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544 results for “life-history”
Data from: Maternal age at birth shapes offspring life-history trajectory across generations in long-lived Asian elephants
1. Advanced maternal age at birth can have pronounced consequences for offspring health, survival and reproduction. If carried over to the next generation, such fitness effects could have important implications for population dynamics and the evolution of ageing, but these remain poorly understood. While many laboratory studies have investigated maternal age effects, relatively few studies have been conducted in natural populations, and they usually only present a "snapshot" of an offspring's lifetime. 2. In the present study, we focus on how maternal age influences offspring life-history trajectories and performance in a long-lived mammal. 3. We use a multigenerational demographic dataset of semi-captive Asian elephants to investigate maternal age effects on several offspring life-history traits: condition, reproductive success, and overall survival. 4. We show that offspring born to older mothers display reduced overall survival but higher reproductive success, and reduced survival of their own progeny. Our results show evidence of a persistent effect of maternal age on fitness across generations in a long-lived mammal. 5. By highlighting transgenerational effects on the fitness of the next generation associated with maternal age, the present study helps increase our understanding of factors contributing to individual variation in ageing rates and fitness.
Data from: Reconstructing the phylogenetic history of long-term effective population size and life-history traits using patterns of amino acid replacement in mitochondrial genomes of mammals and birds
The nearly neutral theory, which proposes that most mutations are deleterious or close to neutral, predicts that the ratio of nonsynonymous over synonymous substitution rates (dN/dS), and potentially also the ratio of radical over conservative amino acid replacement rates (Kr/Kc), are negatively correlated with effective population size. Previous empirical tests, using life-history traits (LHT) such as body-size or generation-time as proxies for population size, have been consistent with these predictions. This suggests that large-scale phylogenetic reconstructions of dN/dS or Kr/Kc might reveal interesting macroevolutionary patterns in the variation in effective population size among lineages. In this work, we further develop an integrative probabilistic framework for phylogenetic covariance analysis introduced previously, so as to estimate the correlation patterns between dN/dS, Kr/Kc, and three LHT, in mitochondrial genomes of birds and mammals. Kr/Kc displays stronger and more stable correlations with LHT than does dN/dS, which we interpret as a greater robustness of Kr/Kc, compared with dN/dS, the latter being confounded by the high saturation of the synonymous substitution rate in mitochondrial genomes. The correlation of Kr/Kc with LHT was robust when controlling for the potentially confounding effects of nucleotide compositional variation between taxa. The positive correlation of the mitochondrial Kr/Kc with LHT is compatible with previous reports, and with a nearly neutral interpretation, although alternative explanations are also possible. The Kr/Kc model was finally used for reconstructing life-history evolution in birds and mammals. This analysis suggests a fairly large-bodied ancestor in both groups. In birds, life-history evolution seems to have occurred mainly through size reduction in Neoavian birds, whereas in placental mammals, body mass evolution shows disparate trends across subclades. Altogether, our work represents a further step toward a more comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of life-history and of the population-genetics environment.
Impact of mitonuclear interactions on life-history responses to diet
<p>Mitochondria are central to both energy metabolism and biosynthesis. Mitochondrial function could therefore influence resource allocation. Critically, mitochondrial function depends on interactions between proteins encoded by the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Severe incompatibilities between these genomes can have pervasive effects on both fitness and longevity. How milder deficits in mitochondrial function affect life-history trade-offs is less well understood. Here we analyse how mitonuclear interactions affect the trade-off between fecundity and longevity in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. We consider a panel of 10 different mitochondrial DNA haplotypes against two contrasting nuclear backgrounds (WE and ZIM) in response to high-protein versus standard diet. We report strikingly different responses between the two nuclear backgrounds. WE females have higher fecundity and decreased longevity on high-protein. ZIM females have much greater fecundity and shorter lifespan than WE flies on standard diet. High-protein doubled their fecundity with no effect on longevity. Mitochondrial haplotype reflected nuclear life-history trade-offs, with a negative correlation between longevity and fecundity in WE flies and no correlation in ZIM flies. Mitonuclear interactions had substantial effects but did not reflect genetic distance between mitochondrial haplotypes. We conclude that mitonuclear interactions can have significant impact on life-history trade-offs, but their effects are not predictable by relatedness. </p>
Data from: Life-history adjustments to intestinal inflammation in a gut nematode
Many parasitic nematodes establish chronic infections. This implies a finely tuned interaction with the host immune response in order to avoid infection clearance. While a number of immune interference mechanisms have been described in nematodes, how parasites adapt to the immune environment provided by their hosts remains largely unexplored. Here, we used the gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus to investigate the plasticity of life history traits and immunomodulatory mechanisms in response to intestinal inflammation. We adopted an experimental model of induced colitis and exposed worms to intestinal inflammation at two different developmental stages (larvae and adults). We found that H. polygyrus responded to intestinal inflammation by up-regulating the expression of a candidate gene involved in the interference with the host immune response. Worms infecting mice with colitis also had better infectivity (earlier adult emergence in the intestinal lumen and higher survival) compared to worms infecting control hosts, suggesting that H. polygyrus adjusted its life history schedule in response to intestinal inflammation.
Data from: Bioinvasion triggers rapid evolution of life-histories in freshwater snails
Biological invasions offer interesting situations to observe how novel interactions between closely related, formerly allopatric species may trigger phenotypic evolution in situ. Assuming that successful invaders are usually filtered to be competitively dominant, invasive and native species may follow different trajectories. Natives may evolve traits that minimize the negative impact of competition, while trait shifts in invasives should mostly reflect expansion dynamics, through selection for colonization ability and transiently enhanced mutation load at the colonization front. These ideas were tested through a large-scale common-garden experiment measuring life-history traits in two closely related snail species, one invasive and one native, co-occurring in a network of freshwater ponds in Guadeloupe. We looked for evidence of recent evolution by comparing uninvaded or recently invaded with long-invaded sites. The native species adopted a life history favoring rapid population growth (i.e. increased fecundity, earlier reproduction and increased juvenile survival) that may increase its prospects of coexistence with the more competitive invader. We discuss why these effects are more likely to result from genetic change than from maternal effects. The invader exhibited slightly decreased overall performances in recently colonized sites, consistent with a moderate expansion load resulting from local founder effects. Our study highlights a rare example of rapid life-history evolution following invasion.
Data from: Larval density, sex and allocation hierarchy affect life-history trait covariances in a bean beetle
<p class="CxSpFirst">Life-history theory aims to understand how different environments result in differential investment in fitness-related traits. While trade-offs between traits are expected, many studies show positive or no correlation between pairs of costly traits. One hypothesis that may explain the inconsistency of trade-offs in the literature is that trait investment may occur in a dichotomous hierarchy (the <i>tree model</i>), that allows for differential trait investment weighted by the traits' respective positions within the hierarchy. Previous mathematical models predict different covariances between traits depending on their position on the allocation tree. While hierarchical differential investment is often used to discuss findings in life-history theory, the role of an allocation hierarchy on trait covariances has not been directly tested. In turn, this study aims to identify trait covariances between behavioral and morphological phenotypes on different branches of an allocation tree in the bean beetle, <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i>. While trade-offs between copulatory behaviors and morphology were found for both males and females, only traits at the base and far from each other in the hierarchy negatively covaried. This study empirically shows that trade-offs may be the result of hierarchical investment.</p>
The socioeconomic status of cities covaries with avian life-history strategies
<p>Cities are the planet's newest ecosystem and thus provide the opportunity to study community formation directly following major permanent environmental change. The human social and built components of environments can vary widely in different cities, yet it is largely unknown how features of cities covary with the traits of colonizing species despite humans being the ultimate cause of environments and disturbances in cities. We constructed a dataset from open-source data comprised of 13,502 breeding season observations of 213 Passerine species observed in 551 Census-defined urban areas across the United States. We found that as a city became more compact with less sprawl it tended to support more migratory species and species with lower body mass, shorter lifespans, and larger clutches. We also found that species had lower body mass in cities with higher median income, and higher body mass in highly populated cities. Our results highlight the complexity of human-dominated urban ecosystems, where human socioeconomic actions and everyday activities intermix leading to structurally heterogeneous environments that support the colonization of some species over others.</p>
Fig. 19 in The life-history of Aprosthema tardum (KLUG, 1814) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinoidea, Argidae)
Fig. 19: Aprosthema tardum. Apex of sawsheath (valvulae 3),
Early-life environmental conditions influence parasitism at adulthood and life-history of a cuckoo host
<p>Environmental conditions experienced by individuals early in life can extend into adult phenotypes with potential fitness consequences. Early life environmental effects can be relevant for hosts because bad early life conditions may impair host cognition increasing the risk of future parasitism or lowering parasite recognition. Here we provide a first test of this possibility by using data from a 16-year study of individually marked female magpie <i>Pica pica</i> hosts for which we know natal and adult environments, occurrence of costly great spotted cuckoo <i>Clamator glandarius</i> parasitism, egg discrimination ability and life history in detail. Females born in warmer years were more likely to be parasitized in adulthood and produced fewer offspring throughout their life. Egg discrimination behavior and lifespan of magpies were not influenced by the quality of natal environments. These results provide support for the idea that there exists annual environmental variation potentially promoting cohort effects in magpie hosts that may have an impact on cuckoo-host co-evolutionary dynamics.</p>
Microbial life-history strategies mediate microbial carbon pump efficacy in response to N management
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Figure 3 in Accounting for variability in life-history traits for the definition of amphidromous goby fry fisheries closure periods
Figure 3. – Representation of the six to nine month fisheries closure periods ensuring that at least 50% and 75% of abundance and life history trait diversity for Sicyopterus lagocephalus and Cotylopus acutipinnis covered by the discontinuous and continuous alternatives. The months were those selected in the best ranked alternative in the MULTIMOORA analysis.
Figure 2 in Accounting for variability in life-history traits for the definition of amphidromous goby fry fisheries closure periods
Figure 2. – Proportion of the yearly abundance and variability of life-history traits of Sicyopterus lagocephalus (in purple) and Cotylopus acutipinnis (in yellow) covered by the best ranked alternatives (with a duration from five to 10 months) of the MULTIMOORA analysis. The best alternatives of discontinuous fisheries closure periods are displayed in panel A, the best alternatives of continuous periods in panel B.
Figure 1d from: Liversage K, Byrne M (2018) A note on life-history traits and conservation concerns for viviparous Australian seastars (Parvulastra parvivipara and P. vivipara). Research Ideas and Outcomes 4: e29766. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e29766
Figure 1d Photographs from P. parvivipara and P. vivipara habitat, and graph of P. vivipara population trends. - Trends from the largest P. vivipara population at Pitt Water. Each point is the mean of adult densities from numerous sampling events over each 2 year period. During 1976-83 a fixed 1 m2 quadrat was sampled (Prestedge 1998) while a different method was used from 2001-04 involving 25 m transects being sampled across the site (Ecomarine 2014). Other survey types (timed-search) have also found large population declines (see section 2.).
Figure 1b from: Liversage K, Byrne M (2018) A note on life-history traits and conservation concerns for viviparous Australian seastars (Parvulastra parvivipara and P. vivipara). Research Ideas and Outcomes 4: e29766. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e29766
Figure 1b Photographs from P. parvivipara and P. vivipara habitat, and graph of P. vivipara population trends. - Photograph of a boulder underside in P. parvivipara habitat with extensive encrustation of oyster shells that includes invasive Pacific oysters (bar = 5 cm).
Figure 1a from: Liversage K, Byrne M (2018) A note on life-history traits and conservation concerns for viviparous Australian seastars (Parvulastra parvivipara and P. vivipara). Research Ideas and Outcomes 4: e29766. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e29766
Figure 1a Photographs from P. parvivipara and P. vivipara habitat, and graph of P. vivipara population trends. - Photograph taken during surveys of Liversage (2015) showing P. parvivipara giving birth, with the bright orange juvenile emerging from parent's dorsal side (bar = 1 cm).
Figure 1c from: Liversage K, Byrne M (2018) A note on life-history traits and conservation concerns for viviparous Australian seastars (Parvulastra parvivipara and P. vivipara). Research Ideas and Outcomes 4: e29766. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e29766
Figure 1c Photographs from P. parvivipara and P. vivipara habitat, and graph of P. vivipara population trends. - Photograph of P. vivipara during 1992 at Pit Water. Populations have become reduced in subsequent years which may be associated with increased siltation and overgrowth from encrusting species (bar = 5 cm).
Fig. 2. Plots A-B in Adaptations, life-history traits and ecological mechanisms of parasites to survive extremes and environmental unpredictability in the face of climate change
Fig. 2. Plots A-B. Hypothetical thermal curves of the free-living stages of two parasite populations with different thermal adaptation histories and similar thermal optimum (highest point in the curve). The blue curve represents a population adapted to a highly variable environment and the orange curve a population adapted to a less variable environment. The dashed black line is a hypothetical current mean temperature in the environment and the dashed grey line represents an increased mean temperature as a consequence of climate change. In plot A, the historical temperature sits close to the thermal optimum in both populations, and an increase in temperature results in a decrease in parasite performance, which is greater for the parasite adapted to the less variable environment. In plot B, the historical temperature is well below the thermal optimum of both parasites, and an increase in temperature results in improved performance for both parasites. In both scenarios, an increase in mean temperature causes a much higher relative change in performance in the population from the less variable environment as indicated in the difference in size among the shade areas. Plot C shows the hypothetical temperature and thermal development ranges for the free-living stages of parasites inhabiting three different latitudes. The temperature range increases with latitude but the development range of parasites does not because, although the thermal range in high latitudes is wider, a large portion of this range occurs <0 ◦C. While parasites from high latitudes might be highly resistant to freezing temperatures, they are also more vulnerable to high temperatures. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in Adaptations, life-history traits and ecological mechanisms of parasites to survive extremes and environmental unpredictability in the face of climate change
Fig. 1. Schematic of two types of life cycles of parasitic nematodes highlighting stage-specific interactions with the environment and hosts, and adaptations to cope with extreme environmental conditions: A) direct life cycle and B) specific indirect life cycle of protostrongylid parasites. In red are indicated the developmental stages of the parasite. The performance (e.g., survival rate, development rate) of developmental stages in the orange area is directly influenced by changes in environmental conditions. Developmental stages in light blue area are indirectly influenced by environmental conditions experienced by the definitive or intermediate hosts. The effect of the environment on the L3 of protostrongylids can be direct or indirect depending if the L3 migrates out of the intermediate host (direct) or if the L3 remains in the intermediate host (indirect). In the inner triangles, examples of stage-specific adaptations to cope with extremes are indicated. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in Is it best on the nest? Effects of avian life-history on haemosporidian parasitism
Fig. 1. Locations and land cover of sampling sites of Tabankulu village, Simunye town, and Mbuluzi Game Reserve in northeastern Eswatini (Eswatini Sentinel2 Land Use Land Cover 2016).
Data from: Life-history strategy and behavioral type: risk-tolerance reflects growth rate and energy allocation in ant colonies
Despite the recent interest in animal personality and behavioral syndromes, there is a paucity of explanations for why distinct behavioral traits should evolve to correlate. We investigate whether such correlations across apparently distinct behavioral traits may be explained by variation in life history strategy among individual ant colonies. Life history theory predicts that the way in which individuals allocate energy towards somatic maintenance or reproduction drives several distinct traits in physiology, morphology, and energy use; it also predicts that an individual's willingness to engage in risky behaviors should depend on reproductive strategy. We use Temnothorax ants, which have been shown to exhibit 'personalities' and a syndrome that may reflect risk tolerance at the colony level. We measure colonies' relative investment in growth rate (new workers produced) compared to reproductive effort (males and queens produced). Comparing sterile worker production to reproductive alate production provides a direct measure of how colonies are investing their energy, analogous to investment in growth versus reproduction in a unitary organism. Consistently with this idea, we found that behavioral type of ant colonies was associated with their life history strategy: risk-tolerant colonies grew faster and invested more in reproduction, whereas risk-averse colonies had lower growth rate but invested relatively more in workers. This provides evidence that behavioral syndromes can be a consequence of life-history strategy variation, linking the two fields and supporting the use of an integrative approach.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.