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FIGURE 5. Maximum Likelihood tree for Rhinoclemmys melanosterna, R. diademata, R. funerea, R. punctularia and R in Complex phylogeography in Rhinoclemmys melanosterna: conflicting mitochondrial and nuclear evidence suggests past hybridization (Testudines: Geoemydidae)
FIGURE 5. Maximum Likelihood tree for Rhinoclemmys melanosterna, R. diademata, R. funerea, R. punctularia and R. nasuta, based on 2050 bp of mitochondrial DNA (partial cyt b, 12S and 16S genes). Support values along branches are thorough bootstrap values> 50. Bold branches are supported by posterior probabilities of 1.0 in Bayesian analyses (no other branches had support values equal to or greater than 0.95). Note the polyphyly of R. melanosterna.
FIGURE 4 in Complex phylogeography in Rhinoclemmys melanosterna: conflicting mitochondrial and nuclear evidence suggests past hybridization (Testudines: Geoemydidae)
FIGURE 4. Geographical variation of head pattern in Rhinoclemmys melanosterna. Figured turtles are: (a) MTD T 4885, Cazuela, Lorica, Córdoba, Colombia; (b) MTD T 4888, Sicara, Lorica, Córdoba, Colombia; (c) MTD T 4726, Montelibano, Córdoba, Colombia; (d) MTD T 4569, Qda. Carmelo, Caucasia, Antioquia, Colombia; (e) MTD T 9167, Ladrilleros, Valle del Cauca, Colombia; (f) MTD T 9171, Ciénaga de Barbacoas, Antioquia, Colombia; (g) MTD T 4565, Caño Grande, Cesar, Colombia; F = R. funerea; D = R. diademata; P = R. punctularia. Colour of ranges of R. funerea, R. melanosterna and R. diademata correspond to Figure 1. Roman numerals indicate mitochondrial clades of R. melanosterna, coloured circles symbolize different colours of head stripes. Symbols without Roman numerals refer to specimens described by Medem (1962); vouchers are in the collection of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogotá, Colombia (see text).
FIGURE 3 in Complex phylogeography in Rhinoclemmys melanosterna: conflicting mitochondrial and nuclear evidence suggests past hybridization (Testudines: Geoemydidae)
FIGURE 3. Parsimony network of cyt b haplotypes of Rhinoclemmys melanosterna, including sequences of R. diademata, R. funerea and R. punctularia, based on an alignment of 1060 bp length. Circle size indicates haplotype frequency. Missing node haplotypes are shown as small black circles. Each line connecting haplotypes corresponds to one mutational step, if not otherwise indicated by bold numbers. Stippled connections were not established under the 95% criterion. Haplotype codes refer to Appendix I.
FIGURE 1 in Complex phylogeography in Rhinoclemmys melanosterna: conflicting mitochondrial and nuclear evidence suggests past hybridization (Testudines: Geoemydidae)
FIGURE 1. Approximate ranges of Rhinoclemmys melanosterna and the allied species R. funerea, R. diademata and R. punctularia (top; based on Rueda-Almonacid et al. 2007) and sampling sites for R. melanosterna (bottom; red dots). Stippled line separates the distribution of the two clusters of mitochondrial haplotypes of R. melanosterna; Roman numerals indicate haplotypes. Inset: Female R. melanosterna from Cangrejo, Córdoba (Colombia).
FIGURE 2. Maximum Likelihood tree for cyt b in Complex phylogeography in Rhinoclemmys melanosterna: conflicting mitochondrial and nuclear evidence suggests past hybridization (Testudines: Geoemydidae)
FIGURE 2. Maximum Likelihood tree for cyt b haplotypes (1060 bp) of Rhinoclemmys melanosterna, including sequences of the other eight Rhinoclemmys species. Haplotype codes correspond to Figure 3 and Appendix I (see there for GenBank accession numbers). Support values along branches are thorough bootstrap values> 50. Bold branches are supported by posterior probabilities> 0.95 in Bayesian analyses. Root length shortened by 75%. Note the polyphyly of R. melanosterna.
FIGURE 7. Maximum Likelihood tree for Rhinoclemmys melanosterna, R. diademata, R. funerea, R. punctularia and R in Complex phylogeography in Rhinoclemmys melanosterna: conflicting mitochondrial and nuclear evidence suggests past hybridization (Testudines: Geoemydidae)
FIGURE 7. Maximum Likelihood tree for Rhinoclemmys melanosterna, R. diademata, R. funerea, R. punctularia and R. nasuta, based on the supermatrix of 2050 bp of mitochondrial DNA (partial cyt b, 12S and 16S genes) concatenated with 3620 bp of nuclear DNA (partial Rag 1, Rag 2, C-mos, R35 and ODC genes). Support values along branches are thorough bootstrap values> 50. Bold branches are supported by posterior probabilities of 1.0 in Bayesian analyses (no other branches had support values equal to or greater than 0.95; for further explanation see text). Root length shortened by 80%. Note the weak support for the monophyly of R. melanosterna and most other clades.
Figure 4. Selachimorpha enameloid. A, P in Chondrichthyan tooth enameloid: past, present, and future
Figure 4. Selachimorpha enameloid. A, P. pockrandti, radial furrows near the SCE, transverse section etched 5 s in 10% HCl. B, P. jurensis, lingual ornament made of SCE, transverse section etched 5 s in 10% HCl. C, Sphyrna sp., cutting edge showing bundles of the PBE oriented normal to the axis of the cutting edge, transverse section etched 5 s in 10% HCl. D, Squatina sp., cutting edge showing bundles of the PBE oriented normal to the axis of the cutting edge, transverse section etched 5 s in 10% HCl.
Figure 1 in Chondrichthyan tooth enameloid: past, present, and future
Figure 1. Schematic organization of a typical selachimorph tooth illustrating the various tissues composing the enameloid cover.
Figure 5. Batomorphii enameloid. A, B in Chondrichthyan tooth enameloid: past, present, and future
Figure 5. Batomorphii enameloid. A, B, Hypsobatis weileri, transverse section etched 5 s in 10% HCl. A, general view of the thin SCE. B, inner part of the enameloid layer, with crystallites showing a slight preferential orientation normal to the occlusal surface. C, D, Rhombodus binkhorsti, transverse section etched 5 s in 10% HCl. C, general view of the thin SCE. D, detail of the SCE. E, Leidybatis jugosus, transverse section etched 5 s in 10% HCl. SCE forming thick pillars extending far into the dentine layer, with patches of dentine fully enclosed in the enameloid (arrows). F, G, Belemnobatis sp., transverse section etched 5 s in 10% HCl. F, enameloid on the lingual face of the crown. G, detail of the enameloid layer at the level of the transverse crest. H, I, J, Parapalaeobates cf. atlanticus, transverse section etched 5 s in 10% HCl. H, enameloid microstructure showing the RBE. I, detail of the randomly oriented crystallites forming the outer SCE. J, general view of the enameloid at the level of the crown ornamentation. K, L, Ptychotrygon sp., transverse section etched 5 s in 10% HCl. K, detail of the RBE. L, detail of the SCE.
Results from DSC analysis over SMC paste (50007150 grade by Menzolit supplier)
<p>Results from DSC analysis over SMC paste automotive grade (50007150 grade provided by Menzolit supplier)</p>
Ecological niche modelling to project past, current and future distributional shift of black ebony tree (Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.) in India
<p>The present study utilized an ensemble modelling approach to predict the distribution of <em>D. melanoxylon</em> under present, past (Last Glacial Maximum, ~22,000 cal yr BP, Middle Holocene ~6000 cal yr BP) and future climate change scenarios (RCP 2.6 and 8.5 for 2050s and 2070s). The annual mean temperature, mean temperature of the wettest quarter and annual precipitations were the most critical parameters that chiefly influence the distribution of <em>D. melanoxylon</em>. The ensemble model rendered high accuracy with AUC=0.93, TSS=0.74, and Kappa=0.71. Past projections of <em>D. melanoxylon</em> indicated a widespread distribution during the Last Glacial Maximum and Middle Holocene suggesting its adaptability to semi-dry as well as warm and humid climates, respectively. The presence of fossil pollen evidence of <em>D. melanoxylon</em> in the suitable habitats derived through past projections in this study complements the model results and marks occurrences of the species during the Last Glacial Maximum and Middle Holocene. By 2050s and 2070s (RCP 8.5), there would be a decline in the distribution by only 0.4% (13622 km2) and 0.2% (6842 km2) of the extremely habitat suitable, respectively. The main factor leading to reduced habitat suitability is the anticipated rise in temperature and variations in seasonal precipitation patterns. Our findings, help in identifying the parts of the country which would be severely affected by future climate change scenarios and plan conservation strategies for this commercially important species to facilitate its growth in suitable habitats which are likely to sustain under future climatic conditions.</p>
Forced changes in the Pacific Walker circulation over the past millennium
<p><strong>Data & code repository for <em>Forced changes in the Pacific Walker circulation over the past millennium</em></strong></p> <p>This repository contains scripts and auxiliary data necessary for recreating the figures in the paper <em>Forced changes in the Pacific Walker circulation over the past millennium</em> (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06447-0) [published in <em>Nature</em> October 2023; available online August 2023].</p> <p>The code is tested with R version 4.1.2. </p> <p><em>Note that the only difference between this and the previous version is a slight update to the reconstruction filenames</em></p> <p><em><strong>Repository Structure</strong></em></p> <ul> <li>`Falster_PWCreconstructions`: zipped folder contains our ensemble reconstruction of ΔSLP (1200-2000 CE) <ul> <li> `Falster2023_PWC_reconstruction.csv`: a csv with one column per ensemble member. Column headers state the reconstruction method, and gridded SLP product used to train the reconstruction (200 ensemble members per unique combination of reconstruction method and training index).</li> <li> `Falster2023_PWC_reconstruction.xlsx`: Excel workbook, with one tab per unique combination of reconstruction method and training index (200 ensemble members each).</li> <li>`Falster2023_PWC_reconstruction_full_ensemble_median_and_95pct_range.csv`: a csv with the median and 95% range (2.5th and 97.5th percentiles) of the full 4800-member ΔSLP reconstruction ensemble. Includes raw summary values, and summary values with a five-year running mean. For robust analysis of ΔSLP, we strongly recommend working with the full ensemble rather than these summary values. </li> </ul> </li> <li>`Falster_PWCreconstruction_code`: zipped folder contains scripts and auxiliary data necessary to generate figures in the main text <ul> <li>`scripts`: contains R scripts necessary to generate figures in the main text <ul> <li>`Figure1`: folder containing scripts to perform analysis and generate Fig. 1 in the main text</li> <li>`Figure2`: folder containing scripts to perform analysis and generate Fig. 2 in the main text</li> <li>`Figure3`: folder containing scripts to perform analysis and generate Fig. 3 in the main text</li> <li>`Figure4`: folder containing scripts to perform analysis and generate Fig. 4 in the main text</li> <li>`Figure5`: folder containing scripts to perform analysis and generate Fig. 5 in the main text</li> <li>`Figure6`: folder containing scripts to perform analysis and generate Fig. 6 in the main text</li> </ul> </li> <li>`data`: contains all auxiliary data necessary for the analysis and visualisation, including: <ul> <li>reconstructions in .rds format</li> <li>shapefiles for mapping</li> <li>processed ΔSLP and Nino 3.4 RSST timeseries from the CESM1 LME and PMIP3/4 models</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><strong>How to cite this repository</strong></p> <p>If using code or data from this repository, please cite the original publication, available from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06447-0. </p> <p>This repository can be cited with https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7742760.</p>
Past in Common - Departing from History
<p>References and excerpts from sources for chapter in monograph: Crisis and Communitas <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003231097/crisis-communitas-dorota-sajewska-ma%C5%82gorzata-sugiera?refId=7a3c3f5c-4238-4525-9126-c2e07a8f4c58&context=ubx">https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003231097/crisis-communitas-dorota-sajewska-ma%C5%82gorzata-sugiera?refId=7a3c3f5c-4238-4525-9126-c2e07a8f4c58&context=ubx</a></p>
Data for Past terrestrial hydroclimate sensitivity controlled by Earth System Feedbacks
<p>This folder contains PlioMIP2 ensemble data and CESM2 simulations used in Feng et al., Past terrestrial hydroclimate sensitivity controlled by Earth System Feedbacks (2022). Here is some useful information:</p> <p>1. Experiment IDs of CESM2 experiments are described in the Method section of the manuscript. The first dimension of variables in ensemble files reflects model IDs : "CCSM4", "CESM1", "CESM2", "COSMOS", "IPSL-CM6", "MIROC4m", "NorESM1-F", "HadCM3", "EC-Earth3.3", "IPSL-CM5", "IPSL-CM5A2", "HadGEM3", "GISS-E2-1G".</p> <p>2. The naming convention of variables in ensemble files follows CMIP6 convention. The naming convention of CESM2 variables follows the convention of the model.</p> <p>3. The script pe_budget_season_new.ncl produces moisture budget decomposition. The results are shown in Fig. 4 of the manuscript.</p>
Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae
Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.
Subspecies and Distribution. A. p. palliata Gray, 1849 — NE Guatemala (Rio Motagua, and possibly along the coast a short distance to Cabo de Tres Puntas, where it meets the distribution of the Central American Black Howler, A. pigra), E to E Costa Rica or W Panama; it is not found in El Salvador, although it may have occurred there in the past. A. p. aequatorialis Festa, 1903 — from the S distributional limits of the nominate subspecies palliata (either in E Costa Rica or W Panama) through the Serrania del Darién into W Colombia (N through basins of the rios Sint and Atrato to the Caribbean coast, and S through the Serrania del Baudo and the foothills, lowlands, and lower montane areas W of the Andes to the Pacific coast), W Ecuador, and NW Peru (extreme N of Tumbes Department). A. p. coibensis Thomas, 1902 — SW Panama (Coiba and Jicaron Is). A. p. mexicana Merriam, 1902 — S & SE Mexico (states of Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Oaxaca, and N Chiapas) and Guatemala, in a swathe skirting the S of the distribution of the Central American Black Howler. A. p. trabeata Lawrence, 1933 — SW Panama (Azuero Peninsula). in Atelidae
Subspecies and Distribution. A. p. palliata Gray, 1849 — NE Guatemala (Rio Motagua, and possibly along the coast a short distance to Cabo de Tres Puntas, where it meets the distribution of the Central American Black Howler, A. pigra), E to E Costa Rica or W Panama; it is not found in El Salvador, although it may have occurred there in the past. A. p. aequatorialis Festa, 1903 — from the S distributional limits of the nominate subspecies palliata (either in E Costa Rica or W Panama) through the Serrania del Darién into W Colombia (N through basins of the rios Sint and Atrato to the Caribbean coast, and S through the Serrania del Baudo and the foothills, lowlands, and lower montane areas W of the Andes to the Pacific coast), W Ecuador, and NW Peru (extreme N of Tumbes Department). A. p. coibensis Thomas, 1902 — SW Panama (Coiba and Jicaron Is). A. p. mexicana Merriam, 1902 — S & SE Mexico (states of Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Oaxaca, and N Chiapas) and Guatemala, in a swathe skirting the S of the distribution of the Central American Black Howler. A. p. trabeata Lawrence, 1933 — SW Panama (Azuero Peninsula).
Micromechanics of dental cement paste
<p>These zipped folders contains underlying raw data, figures, and codes used for analyses in Dohnalik et al, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 124, (2021) 104863, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104863">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104863</a>. The contents of the individual folders are described in the "README.txt" files; they are located in each zipped folder.</p> <p>The data were produced as part of the work carried out at the Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), AT, under the EC H2020-MSCA-ITN project ‘ERICA: Engineered Calcium-Silicate-Hydrates for Applications’, Grant Agreement No. 764691 (November 2017 – February 2022).</p>
Fossilized pollen malformations as indicators of past environmental stress and meiotic disruption: insights from modern conifers
<p>Pollen malformations have been proposed as a paleoenvironmental stress proxy. However, the frequency and variability of pollen malformations under near-optimal conditions and environmental stress, as well as their developmental origins, remain unclear. To bridge these gaps, we compared pollen malformation frequencies and assemblages of 14 extant conifer genera of Pinaceae and Podocarpaceae producing saccate (winged) grains grown under near-optimal conditions. These baseline pollen yields were compared with those produced by <i>Pinus mugo</i> 'Columnaris' cultured under an abiotic stress—three experimentally heightened UV-B regimes proposed for the end-Permian crisis. We additionally reviewed previous cytological literature of abnormal microsporogenesis in conifers. Under near-optimal conditions, malformations comprise <3% of pollen yields in 12 out of 13 bisaccate genera and >10% of yields in the naturally trisaccate <i>Dacrycarpus dacrydioides</i>. We detected no phylogenetic pattern in malformation assemblages of the baseline comparisons. UV-B irradiated <i>P. mugo</i> produced significantly higher malformation frequencies and different assemblage compositions when compared with baseline bisaccate lineages. We propose that pollen malformations originate during the meiotic and tetrad stages of microsporogenesis and present a framework for the ontogeny of different malformation types seen in the fossil record. Malformations comprising >3% of bisaccate pollen yields can be used as a paleoenvironmental stress proxy, but rare, naturally trisaccate lineages are not suitable for such assessments. Furthermore, heightened UV-B not only increases pollen malformation production, but also alters the types of abnormalities trees produce. Different environmental stresses may therefore leave behind distinct fingerprints in the fossil record.</p>
Dataset for the paper "VANETs' research overview updated: past, present and future"
<p>These two files contain a form and a dataset, both related to the paper "VANETs’ research overview updated: past, present and future", which was submitted for publication in the <strong>JOURNAL OF BRAZILIAN COMPUTER SOCIETY</strong> ----- by José Anderson Rodrigues de Souza et al., 2023.</p>
Range shifts in butternut, a rare, endangered tree, in response to past climate and modern conditions
<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Range shifts are a key process that determine species distributions and genetic patterns. A previous investigation reported that <em>Juglans cinerea</em> (butternut) has lower genetic diversity at higher latitudes, hypothesized to be the result of range shifts following the last glacial period. However, genetic patterns can also be impacted by modern ecogeographic conditions. Therefore, we re-investigate genetic patterns of butternut with additional northern population sampling, hindcasted species distribution models, and fossil pollen records to clarify the impact of glaciation on butternut.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Eastern North America</p> <p><strong>Taxon:</strong> <em>Juglans cinerea </em>(L., Juglandaceae) (butternut)</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Using 11 microsatellites, we examined range-wide spatial patterns of genetic diversity metrics (allelic richness, heterozygosity, FST) for previously studied butternut individuals and an additional 757 samples. We constructed hindcast species distribution models and mapped fossil pollen records to evaluate habitat suitability and evidence of species' presence throughout space and time.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Contrary to previous work on butternut, we found that genetic diversity increased with distance to range edge, and previous latitudinal clines in diversity were likely due to a few outlier populations. Populations in New Brunswick, Canada were genetically distinct from other populations. At the Last Glacial Maximum, pollen records demonstrate butternut likely persisted near the glacial margin, and hindcast species distribution models identified suitable habitat in the southern United States and near Nova Scotia.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>Genetic patterns in butternut may be shaped by both glaciation and modern environmental conditions. Pollen records and hindcast species distribution models combined with genetic distinctiveness in New Brunswick suggest that butternut may have persisted in cryptic northern refugia. We suggest that thorough sampling across a species range and evaluating multiple lines of evidence are essential to understanding past species movements.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.