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FIGURE 11 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 11. XMT result of Meekella sangzhiensis (Q-1). 1-7, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 8-15, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 16-21, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 22-24, lateral (22), ventral (23) and dorsal (24) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 25, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviation: dp, dental plate.

FIGURE 9 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 9. XMT result of Cyrtospirifer whitneyi (CD). 1-10, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 11-18, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 19-24, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 25-28, lateral (25), ventral (26), dorsal (27) and posterior (28) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 29, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under falsecolor lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: dp, dental plates; tt, teeth.

FIGURE 10 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 10. XMT result of Spiriferidae gen. sp. indet. (S1). 1-8, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 9-15, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 16-21, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 22-24, lateral (22), ventral (23) and posterior (24) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 25, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviation: dp, dental plates.

FIGURE 8 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 8. XMT result of Indospirifer sp. (3229). 1-8, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 9-15, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 16-20, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 21-22, lateral (21) and ventral (22) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 23-24, ventral (23) and ventroanterior (24) views of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: dp, dental plates; cp, cardinal process; hp, hinge plate; sp, spiralia.

FIGURE 5 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 5. XMT result of Cleiothyridina baracoodensis (ML32). 1-11, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 12-21, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 22-27, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 28-31, lateral (28), ventral (29), dorsal (30) and posterior (31) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 32, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 2 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: tt, teeth; sk, socket; cf, cardinal flanges.

FIGURE 4 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 4. XMT result of Stenoscisma timorense (BS-2). 1-10, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 11-17, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 18-22, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 23-25, lateral (23), ventral (24) and dorsal (25) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 26, posterior view of the coronally sectioned 3-D model. 27, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: sd, spondylium; tt, teeth.

FIGURE 7 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 7. XMT result of Spiriferina sp. (BS-1). 1-7, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 8-14, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 15-19, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 20-22, lateral (20), ventral (21) and dorsal (22) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 23, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: dp, dental plates; ms, median septum; sp, spiralia; tt, teeth; cr, crus; sk, socket.

FIGURE 6 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 6. XMT result of Tylothyris transversa (TeP). 1-7, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 8-14, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 15-19, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 20-22, lateral (20), ventral (21) and dorsal (22) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 23, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviation: sp, spiralia.

FIGURE 2 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 2. Thin section and cathodoluminescence (CL) photomicrographs: Indospirifer sp. (3229) (1-4), Cyrtospirifer whitneyi (CD) (5-8), Spiriferidae gen. sp. indet. (S1) (9-12), Spiriferella loveni (F8) (13-16), Meekella sangzhiensis (Q- 1) (17-18) and Tyloplecta nanjingensis (Q-2) (19-20). 1, plane-polarized light (PPL) image of infilling micrite and shell fragments scattered. 2-3, transmitted light (TL) (2) and corresponding CL (3) images of luminescent shell. 4, CL image showing slightly luminescent shell. 5-8, TL (5, 7) and CL (6, 8) images of both luminescent shell and infilling sediment. 9-10, PPL images of brachiopod shell, infilling packstone and thin silicified layer along their boundary. 11- 12, TL (11) and CL (12) images of nonluminescent shell. 13-16, TL (13, 15) and CL (14, 16) images showing a variety of shell luminescence and infilling sediment composed of calcitic skeletal grains (bryozoan in 15 and 16). 17-20, PPL (17, 19, 20) and TL (18) images of both silicified shells and infillings. Abbreviations: bs, brachiopod shell; im, infilling material; fs, fragmented shell; os, other shell material; sl, silicified layer; NL, nonluminescent; SL, slightly luminescent; L, luminescent.

FIGURE 3 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 3. XMT result of Timaniella harkeri (GSC26406). 1-10, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 11-17, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 18-22, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 23-25, lateral (23), ventral (24) and dorsal (25) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 26, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 2 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: tt, teeth; sp, spiralia; sk, socket.

FIGURE 1 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 1. Thin section and cathodoluminescence (CL) photomicrographs: Timaniella harkeri (GSC26406) (1-4), Spiriferina sp. (BS-1) (5-8), Stenoscisma timorense (BS-2) (9-12), Cleiothyridina baracoodensis (ML32) (13-16) and Tylothyris transversa (TeP) (17-20). 1-2, transmitted light (TL) (1) and corresponding CL images (2) of nonluminescent shell and infilling sediment composed of fine sand grains. 3-4, TL (3) and CL (4) images of nonluminescent associated with partially luminescent shell in the cardinal area of dorsal valve. 5-8, TL (5, 7) and CL (6, 8) images of nonluminescent associated with partially luminescent shell and luminescent infilling cement. 9-12, TL (9, 11) and CL (10, 12) images of luminescent shell with thin silicified layers and recrystallization along inner wall of brachiopod shell. 13, plane-polarized light (PPL) image of the original infilling sediment composed of calcareous sands. 14, PPL image showing the section of infilling cement. 15-16, TL (15) and CL (16) images of slightly luminescent shell. 17, PPL image of infilling comprising lime mud, calcite cement and relatively large, radially arranged, siliceous crystals. 18-19, TL (18) and CL (19) images of nonluminescent associated with partially luminescent shell. 20, CL image showing the section of nonluminescent internal shell structure (spiralia) preserved within infilling (This structure is hardly recognized in the TL image). Abbreviations: bs, brachiopod shell; im, infilling material; sl, silicified layer; cc, calcite crystal; NL, nonluminescent; SL, slightly luminescent; L, luminescent.

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Fig. 2 in Repaired injuries and shell form in some Palaeozoic pleurotomarioid gastropods

Fig. 2. Schematic drawing of Fig. 1 as a guide to emphasize the location of repaired injuries, here shown in thicker lines. For explanation see Fig. 1 captions and the text. A–F. Turbiniform shells. G–J. Trochiform shells. K, L. Planispiral shells.

Fig. 6 in Differential preservation of the Upper Cretaceous ammonoid Anagaudryceras limatum with corrugated shell in central Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 6. Schematic drawing of shell cross−section in Anagaudryceras limatum. Compressive force in sediments concentrates on just adoral of last septum and acted on corrugated shell material as bending force. Vertical (A) and horizontal (B) burial orientations.

Fig. 4 in Differential preservation of the Upper Cretaceous ammonoid Anagaudryceras limatum with corrugated shell in central Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 4. Comparison of taphonomic attributes between Anagaudryceras limatum (Yabe, 1903) and other planispiral ammonoids. A. Fragmentation patterns. Numbers around pie diagrams signify number of individuals in each category. B. Size−distribution patterns and mean shell diameters of specimens whose diameters can be measured. Categories: a, intact; b, phragmocones with distorted body chamber; c, phragmocones lacking body chambers; d, isolated body chamber parts; e, indeterminate.

Fig. 2. Columnar sections and fossil horizon. A in Differential preservation of the Upper Cretaceous ammonoid Anagaudryceras limatum with corrugated shell in central Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 2. Columnar sections and fossil horizon. A. Composite columnar section around Shuparo Lake. Modified from Takashima et al. (2004). B. Enlarged columnar section of fossil horizon. All specimens are collected from calcareous concretions embedded in massive, coarse−grained siltstone just below intercalation of greenish sandstone in the lower part of Kashima Formation.

Fig. 5 in Differential preservation of the Upper Cretaceous ammonoid Anagaudryceras limatum with corrugated shell in central Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 5. Bending force on corrugated and flat materials. A. Bending force concentrates on tops and bottoms of corrugations, resulting in fracturing easier than flat material. B. Bending force uniformly acts on flat material.

Fig. 3 in Differential preservation of the Upper Cretaceous ammonoid Anagaudryceras limatum with corrugated shell in central Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 3. Categories of shell fragmentation patterns. A. Intact, NSM PM 17534. B. Phragmocones with distorted body chamber, with radial edges almost straight or paralleling growth lines, and located just adoral of last septum, NSM PM 17535. Note body chamber part retaining their original morphology. C. Phragmocones lacking body chambers, with edges almost straight or parallel to growth lines, and located just adoral of last septum, NSM PM 17536. D. Isolated body chamber parts, NSM PM 17537, lateral (D1 and D3) and ventral (D2) views. Note lower jaw (arrow) preserved near separated body chamber. All specimens belong to late Turonian (Late Cretaceous) lytoceratid ammonoid Anagaudryceras limatum (Yabe, 1903) from the Oyubari area in the central Hokkaido, Japan. Specimen B is from locality NSM PCL 4−24−1, and all the others are from NSM PCL 4−24−2. Triangles indicate position of last septum.

Fig. 1 in Differential preservation of the Upper Cretaceous ammonoid Anagaudryceras limatum with corrugated shell in central Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 1. Geological map of Cretaceous–Paleogene strata around Shuparo Lake in Oyubari area, central Hokkaido, Japan. Modified from Takashima et al. (2004).

Fig. 4 in Unsuccessful predation on Middle Paleozoic plankton: Shell injury and anomalies in Devonian dacryoconarid tentaculites

Fig. 4. The shells of the Recent planktonic gastropod larvae bearing traces of repaired injuries. A. CGU JF819; A1, apical view of cypraeid protoconch with repaired apertural margin; A2, detailed view of specimen A1. B. CGU JF820; B1, detail of view of turrid protoconch; B2, lateral view of turrid protoconch. C. CGU JF821, naticid protoconch with repaired apertural margin. Damaged apertural margins indicated by white arrows. Scale bars 0.1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Unsuccessful predation on Middle Paleozoic plankton: Shell injury and anomalies in Devonian dacryoconarid tentaculites

Fig. 2. The shells of the Early Devonian dacryoconarid tentaculites, with anomalous development of the shell ornament or having repaired injuries. A. The Emsian Homoctenus hanusi Bouček, 1964 (NM L6288) from Daleje−Třebotov Formation, Prague Basin, Holyně locality. Views showing an anomalous development of the shell ornamentation. B. The Pragian Nowakia (Turkestanella) acuaria Richter, 1854 (NM L6291) from Praha Formation, Prague Basin, Bráník locality. Views showing the irregular development of the rings. C. The Emsian Nowakia elegans Barrande, 1867 (CGU PL3970) from the Zlíchov Formation, Prague Basin, Klukovice Locality. Several views demonstrating the damage and the manner of shell repair. All shells illustrated have the same orientation (growth direction is from right to left). Scale bars 1 mm.