly truncated apertural end (entire test shown in Fig. 3E). The specimen shown in D is probable dead (empty); those shown in A–C probably contain cytoplasm. All scale bars = 10 Mm.

Figure 3 in New organic-walled Foraminifera (Protista) from the ocean's deepest point, the Challenger Deep (western Pacific Ocean)

Figure 3. Nodellum aculeata sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. A, general view of entire specimen. B, proloculus with rounded end; boxes indicate areas shown in detail in C and D. C–D, details of proloculus; most of the surface is strewn with rod-like particles but the organic wall is exposed in irregular patches. E, oblique view of aperture. F, general view of entire specimen with pointed proloculus and abruptly truncated distal end.

Figure 4 in New organic-walled Foraminifera (Protista) from the ocean's deepest point, the Challenger Deep (western Pacific Ocean)

Figure 4. Nodellum aculeata sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. A, general view of entire specimen with somewhat crooked shape; box indicates area shown in detail in E. B, proloculus. C, pointed end of proloculus showing tip devoid of agglutinated particles. D, transition between surface of proloculus with agglutinated particles (to left) and predominately organic surface of the main tubular part of the test; note the interdigitation of the two areas. E, detail of surface. F, higher magnification showing tiny, finger-like projections covering test surface.

Figure 16 in New organic-walled Foraminifera (Protista) from the ocean's deepest point, the Challenger Deep (western Pacific Ocean)

Figure 16. Conicotheca nigrans gen. et sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs of same specimen. A, general view; area indicated by box is shown in detail in C. B, aperture. C, detail of surface. D, proximal part of test with swollen 'proloculus'; areas indicated by boxes are shown in detail in E and F. E, smooth area on 'proloculus'. F, rough area with scale-like features, probably clay particles.

Figure 2 in New organic-walled Foraminifera (Protista) from the ocean's deepest point, the Challenger Deep (western Pacific Ocean)

Figure 2. Nodellum aculeata sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. A, proloculus; box indicates area shown in C. B, transition between surface of proloculus with obvious agglutinated particles (to left) and predominately organic surface of the main tubular part of the test. C–F, progressively closer views showing rod-like agglutinated particles strewn across the surface of the proloculus.

Figure 1 in New organic-walled Foraminifera (Protista) from the ocean's deepest point, the Challenger Deep (western Pacific Ocean)

Figure 1. Nodellum aculeata sp. nov. Transmission light micrographs of type specimens, on open slides in glycerol. A, holotype, reg. no. MPC-02705. B–H, paratypes, reg. nos. ZF 5169; F, detail of distal end showing mass of cytoplasm. I–O, paratypes, reg. nos. MPC-02706-02709; K, detail of proloculus with rounded end; M, detail of distal part of specimen showing abrupt decrease in width and truncated end. All scales bars = 100 Mm except where indicated otherwise.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

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Global diversity patterns of larger benthic foraminifera under future climate change

Global warming threatens the viability of tropical coral reefs and associated marine calcifiers, including symbiont-bearing larger benthic foraminifera (LBF). The impacts of current climate change on LBF are debated because they were particularly diverse and abundant during past warm periods. Studies on the responses of selected LBF species to changing environmental conditions reveal varying results. Based on a comprehensive review of the scientific literature on LBF species occurrences, we applied species distribution modeling using Maxent to estimate present-day and future species richness patterns on a global scale for the time periods 2040–2050 and 2090–2100. For our future projections, we focus on Representative Concentration Pathway 6.0 from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which projects mean surface temperature changes of +2.2°C by the year 2100. This data set comprises all raw data and results. Our results suggest that species richness in the Central Indo-Pacific is two to three times higher than in the Bahamian ecoregion, which we have identified as the present-day center of LBF diversity in the Atlantic. Our future predictions project a dramatic temperature-driven decline in low-latitude species richness and an increasing widening bimodal latitudinal pattern of species diversity. While the central Indo-Pacific, now the stronghold of LBF diversity, is expected to be most pushed outside of the currently realized niches of most species, refugia may be largely preserved in the Atlantic. LBF species will face large-scale non-analogous climatic conditions compared to currently realized climate space in the near future, as reflected in the extensive areas of extrapolation, particularly in the Indo-Pacific. Our study supports hypotheses that species richness and biogeographical patterns of LBF will fundamentally change under future climate conditions, possibly initiating a faunal turnover by the late 21st century.

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Data From: Forabot: Automated Planktic Foraminifera Isolation and Imaging

Physical inspection and sorting of foraminifera is a necessity in many research labs, as foraminifera serve as paleoenvironmental and chronostratigraphic indicators. In order to gain counts of species from samples, analyze chemical compositions, or extract morphological properties of foraminifera, research labs require human effort and time handling and sorting these microscopic fossils. The presented information supports Forabot, an open-source system that can physically manipulate individual foraminifera for imaging and isolation with minimal human interaction. The associated data, codebase, and documentation support building a Forabot and confirming results related to processing raw image data, error detection results, and proof of concept deep classification network.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Fig. 5 A–L in The foraminifera associated with the alga Gelidium pristoides, South Africa

Fig. 5 A–L: (A) Trifarina angulosa (Williamson, 1858); (B) Neoconcorbina sp. "A"; (C, D) Rosalina cf. globularis d'Orbigny, 1826; (E) Rosalina sp. "A"; (F–H) Glabratella australensis (Heron-Allen & Earland, 1932); (I, J) Patellina corrugata Williamson, 1858; (K) Ammonia parkinsoniana (d'Orbigny, 1839); (L) Pararotalia nipponica (Asano, 1936).

Fig. 3 A–L in The foraminifera associated with the alga Gelidium pristoides, South Africa

Fig. 3 A–L: (A, B) Lagena semilineata Wright, 1886; (C) Lagena sulcata Walker & Jacob, 1798; (D) Lagena tenuis (Bornemann, 1855); (E, F) Lagenosolenia sp. "A"; (G–I) Oolina sp. "A"; (J) Oolina melo d'Orbigny, 1839; (K) Oolina squamosulcata (Heron-Allen & Earland, 1922); (L) Fissurina marginata (Montagu, 1803).

Fig. 2 A–L in The foraminifera associated with the alga Gelidium pristoides, South Africa

Fig. 2 A–L: (A) Marsipella sp. "A"; (B) Trochammina squamata Jones & Parker, 1860; (C, D) Quinqueloculina dunkerquiana Heron-Allen & Earland, 1930; (E) Quinqueloculina seminulum (Linné, 1758); (F) Quinqueloculina triangularis d'Orbigny, 1846; (G) Quinqueloculina undulata d'Orbigny, 1852; (H) Quinqueloculina vulgaris d'Orbigny, 1826; (I) Quinqueloculina sp. "A"; (J) Triloculina trigonula (Lamarck, 1804); (K–L) Miliolinella subrotundata (Montagu, 1803).

Fig. 4 A–L in The foraminifera associated with the alga Gelidium pristoides, South Africa

Fig. 4 A–L: (A) Fissurina marginata (Montagu, 1803); (B, C) Fissurina sp. "A"; (D) Guttulina irregularis (d'Orbigny, 1846); (E) Glandulina sp. "A"; (F) Bolivina "fossa" McMillan, 1987 m.s.; (G, H) Bolivina pseudoplicata Heron-Allen & Earland, 1930; (I) Bolivina sp. "A"; (J) Brizalina pseudopunctata (Höglund, 1947); (K) Brizalina "rocklandsensis" McMillan, 1987 m.s.; (L) Bulimina elongata d'Orbigny, 1846.