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FIG. 4 in Use of cnidae in taxonomy: implications from a study of Acrozoanthus australiae (Hexacorallia, Zoanthidea)

FIG. 4. The most extreme departures from normality in nematocyst capsule length frequency distributions; n~100 in all cases. From the Indonesian clone unless stated. (A) Filament holotrichs, polyp 4.0 mm (Queensland); (B) actinopharynx holotrichs, polyp 4.0 mm; (C) lower filament holotrichs, polyp 7.0 mm; (D) upper filament b-mastigophores, polyp 4.0 mm; (E) lower filament b-mastigophores, polyp 4.0 mm; (F) upper filament p-mastigophores, polyp 6.5 mm. (D) and (E) are clearly bimodal (see table 3 and text).

FIG. 1 in Use of cnidae in taxonomy: implications from a study of Acrozoanthus australiae (Hexacorallia, Zoanthidea)

FIG. 1. Nematocyst types found in 'higher Zoanthidea' (Schmidt, 1974). (A, A') Holotrich, scapus, Epizoanthus couchii, exploded and unexploded; (B, B') holotrich II (~heterotrichous isorhiza of Östman, 2000), scapus, Parazoanthus axinellae; (C, C') microbasic b-mastigophore, scapus, Epizoanthus couchii; (D, D') basitrich, tentacles, Parazoanthus axinellae; (E, E') microbasic p-mastigophore, filament, Zoanthus coppingeri (E), Parazoanthus axinellae (E'). Outlines selected from Schmidt (1974).

FIG. 3 in Use of cnidae in taxonomy: implications from a study of Acrozoanthus australiae (Hexacorallia, Zoanthidea)

FIG. 3. The effect of sample size on nematocyst capsule length range in 15 samples of Acrozoanthus australiae from Indonesia. All samples are from the same clone. The x-axis sample codes (origin and nematocyst type) are: 1, lower filament holotrichs; 2, actinopharynx holotrichs; 3, scapus holotrichs; 4, upper filament b-mastigophores; 5, upper filament p-mastigophores. Each type was obtained from three polyps, respectively 2.3, 5.0 and 7.5 mm diameter. The areas of the circles indicate the percentage increase in range with increasing sample size (n~25 taken as zero); the largest represent y50% increase over the n~25 range. Large increases occurred between n~50 and n~75; only in sample 4, 5.0 was there no increase in range with increasing sample size.

FIG. 5 in Use of cnidae in taxonomy: implications from a study of Acrozoanthus australiae (Hexacorallia, Zoanthidea)

FIG. 5. Comparison of capsule length sample means of holotrichs, b-mastigophores and p-mastigophores from upper and lower filaments. Error bars are z1 or 21 SD. L-Fil, lower part of filament; U-Fil, upper part of filament; bMas, b-mastigophores; Hols, holotrichs; pMas, p-mastigophores.

FIG. 8 in Use of cnidae in taxonomy: implications from a study of Acrozoanthus australiae (Hexacorallia, Zoanthidea)

FIG. 8. Mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values, and range of nematocyst capsule length measurements in Acrozoanthus australiae with increasing sample size and diversity of origin (N, number of polyps, given in legend; n, number of capsules measured, italic numerals on graph). Upper series: filament holotrichs; range indicated by numerals above the line of maxima. 1–3, Lower filament, polyp from Indonesia 5.0 mm, N~1; 4, lowerzupper filament, polyp from Indonesia 5.0 mm, N~1; 5, lowerzupper filament, polyps from Indonesia 2.3, 5.0, 7.5 mm, N~3; 6, lowerzupper filament, all Indonesian polyps, N~10; 7, combined lowerzupper filament, all Indonesian and Queensland polyps, N~12. Lower series: tentacle b-mastigophores; range indicated by numerals below the line of minima. 1–3, Tentacle tip, polyp from Indonesia 5.0 mm, N~1; 4, combined tentacle tipzbase, polyp from Indonesia 5.0 mm, N~1; 5, combined tentacle tipzbase, polyps from Indonesia 5.0, 6.1, 7.5 mm, N~3; 6, combined tentacle tipzbase, all Indonesian polyps, N~10; 7, combined tentacle tipzbase, all Indonesian and Queensland polyps, N~15.

FIGURE 1 in New family host and records of Acanthocrios furnarii (Cordero & Vogelsang, 1928) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) from Argentina, and implications in the transmission mechanism of cimicid bugs among birds' nests

FIGURE 1. Probable transmission mechanism of cimicid bugs among birds' nests from Argentina. a, birds that nidificate inside stick nests of Furnariidae and superimposed nests (s); b, birds that nidificate in more than one kind of nests; c, cavitynesting birds on trees; d, stick nests of Psittacidae (Myiopsitta monachus) and superimposed nests (s); e, cavity-nesting birds in earth. Color inside frames of birds' names: brown, hosts of Acanthocrios furnarii; pale green and pale violet, primary builders; pale yellow color, inquilines; orange, hosts and/or places of O. toledoi; light blue, host of Cyanolicimex patagonicus; dark pink, host of Ornithocoris pallidus; light green, hosts of Psitticimex uritui. All relationships among birds (arrows) were extracted from ornithological literature, as well as intraspecific brood parasitism (curved arrows), except some records given in the Appendix. Places of inquiline nests where they were found infested with cimicid bugs are signaled with tick arrows. A list of birds that nidificate in nest boxes was extracted from De la Peña (2005). See explanation in Discussion.

FIGURE 2 in New family host and records of Acanthocrios furnarii (Cordero & Vogelsang, 1928) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) from Argentina, and implications in the transmission mechanism of cimicid bugs among birds' nests

FIGURE 2. Current distribution, avian hosts, and places of Acanthocrios furnarii in Argentina and Uruguay (modified from Turienzo & Di Iorio 2010). 1, Agelaiodes badius (a, in nest of Furnarius rufus); 2, Hirundo rustica erythrogaster (in nest of H. r. erythrogaster); 3, hosts not verified (a, in nests of Furnarius rufus; b, in nest of A. annumbi); 4, Passer domesticus (a, inside nests of F. rufus; b, in nests of P. domesticus); 5, Progne chalybea (a, in nests of F. rufus; b, in nests of P. chalybea); 6, Progne elegans (in nest of P. elegans); 7, Sicalis flaveola pelzelni (a, in nests of F. rufus; b, in nest boxes); 8, Tachycineta leucorrhoa (in nest boxes); 9, Troglodytes aedon (a, in nests of F. rufus; b, in nest boxes); 10, Undetermined bird (in nest of F. rufus); 11, Undetermined Hirundinidae (in nest of F. rufus); 12, Falco sparverius (in nest box). Probable presence of A. furnarii in some provinces is indicated with pp.

FIGURES 7–10. Nothotrichia shasta larva. 7 in Larva of Nothotrichia shasta Harris & Armitage (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from California, USA, with its phylogenetic and taxonomic implications

FIGURES 7–10. Nothotrichia shasta larva. 7, head, dorsal view. 8, head, ventral view. 9, mandibles, dorsal view. 10, mandibles, ventral view.

FIGURES 4–6. Nothotrichia shasta. 4 in Larva of Nothotrichia shasta Harris & Armitage (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from California, USA, with its phylogenetic and taxonomic implications

FIGURES 4–6. Nothotrichia shasta. 4, larval case, dorsal view. 5, larval head and thorax, dorsal view. 6, larval head and prothorax, right lateral view.

FIGURE 5 in Phylogeography of the reed frog Hyperolius castaneus (Anura: Hyperoliidae) from the Albertine Rift of Central Africa: Implications for taxonomy, biogeography and conservation

FIGURE 5. Color pattern variation of Hyperolius c. castaneus in life. UTEP 20615, adult male from Aboro, Lendu Plateau, DRC in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views; UTEP 20631, adult male from Mugaba, Kahuzi-Biega National Park, DRC (C); UTEP 20649, adult male from Rwegura, Burundi (D); UTEP 20623, adult female from Mt. Tshiaberimu, Virunga National Park, DRC (E); UTEP 20619, adult female from Mt. Tshiaberimu, Virunga National Park, DRC (F); UTEP 20633, subadult from Mugaba, Kahuzi-Biega National Park, DRC (G); and UTEP 20650, subadult from Bururi, Burundi (H).

FIGURE 2 in Phylogeography of the reed frog Hyperolius castaneus (Anura: Hyperoliidae) from the Albertine Rift of Central Africa: Implications for taxonomy, biogeography and conservation

FIGURE 2. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree of Hyperolius castaneus populations from the Albertine Rift. Numbers listed at nodes are maximum parsimony bootstrap support values, maximum likelihood bootstrap support values and Bayesian inference posterior probability values. See Appendix 1 for sample abbreviations. Outgroup taxa Phlyctimantis verrucosus and Hyperolius cf. nasutus not shown.

FIGURE 1 in Phylogeography of the reed frog Hyperolius castaneus (Anura: Hyperoliidae) from the Albertine Rift of Central Africa: Implications for taxonomy, biogeography and conservation

FIGURE 1. Map of the northern half of the Albertine Rift of Central Africa, showing genetic sampling localities for Hyperolius c. castaneus (circles), H. c. constellatus (squares) and H. c. submarginatus (diamonds).

FIGURE 4 in Phylogeography of the reed frog Hyperolius castaneus (Anura: Hyperoliidae) from the Albertine Rift of Central Africa: Implications for taxonomy, biogeography and conservation

FIGURE 4. Scatter plots of the first and second principal component scores for the analysis with log-transformed mensural data (A), and mensural data regressed against snout–vent length (B). Symbols are Hyperolius c. castaneus males (open circles), H. c. castaneus females (filled circles), H. c. constellatus males (open squares), and H. c. constellatus females (filled squares).

FIGURE 3 in Phylogeography of the reed frog Hyperolius castaneus (Anura: Hyperoliidae) from the Albertine Rift of Central Africa: Implications for taxonomy, biogeography and conservation

FIGURE 3. Haplotype networks for Hyperolius castaneus populations calculated from mitochondrial (A, 16S and cyt b) and nuclear (B, RAG1) data sets in the program NETWORK. Median vectors introduced by the NETWORK algorithm are shown as small black circles. Numbers in parentheses correspond to the number of mutations. Shapes used in the networks correspond to those used in Figure 1. Branches are not necessarily proportional. Heterozygote samples for nuclear data are shown twice to represent each haplotype.

FIGURE 6 in Phylogeography of the reed frog Hyperolius castaneus (Anura: Hyperoliidae) from the Albertine Rift of Central Africa: Implications for taxonomy, biogeography and conservation

FIGURE 6. Color pattern variation of Hyperolius c. constellatus in life. UTEP 20652, adult male from Magunda, Itombwe Plateau, DRC in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views; UTEP 20673, adult male from Kizuka, Itombwe Plateau, DRC (C); UTEP 20676, adult male from Mikenge, Itombwe Plateau, DRC (D); UTEP 20663, adult female from Komesha, Itombwe Plateau, DRC (E); and UTEP 20678, adult female from Mitamba, Itombwe Plateau, DRC (F).

Figure 8 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 8. SEM photographs of the indistinguishable trigeneric complex, comprising Parantipathes, Lillipathes, and Dendrobathypathes (all collected from the eastern North Pacific Ocean). A, D. boutillieri (USNM 1014186; scale bars 0.1 mm); B, L. wingi (USNM 1014106; scale bars 0.1 mm); C–E, Parantipathes sp. (J2095-2-7-6). C, individual spine.

Figure 7 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 7. In-situ and laboratory photographs of the indistinguishable trigeneric complex, comprising Parantipathes, Lillipathes, and Dendrobathypathes (all collected from the eastern North Pacific Ocean). A, branched Parantipathes sp. (J2106-7-1; 937 m); B, small colony of D. boutillieri with lab photo inset (J2097-2-1; 1734 m); C, unbranched Parantipathes sp. (J2012-6-3; 862 m); D, unbranched Parantipathes sp. (J2095-2-7-4; 843 m); E, D. boutillieri (J2095-2-5-1; 2162 m); F, Lillipathes sp. (specimen not included in this study; photo reproduced with permission from http://mcbi.marine -conservation.org; © NOAA/MBARI; 1520 m in the eastern Gulf of Alaska). Photos A, B, C courtesy of NOAA.

Figure 6 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 6. SEM and in situ photographs of aphanipathid Stichopathes. Left, Stichopathes cf. flagellum (Lyman Seamount; specimen LYM106-5; depth of collection: 1485 m). Right, Stichopathes dissimilis (Lyman Seamount; LYM105-1; 1485 m). Inset, S. dissimilis (Rehoboth Seamount; REH202-2; 1681 m). In situ photos courtesy of the Mountains in the Sea Research Team, URI/IAO, IFE, and NOAA.

Figure 5 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 5. ML-based phylogenetic reconstruction of the cox3-cox1 nucleotide alignment, rooted to the Actiniaria (sea anemones). AIC within jModelTest selected the TVM + G model of nucleotide substitution (gamma: 0.1860). ML parameters and character usage are the same as in Figure 2.

Figure 4 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 4. ML-based phylogenetic reconstruction of the nuc-contig alignment. AIC within jModelTest selected the TIM3 + I + G model of nucleotide substitution (pinvar: 0.8420, gamma: 0.5910). ML parameters, outgroup selection, and character usage are the same as in Figure 2. Due to difficulty in amplifying and sequencing 18S and 28S for Elatopathes abietina and Stichopathes dissimilis, their sequences were chimeras comprising data from multiple individuals (USNM 1116469 & USNM 1116470 and LYM105-1 & MAN802-1, respectively).