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Text-fig. 4. Monocots. a, b: Large monocot leaf part and counterpart, UAPC-ALTA S 17955A, B. a: Wide leaf showing entire margin at left. b: Counterpart showing dark wide midrib, and and secondaries parallel to one another, arising at low acute angle. c–e: Monocot leaf with parallel venation. c: Overview of elongate monocot leaf with parallel veins horizontal and linear to oval structures and smaller leaf fragment of same type lacking them (at lower right), UAPC-ALTA S 59491. d: Higher magnification of the smaller fragment with weak cross veins. e: Higher magnification of larger specimen with linear to oval structures between parallel veins. f, g: Monocot leaf with parallel venation. Fig. (f) shows higher magnification and (g) shows overview, BBM-PAL-P000009. Scale bars: a, b = 5 cm, c = 4 cm, d–f = 1 cm, g = 2 cm. in The Early Eocene Flora Of Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada And Its Phytogeographic Significance

Text-fig. 4. Monocots. a, b: Large monocot leaf part and counterpart, UAPC-ALTA S 17955A, B. a: Wide leaf showing entire margin at left. b: Counterpart showing dark wide midrib, and and secondaries parallel to one another, arising at low acute angle. c–e: Monocot leaf with parallel venation. c: Overview of elongate monocot leaf with parallel veins horizontal and linear to oval structures and smaller leaf fragment of same type lacking them (at lower right), UAPC-ALTA S 59491. d: Higher magnification of the smaller fragment with weak cross veins. e: Higher magnification of larger specimen with linear to oval structures between parallel veins. f, g: Monocot leaf with parallel venation. Fig. (f) shows higher magnification and (g) shows overview, BBM-PAL-P000009. Scale bars: a, b = 5 cm, c = 4 cm, d–f = 1 cm, g = 2 cm.

Figures 8a–8f in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figures 8a–8f. Examples of physical combat in other scorpions. Figures 8a–8c. Juveniles of Hadrurus arizonensis Ewing, 1928, performing the typical deterrent posture. Figures 8d–8f. Leiurus spp., performing the intimidation behavior: adult males of Leiurus jordanensis Lourenço et al., 2002 and L. haenggii Lowe et al., 2014 (d), adult males of L. jordanensis and L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) (e), and an adult pair of L. jordanensis (f; male on the left).

Figures 6a–6d in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figures 6a–6d. Examples of similar behavior observed between two adult males in other Heterometrinae species. Figure 6a. Heterometrus minotaurus (above) and Heterometrus thorellii (below) (photo: V. Tang). Figure 6b. Chersonesometrus tristis (photo: V. Tang). Figure 6c. H. thorellii (photo: Gentia). Figure 6d. H. thorellii (below) and Heterometrus longimanus (above) (photo: Gentia).

Figures 2a–2f. Confronting stage. Figure 2a in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figures 2a–2f. Confronting stage. Figure 2a. Spreading the pedipalps, lateral view (left, A2, right, A1). Figure 2b. Spreading the pedipalps, posterior view (distal, A1, proximal, C). Figure 2c. Metasoma of the two males entangling with each other (left, C, right, A1). Figure 2d. One being lifted up by the "metasomal hook" (left, C, right, A1). Figure 2e. Lifting, lateral view (left, A1, right, C). Figure 2f. Lifting, posterior view (proximal, A1, distal, C).

Figure 10 in Effect of three different land use types on the temporal dynamics of microarthropod abundance in the high Guinean savanna of Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon)

Figure 10: PCA biplot of environmental parameters and abundance of microarthropods with month as grouping factor. sav ctrl: savanna; mb: maize bare; mbnpk: maize with chemical NPK fertilizer; mmdom: maize with dead organic matter.

Figure 9 in Effect of three different land use types on the temporal dynamics of microarthropod abundance in the high Guinean savanna of Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon)

Figure 9. PCA biplot of environmental parameters and abundance of microarthropods with treatment as grouping factor. sav ctrl: savanna, mb: maize bare, mbnpk: maize with chemical NPK fertilizer, mmdom: maize with dead organic matter.

Figure 8 in Effect of three different land use types on the temporal dynamics of microarthropod abundance in the high Guinean savanna of Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon)

Figure 8. Oribatida and Gamasina abundance (tsd. ind./m2) in plots (mb: maize bare, mmdom: maize with DOM). Abundances being significantly different from each other are marked by different letters for each microarthropod group (Wilcoxon signed rank test [p ˂ 0.05]). Error bars = standard error.

Figure 7 in Effect of three different land use types on the temporal dynamics of microarthropod abundance in the high Guinean savanna of Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon)

Figure 7. Collembola, Oribatida and Gamasina abundance (tsd. ind./m2) in plots (mb: maize bare, mbnpk: maize with chemical NPK). Abundances being significantly different from each other are marked by different letters (Wilcoxon signed rank test [p ˂ 0.05]). Error bars = standard error.

Figure 6 in Effect of three different land use types on the temporal dynamics of microarthropod abundance in the high Guinean savanna of Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon)

Figure 6. Effect of Maize cultivation on Collembola, Oribatida and Gamasina in control plots (sav ctrl: savanna, mb: maize bare). Abundances being significantly different from each other are marked by different letters for each microarthropod group (Wilcoxon signedrank test [p ˂ 0.05]). Error bars = standard error.

Figure 5 in Effect of three different land use types on the temporal dynamics of microarthropod abundance in the high Guinean savanna of Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon)

Figure 5. Temporal variation of Collembola, Oribatida and Gamasina abundance (tsd. ind./m2) in savanna and experimental field in (A) 2017 and (B) 2018. Abundance being significantly different from each other in time per treatment are marked by different letters for each microarthropod group (Wilcoxon signed-rank test [p ˂ 0.05]). Months not sampled are marked by asterisks. Error bars = standard error. sav ctrl: savanna, mb: maize bare, mbnpk: maize with chemical NPK fertilizer, mmdom: maize with dry organic matter (DOM).

Figure 2 in Effect of three different land use types on the temporal dynamics of microarthropod abundance in the high Guinean savanna of Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon)

Figure 2. Completely randomized block design of the experimental field; experimental field before sowing (A: 08/05/17) and with maize crop (B: 28/06/17); sav ctrl: savanna untreated (outside). mb(1): maize bare = maize plot without mulch or NPK fertilizer; mbnpk(2): maize bare with NPK = Maize plot treated with NPK fertilizer only and mmdom(3): maize mulch = maize plot treated with mulch only.

Figure 1 in Effect of three different land use types on the temporal dynamics of microarthropod abundance in the high Guinean savanna of Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon)

Figure 1. Weather data for the Ngaoundéré area, Jan. to Dec. 2017 and 2018, provided by Ngaoundéré airport meteorological station; t: temperature, p: precipitation, h: relative humidity; h: averages per month; p: sum per month.

Figure 3 in Effect of three different land use types on the temporal dynamics of microarthropod abundance in the high Guinean savanna of Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon)

Figure 3. Abundances (mean ± S.E.) of Acari and Collembola for the rainy seasons of 2017 (n = 4) and 2018 (n = 4) as well as for the dry season of 2017/18 (n = 2). n sampling campaigns with 9 samples per plot [sav ctrl: savanna; mb: maize bare; mbnpk: maize with chemical NPK fertilizer; mmdom: maize with dead organic matter (DOM)].

Figure 4 in Effect of three different land use types on the temporal dynamics of microarthropod abundance in the high Guinean savanna of Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon)

Figure 4. Abundances (mean ± S.E.) of Oribatida and Gamasina for the rainy seasons of 2017 (n = 4) and 2018 (n = 4) as well as for the dry season of 2017/18 (n = 2). n sampling campaigns with 9 samples per plot [sav ctrl: savanna; mb: maize bare; mbnpk: maize with chemical NPK fertilizer; mmdom: maize with dead organic matter (DOM)].

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Figures 722–751. Type F in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence

Figures 722–751. Type F sensilla as fluorescence waveguides. Figure 722. Model of Type F sensillum as fluorescence-trapping cylindrical shell optical waveguide. Symbols: λ ex, UV excitation wavelengths; λ em, fluorescence emission wavelengths; Θ, angle of incidence with total internal reflection at air interface; Φ, angle of incidence with total internal reflection at air interface, and refraction at sensillum lymph interface; n 1, refractive index of cuticle; n 3, refractive index of sensillum lymph; d, shell thickness. See text for explanation of numbered steps. Figures 723–724. Type F sensillum from external fixed finger of left pedipalp chela, Androctonus crassicauda ♂, fluorescence images under uniform UV illumination (723) and UV spot illumination restricted to proximal half (724). Arrows indicate apical tip emission. Scale bar: 5 μm. Figures 725–749. Type F sensilla with apical tip fluorescence emission under UV excitation, from movable fingers of 25 species in seven scorpion families: Anuroctonidae (744), Bothriuridae (725), Buthidae (726–737), Chactidae (738), Hormuridae (739, 741–742), Scorpionidae (740, 743), and Vaejovidae (745–749). Scale bars: 20 μm. Figures 750–751. Type F sensilla with apical tip fluorescence emission under UV excitation, on distal external surfaces of right pedipalp chela movable fingers of Nebo omanensis ♂ (750) and Diplocentrus whitei ♂ (751) (Diplocentridae).

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Figures 752–804. Type F in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence

Figures 752–804. Type F sensilla with apical tip fluorescence emission under UV excitation, from movable fingers of 53 species in eleven scorpion families. Belisariidae (782), Buthidae (753–781), Chactidae (783), Diplocentridae (787–791), Euscorpiidae (785), Hemiscorpiidae (792), Iuridae (784), Pseudochactidae (752), Scorpiopidae (786), Urodacidae (793), and Vaejovidae (794–804). Scale bars: 20 μm. Sensilla

Fig.ç6.Ec hinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov., holotype, male (ZIHU 3976), Nomarski photomicrographs. A, Segments 1 and 2, ventral view; B, segments 4 and 5, ventral view. Abbreviations: dss, droplet-shaped sensory spot; gco1, glandular cell outlet type I; gco2, modi ed glandular cell outlet type II; lvt, lateroventral tubule; pac, pachycyclus; pf, pectinate fringe; rss, rounded sensory spot. in A New Brackish-water Species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Fig.ç6.Ec hinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov., holotype, male (ZIHU 3976), Nomarski photomicrographs. A, Segments 1 and 2, ventral view; B, segments 4 and 5, ventral view. Abbreviations: dss, droplet-shaped sensory spot; gco1, glandular cell outlet type I; gco2, modi ed glandular cell outlet type II; lvt, lateroventral tubule; pac, pachycyclus; pf, pectinate fringe; rss, rounded sensory spot.

Fig.ç5.Ec hinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov., holotype, male (ZIHU 3976), Nomarski photomicrographs. A, Segments 1 and 2, dorsal view; B, segment 4, dorsal view. Abbreviations: dss, droplet-shaped sensory spot; gco1, glandular cell outlet type I; gco2, modi ed glandular cell outlet type II; mds, middorsal spine; pac, pachycyclus; pf, pectinate fringe; ps, perforation site; rss, rounded sensory spot. in A New Brackish-water Species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Fig.ç5.Ec hinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov., holotype, male (ZIHU 3976), Nomarski photomicrographs. A, Segments 1 and 2, dorsal view; B, segment 4, dorsal view. Abbreviations: dss, droplet-shaped sensory spot; gco1, glandular cell outlet type I; gco2, modi ed glandular cell outlet type II; mds, middorsal spine; pac, pachycyclus; pf, pectinate fringe; ps, perforation site; rss, rounded sensory spot.

Fig.ç7.Ec hinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov., paratype, female (ZIHU 3980), Nomarski photomicrographs. A, Segments 5 and 6, ventral view; B, segments 8 and 9, ventral view. Abbreviations: dss, droplet-shaped sensory spot; gco2, modi ed glandular cell outlet type II; lvt, lateroventral tubule; si, sieve plate; sp, sternal plate; tp, tergal plate. in A New Brackish-water Species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Fig.ç7.Ec hinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov., paratype, female (ZIHU 3980), Nomarski photomicrographs. A, Segments 5 and 6, ventral view; B, segments 8 and 9, ventral view. Abbreviations: dss, droplet-shaped sensory spot; gco2, modi ed glandular cell outlet type II; lvt, lateroventral tubule; si, sieve plate; sp, sternal plate; tp, tergal plate.

Fig.ç3.Ec hinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov., scanning electron micrographs. A, B, Paratype, female (ZIHU 3983); C–E, paratype, male (ZIHU 3982). A, General habitus, lateral view; B, neck and segments 1–4, lateral view; C, enlargement of segment 7, lateral view; D, enlargement of segment 9, lateral view; E, enlargement of segments 10 and 11, lateroventral view. Abbreviations: ch, cuticular hair; dss, droplet-shaped sensory spot; gco2, modi ed glandular cell outlet type II; ldt, laterodorsal tubule; pf, pectinate fringe; po, pore; ps1, penile spine 1; ps2, penile spine 2; ps3, penile spine 3; rss, rounded sensory spot; si, sieve plate; ss, sensory spot. in A New Brackish-water Species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Fig.ç3.Ec hinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov., scanning electron micrographs. A, B, Paratype, female (ZIHU 3983); C–E, paratype, male (ZIHU 3982). A, General habitus, lateral view; B, neck and segments 1–4, lateral view; C, enlargement of segment 7, lateral view; D, enlargement of segment 9, lateral view; E, enlargement of segments 10 and 11, lateroventral view. Abbreviations: ch, cuticular hair; dss, droplet-shaped sensory spot; gco2, modi ed glandular cell outlet type II; ldt, laterodorsal tubule; pf, pectinate fringe; po, pore; ps1, penile spine 1; ps2, penile spine 2; ps3, penile spine 3; rss, rounded sensory spot; si, sieve plate; ss, sensory spot.