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opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Data, analytical, and plotting codes needed to reproduce meta-analyses on within-season divorce in birds

This data package contains data (effect sizes and other variables) and analytical codes needed to reproduce three meta-analyses on within-season divorce and breeding success in socially monogamous birds (Culina & Brouwer: No evidence of immediate fitness benefits of within-season divorce in monogamous birds. 2022. Biology Letters.) It also contains codes to reproduce Figures from the main text and from the Supplement. Readme file and Licence are provided too.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

Seasonal sediment plumes in the Krishna-Godavari basin using satellite observations - Dataset

Seasonal plume patterns of diffuse attenuation coefficient at the wavelength of 490 nm, Kd(490), in the coastal waters of Krishna-Godavari, southeast coast of India basin, are examined through remote sensing data collected from July 2002 to October 2021 by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Aqua platform. This dataset provide point values extracted for Kd(490) and SST at 16.32°N, 82.603°E in a 3x3 grid for turbidity region for the analysis of inter-annual variability in (a) spring, (b) summer, (c) autumn, and (d) winter during July 2002 to October 2021.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Future seasonal changes in habitat for Arctic whales during predicted ocean warming

Ocean warming is causing shifts in the distributions of marine species, but the location of suitable habitats in the future is unknown, especially in remote regions such as the Arctic. Using satellite tracking data from a 28-year long period, covering all three endemic Arctic cetaceans (227 individuals) in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic, together with climate models under two emission scenarios, species distributions were projected to assess responses of these whales to climate change by the end of the century. While contrasting responses were observed across species and seasons, long-term predictions suggest northward shifts (243 km in summer vs. 121 km in winter) in distribution to cope with climate change. Current summer habitats will decline (mean loss: -25%), while some expansion into new winter areas (mean gain: +3%) is likely. However, comparing gains vs. losses raises serious concerns about the ability of these polar species to deal with the disappearance of traditional colder habitats.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Modelling seasonal dynamics of secondary growth in R

The monitoring of seasonal radial growth of woody plants addresses the ultimate question of when, how, and why trees grow. Assessing the growth dynamics is important to quantify the effect of environmental drivers and understand how woody species will deal with the ongoing climatic changes. One of the crucial steps in the analyses of seasonal radial growth is to model the dynamics of xylem and phloem formation based on increment measurements on samples taken at relatively short intervals during the growing season. The most common approach is the use of the Gompertz equation, while other approaches, such as general additive models (GAMs) and generalised linear models (GLMs), have also been tested in recent years. For the first time, we explored artificial neural networks with Bayesian regularisation algorithm (BRNNs) and show that this method is easy to use, resistant to overfitting, tends to yield s-shaped curves and is therefore suitable for deriving temporal dynamics of secondary tree growth. We propose two data processing algorithms that allow more flexible fits. The main result of our work is the XPSgrowth() function implemented in the radial Tree Growth (rTG) R package, that can be used to evaluate and compare three modelling approaches: BRNN, GAM and the Gompertz function. The newly developed function, tested on intra-seasonal xylem and phloem formation data, has potential applications in many ecological and environmental disciplines where growth is expressed as a function of time. Different approaches were evaluated in terms of prediction error, while fitted curves were visually compared to derive their main characteristics. Our results suggest that there is no single best fitting method, therefore we recommend testing different fitting methods and selection of the optimal one.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

Warming response of peatland CO2 sink is sensitive to seasonality in warming trends

Monthly peatland net ecosystem CO2 exchange derived with the eddy covariance technique and ancillary measurements.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

CEDAR Project: A Whole-Atmospheric Perspective on Connections between Intra-Seasonal Variations in the Troposphere and Thermosphere

This collaborative award is aimed at studying the relationship between the variability of thermospheric winds to the variability caused by wave structures generated in the tropical troposphere. This coupling is driven by wave excitation by deep convection in the tropical troposphere that can propagate vertically into the thermosphere. Tropospheric convection associated with the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO), the dominant mode of intra-seasonal variability in tropical convection and circulation, is known to modulate the intensity of upward‐propagating gravity and Kelvin waves. Previous work demonstrated that a 90-day oscillation in tropospheric convection during 2009-2010 was imprinted on both thermospheric mean winds and the eastward propagating wavenumber 3 diurnal (DE3) tidal amplitudes. This modulation was observed by the GOCE and CHAMP satellites and modeled with the TIME-GCM. The research effort would broaden participation by involving and training two undergraduate student interns through the University of Colorado BOLD internship program that focuses on promoting the recruitment, retention, and development of traditionally underrepresented engineering students. The new research will follow up on the results obtained in recent studies that demonstrated that strong coupling between the troposphere and the thermosphere occurs on intra-seasonal timescales. The award will address the following questions: Q1: How frequent, prevalent, and persistent are correlations between 30 to 100-day variations in the three regions of troposphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere, during the past two decades? Q2: What plausible roles do large-scale upward propagating waves play in dynamically coupling tropical tropospheric intra-seasonal variability into the thermosphere? Q3: Is there any observational evidence suggesting a connection between this troposphere-thermosphere intra-seasonal coupling and MJO, Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)? The combination of available upper atmosphere satellite data with ground-, and model-based datasets would be studied to provide insight into whether the intra-seasonal variations in the waves are caused by variability in the tropospheric sources or by wave-mean flow interactions. In the case of the latter, the study would determine at which heights these interactions are occurring. This study will determine the contribution of global-scale wave coupling between the troposphere and the thermosphere, thus addressing outstanding issues of fundamental importance to the CEDAR community. This research primarily involves performing correlation analyses and extracting wave information from satellite (CHAMP, GOCE, Swarm-C, TIMED, OLR), ground (Kauai, Christmas Island, and Adelaide, Maui, Urbana, and Chile), and model (MERRA-2, TIE-GCM, and WACCM-X) -based datasets and processing, plotting, data produced in standard ways to draw scientific conclusions.  This project does not generate any new physical or observational data. The Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR) principles are followed by making data resources (e.g. code/software and metadata) resulting from this project publicly available. GOCE, CHAMP, Swarm-C data (V01) are available at ftp://anonymous@thermosphere.tudelft.nl/. SABER data (V2.0, L2B) are available at http://saber.gats-inc.com/data.php. Tl DI data (V3.7) are available at http:// timed.hao.ucar.edu/tidi/. OLR data are available at https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/ data.interp_OLR.html. F10.7 data are available at http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/content/data-access. kp/ap data are available at ftp:// ftp.gfz-potsdam.de/pub/home/obs/ kp-ap/.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Number of chamber measurement locations for accurate quantification of landscape-scale greenhouse gas fluxes: Importance of land use, seasonality, and greenhouse gas type

Contains all raw data measured in the Schwingbach Earth Observatory (SEO) from Spring, Summer and Autumn 2020. Data was measured with an on-site LGR laser from the GHG emissions, and with 100cm³ soil cores for the soil characteristics. Details can be found in the corresponding manuscript "Number of chamber measurement locations for accurate quantification of landscape-scale greenhouse gas fluxes: Importance of land use, seasonality, and greenhouse gas type"

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Data from: Local adaptation to seasonal cues at the fronts of two parallel, climate-induced butterfly range expansions

Climate change allows species to expand polewards, but non-changing environmental features may limit expansions. Daylength is unaffected by climate and drives life cycle timing in many animals and plants. Because daylength varies over latitudes, poleward-expanding populations must adapt to new daylength conditions. We studied local adaptation to daylength in the butterfly Lasiommata megera, which is expanding northwards along several routes in Europe. Using common garden laboratory experiments with controlled daylengths, we compared diapause induction between populations from the southern-Swedish core range and recently established marginal populations from two independent expansion fronts in Sweden. Caterpillars from the northern populations entered diapause in clearly longer daylengths than those from southern populations, with the exception of caterpillars from one geographically isolated population. The northern populations have repeatedly and rapidly adapted to their local daylengths, indicating that the common use of daylength as seasonal cue need not strongly limit climate-induced insect range expansions.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Seasonal but not sex-biased gene expression of the carotenoid ketolase, CYP2J19, in the sexually dichromatic southern red bishop (Euplectes orix)

Intense red colors in birds are often due to ketocarotenoids (KCs). In many land birds, KCs are oxidized from dietary yellow precursors, presumably by the avian carotenoid ketolase CYP2J19, the regulation and constraints of which have important implications for condition-dependence and honest signaling of carotenoid color displays. Here we investigate hepatic CYP2J19 gene expression in the seasonally and sexually dichromatic southern red bishop (Euplectes orix) in relation to season, sex, progression of the prenuptial moult, testis size, body condition, reflectance-based redness (hue), and circulating sex steroids. A coloration function of CYP2J19 is supported by seasonal upregulation prior to and during the carotenoid-depositing stage of the male prenuptial moult. However, upregulation was similar in females (which do not moult prenuptially), and remained high in males after moult, suggesting additional or alternative functions of hepatic CYP2J19 or its products, such as detoxification or antioxidants, respectively. In males, the CYP2J19 upregulation preceded and was unrelated to the rise in plasma testosterone, but was correlated with androstenedione, likely of adrenal origin and compatible with luteinizing hormone-induced and (in females) estrogen-suppressed moult. Finally, contrary to ideas that carotenoid ketolation rate mediates honest signaling, CYP2J19 expression was not related to male body condition or plumage redness.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Seasonal and ontological variation in diet and age-related differences in prey choice, by an insectivorous songbird

The diet of an individual animal is subject to change over time, both in response to short-term food fluctuations and over longer time scales as an individual ages and meets different challenges over its life cycle. A metabarcoding approach was used to elucidate the diet of different life stages of a migratory songbird, the Eurasian reed warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) over the 2017 summer breeding season in Somerset, UK. The faeces of adult, juvenile and nestling warblers were screened for invertebrate DNA, enabling the identification of prey species. Dietary analysis was coupled with monitoring of Diptera in the field using yellow sticky traps. Seasonal changes in warbler diet were subtle whereas age class had a greater influence on overall diet composition. Age classes showed high dietary overlap, but significant dietary differences were mediated through the selection of prey; i) from different taxonomic groups, ii) with different habitat origins (aquatic versus terrestrial) and iii) of different average approximate sizes. Our results highlight the value of metabarcoding data for enhancing ecological studies of insectivores in dynamic environments.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Results of ultrasound measurements of sea-ice cores sampled during the Southern oCean seAsonal Experiment (SCALE) winter cruise in 2019

This dataset details the results of testing sea ice cores collected during the SCALE 2019 Winter Cruise using ultrasound techniques.

Data and scripts for 'Sub-seasonal variability of supraglacial ice cliff melt rates and associated processes from time-lapse photogrammetry'

This repository contains three zipped elements used in the study Sub-seasonal variability of supraglacial ice cliff melt rates and associated processes from time-lapse photogrammetry (https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-81): 1. The time-lapse DEMs (original and flow-corrected), orthomosaics (not flow-corrected) and cliff outlines (original and flow-corrected) of the 24K and Langtang survey areas used in this study. The spatial resolution is the same as used in the analysis. These zipped files also contain a .csv file (time_selection.csv) indicating for each index (indicated in the file name) the serial date number in days (date origin January 0, 0000). 2. The R and Python scripts (Scripts_final.zip) used to process the DEMs and orthomosaics from the time-lapse images as well as the script to calculate the slope-perpendicular melt. These scripts come with .csv and .txt files that serve as template for the required input data format.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Distinct signals of clinal and seasonal allele frequency change at eQTLs in Drosophila melanogaster

Populations of short-lived organisms can respond to spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity through local adaptation. However, the comparative signals of local adaptation across space and time remains poorly understood. Here, we examined patterns of allele frequency change across a latitudinal cline and between seasons at previously reported expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). We divided eQTLs into groups by utilizing differential expression profiles of fly populations collected across latitudinal clines or exposed to different environmental conditions. In general, we find that eQTLs are enriched for clinally varying polymorphisms, and that these eQTLs change in frequency in concordant ways across the cline and in response to starvation and chill-coma. The enrichment of eQTLs among seasonally varying polymorphisms is more subtle, and the direction of allele frequency change at eQTLs appears to be somewhat idiosyncratic. Taken together, we suggest that clinal adaptation at eQTLs is at least partially distinct from seasonal adaptation.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

No relationship between chronotype and timing of breeding when variation in daily activity patterns across the breeding season is taken into account

There is increasing evidence that individuals are consistent in the timing of their daily activities, and that individual variation in temporal behaviour is related to the timing of reproduction. However, it remains unclear whether observed patterns relate to the timing of the onset of activity or whether an early onset of activity extends the time that is available for foraging. This may then again facilitate reproduction. Furthermore, the timing of activity onset and offset may vary across the breeding season, which may complicate studying the above mentioned relationships. Here, we examined in a wild population of great tits (Parus major) whether an early clutch initiation date may be related to an early onset of activity and/or to longer active daylengths. We also investigated how these parameters are affected by the date of measurement. In order to test these hypotheses we measured emergence and entry time from/into the nest box as proxies for activity onset and offset in females during the egg laying phase. We then determined active daylength. Both emergence time and active daylength were related to clutch initiation date. However, a more detailed analysis showed that the timing of activities with respect to sunrise and sunset varied throughout the breeding season both within and among individuals. The observed positive relationships are hence potentially statistical artifacts. After methodologically correcting for this date effect, by using data from the pre-egg laying phase, where all individuals were measured on the same days, neither of the relationships remained significant. Taking methodological pitfalls and temporal variation into account may hence be crucial for understanding the significance of chronotypes.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Data from: The evolution of sex similarities in social signals: Climatic seasonality is associated with lower sexual dimorphism and greater elaboration of female and male signals in antbirds (Thamnophilidae)

Selection on signals that mediate social competition varies with resource availability. Climate regulates resource availability, which may affect the strength of competition and selection on signals. Traditionally, this meant that more seasonal, colder, or dryer – overall harsher – environments should favor the elaboration of male signals under stronger male-male competition, increasing sexual dimorphism. However, females also use signals to compete; thus, harsher environments could strengthen competition and favor elaboration of signals in both sexes, decreasing sexual dimorphism. Alternatively, harsher environments could decrease sexual dimorphism due to scarcer resources to invest in signal elaboration in both sexes. We evaluated these contrasting hypotheses in antbirds, a family of Neotropical passerines that varies in female and male signals and occurs across diverse climatic regimes. We tested the association of sexual dimorphism of plumage coloration and songs with temperature, precipitation and their seasonality. We found that greater seasonality is associated with lower sexual dimorphism in plumage coloration and greater elaboration of visual signals in both sexes, but not acoustic signals. Our results suggest that greater seasonality may be associated with convergent elaboration of female and male visual signals, highlighting the role of signals of both sexes in the evolution of sexual dimorphism.

Fig. 2 in Croton sertanejus, a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Brazil, and redescription of C. echioides (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 2. Croton sertanejus Sodré & M.J.Silva sp. nov. A–B. Habit. C. Flowering branch showing ramifying in alternate branches. D. Inflorescence showing pistillate flowers and staminate buds. E. Pistillate flowers. F. Unisexual staminate inflorescence. G. Fruit. H–I. Fruit columella. J. Apex of columella with irregular and plane tips. K. Seed, dorsal side. L. Seed, ventral surface. A–F = Population from Oliveira dos Brejinhos, Bahia (R.C. Sodré et al. 3350, holotype; BOTU); G–L = K.N.C. Castro & J.B.A. Souza 471 (CEN). Photographs: R.C. Sodré.

Fig. 7 in Croton sertanejus, a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Brazil, and redescription of C. echioides (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 7. Cross sections of the petiole of Croton echioides Baill. and C. sertanejus Sodré & M.J.Silva sp. nov. A–E. Croton echioides. A. Median portion of the petiole. B. Detail of accessory vascular bundles. C. Detail of the epidermis, cortex and vascular cylinder. D–E. Detail of vascular cylinder, laticifers, gelatinous fibers and druses. – F–J. C. sertanejus sp. nov. F. Median portion of the petiole. G. Detail of accessory vascular bundles. H. Detail of the epidermis and cortex. I–J. Detail of vascular cylinder, gelatinous fibers and druses. Asterisks indicate laticifers. Abbreviations: av = accessory vascular bundles; cl = collenchyma; co = cortex; d = druses; ep = epidermis; f = gelatinous fibers; p = pericycle; pa = ground parenchyma; ph = phloem; pi = pith; stt = stellate trichome; vc = vascular cylinder; xy = xylem. A–E = R.C. Sodré et al. 3284 (BOTU); F–J = R.C. Sodré et al. 3350, holotype (BOTU). Scale bars: A, F = 300 µm; B–D, G–H, J = 50 µm; C = 200 µm; E, I = 20 µm.

Fig. 3 in Croton sertanejus, a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Brazil, and redescription of C. echioides (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 3. Geographical distribution of Croton echioides Baill. and C. sertanejus Sodré & M.J.Silva sp. nov. Ecoregions classified according to Dinerstein et al. (2017) (avaliable athttps://ecoregions2017.appspot.com). Abbreviations for Brazilian States: AL = Alagoas; BA = Bahia; CE = Ceará; ES = Espirito Santo; DF = Federal District; GO = Goiás; MA = Maranhão; MG = Minas Gerais; PB = Paraíba; PE = Pernambuco; PI = Piauí; RJ = Rio de Janeiro; RN = Rio Grande do Norte; SE = Sergipe; SP = São Paulo; TO = Tocantins.

Fig. 5. Croton echioides Baill. A–B. Habit. C. Flowering branch. D in Croton sertanejus, a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Brazil, and redescription of C. echioides (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 5. Croton echioides Baill. A–B. Habit. C. Flowering branch. D. Inflorescence showing pistillate flowers and staminate buds, detail of the pistillate flowers in the insert. E. Pistillate flowers. F. Median portion of an inflorescence with bisexual cymules containing one pistillate flower and one staminate bud. G. Detail of the staminate inflorescence. H. Staminate flowers. I. Staminate flowers and buds. J. Fruit. K. Fruit columella. L. Apex of columella with three slightly ascending tips. M. Seed, dorsal side. N. Seed, ventral side. A, F–I. = Population from Igaporã, Bahia (R.C. Sodré et al. 3284; BOTU); B–E. = Population from Abaíra, Bahia (R.C. Sodré et al. 3314; BOTU); J–N. = V.C. Souza et al. 5495 (ESA). Photographs: R.C. Sodré.