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20th Century Atmospheric River Archive for Western North America and Europe
<p><strong>General Description</strong></p> <p>This datasets provides 6-hourly instantaneous atmospheric river absence-presence time series for 13 sub-regions along the coastlines of Western North America and Europe, as well the corresponding Integrated Water Vapor (IVT) values and exceeded climatological quantiles. These data were retrieved from 3 distinct reanalyses:</p> <p>1. ERA-20C, 1900-2010, 1.125 degrees resolution, here termed "era20c"</p> <p>2. NOAA-CIRES 20th Century Reanalysis version 2, 1900-2012, 2 degrees resolution, here termed "c20", ARs were retrieved from instantaneous ensemble-mean data.</p> <p>3. ECMWF ERA-Interim, 1979-2014, 0.75 degrees resolution, here termed "interim"</p> <p>The file structure is as in this example:</p> <p>ar_Brands_v0_interim_scalifornia_JFMAOND_1979_2014.nc</p> <p>translates to:</p> <p>ar_<algorithm name>_<version>_<underlying dataset>_<target region as illustrated in fig_studyregions.pdf>_<considered months>_<start year>_<end_year>.nc</p> <p>The 13 study regions are indicated in <fig_studyregions.pdf> attached below and described in Brands et al. (2017). The lat-lon coordinates of each region are provided in the netCDF files.</p> <p>For western North America and Europe the October-through-April and October-through-March season is covered, respectively. The compressed netCDF4 files offered here come with detailed metadata information. For generating the present dataset, the initial version of the AR detection and tracking algorithm developed in my PhD thesis was used (here referred to as version 0, see Brands et al. 2017 for a full description). Although newer algorithm versions have become available in the framework of the Atmospheric River Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP, see Rutz et al. 2019), the initial version 0 was specifically developed for detecting landfalling ARs along the coastlines of Western North America and Europe. The correct functioning was supervised by eye for hundreds, if not thousands of cases.</p> <p>The 9 distinct AR detection and tracking methods contained in each netCDF file (coined "method 0,1...8" in there) use distinct climatological percentile thresholds to 1) detect ARs along the coastline (the detection percentile, termed "prct_detect") and then "crawl" upwards the flow guided by the strongest IVT above the tracking percentile ("prct_track") and by the respective U and V components until a minimum length of 2000 km is reached. The results obtained from the 9 methods thus differ in AR intensity.</p> <p>The netCDF files of the present dataset have been recompiled from the non-standard .mat files generated in my PhD thesis during the years 2013-2017. For the target regions in Europe, the content of the present dataset partly overlaps with the non-standard dataset previously published at http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14711.32160. The target regions in western North America have been newly included and are only available from the present dataset.</p> <p>Contact: Swen Brands, brandssf@ifca.unican.es</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Brands, S., Gutiérrez, J.M. & San-Martín, D. (2017). Twentieth-century atmospheric river activity along the west coasts of Europe and North America: algorithm formulation, reanalysis uncertainty and links to atmospheric circulation patterns. <em>Climate Dynamics</em> 48, 2771–2795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3095-6</p> <p>Compo, G.P., Whitaker, J.S., Sardeshmukh, P.D., Matsui, N., Allan, R.J., Yin, X., Gleason, B.E., Vose, R.S., Rutledge, G., Bessemoulin, P., Brönnimann, S., Brunet, M., Crouthamel, R.I., Grant, A.N., Groisman, P.Y., Jones, P.D., Kruk, M.C., Kruger, A.C., Marshall, G.J., Maugeri, M., Mok, H.Y., Nordli, Ø., Ross, T.F., Trigo, R.M., Wang, X.L., Woodruff, S.D. and Worley, S.J. (2011), The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project. <em>Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc.</em>, 137: 1-28, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.776</p> <p>Dee, D.P., Uppala, S.M., Simmons, A.J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M.A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A.C.M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A.J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S.B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E.V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A.P., Monge-Sanz, B.M., Morcrette, J.-.-J., Park, B.-.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-.-N. and Vitart, F. (2011), The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. <em>Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc.</em>, 137: 553-597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828</p> <p>Poli, P., and Coauthors, 2016: ERA-20C: An Atmospheric Reanalysis of the Twentieth Century. <em>J. Climate</em>, 29, 4083–4097, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0556.1</p> <p>Rutz, J. J., Shields, C. A., Lora, J. M., Payne, A. E., Guan, B., Ullrich, P., et al. (2019). The Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP): Quantifying uncertainties in atmospheric river climatology. <em>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</em>, 2019; 124: 13777– 13802. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030936</p>
Demogaphic Reconstruction of the Western Sheep Expansion from Whole-Genome sequences
<p>Sheep (<em>Ovis aries</em>) were among the earliest livestock, domesticated in the Fertile Crescent about 12000-10000 years ago with a nearly worldwide distribution today. Most of our knowledge about the timing of their expansion stems from archaeological data but it is unclear how the genetic diversity of modern sheep fits with these dates. We used whole-genome sequencing data of 63 domestic breeds and their wild relatives, the Asiatic mouflon (<em>O. gmelini</em>), to explore the demographic history of sheep. <br> On the global scale, our analysis revealed geographic structuring among breeds with unidirectional recent gene flow from domestics into Asiatic mouflons. We then selected four representative breeds from Spain, Morocco, the UK and Iran to build a comprehensive demographic model of the western sheep expansion.<br> We inferred a single domestication event around 9,000 years ago, slightly later than archaeological evidence suggests which might reflect uncertainties in the generation time used for these estimates. The westward expansion is dated to approximately 5,000 years ago, later than the original Neolithic expansion of sheep and approximately matching the Secondary Product Revolution associated with woolly sheep. We see some signals of recent gene flow from an ancestral population into southern European breeds which could reflect admixture with feral European mouflon. Furthermore, our results indicate that many breeds experienced a reduction of their effective population size during the last centuries, probably associated with the breed development.<br> Our study provides insights into the complex demographic history of western Eurasian sheep, highlighting interactions between breeds and their wild counterparts.</p>
Topography of the north western Sørkapp Land (Svalbard) in the year 1961
<p>The datasets contain vector layers (topographic and glacier outlines) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) covering the north western part of Sørkapp Land peninsula, Svalbard, for the year 1961. The first shapefile „<em>glacier_1961_northwestern_Sorkappland.shp”</em> contains the glacier areas manually delineated from vertical aerial photos captured during the historical photogrammetric overflight commissioned by the Norwegian Polar Institute on August 24 and 25, 1961. The shapefile „<em>contour_1961_northwestern_Sorkappland.shp</em>” contains contour lines with intervals of 10 m based on digitized historical maps edited in 1987 by the Institute of Geophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences and registered using cartographic grid and elevation points. Shapefile „<em>peak_1961_northwestern_Sorkappland.shp</em>” contains elevation points – topographic and triangulation – used in the process of vector data registration. All shapefiles were produced in the UTM projection system (northern hemisphere, zone 33) based on ETRS89 ellipsoid (datum D_ETRS_1989).</p> <p>The raster file „<em>dem_1961_5m_northwestern_Sorkappland.tif</em>” contains Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with 5 m resolution generated from corrected contour lines.</p>
Historical coral reef benthic cover for the Western Indian Ocean (1970-2008)
<p>Benthic cover data (percent cover) for the Western Indian Ocean. Data have been extracted from published sources through a systematic literature review, and compiled with previously unpublished datasets. Data was collected prior to 2008 through quantitative coral reef surveys (e.g., Line or Point-Intercept-Transects, photo or visual quadrats) and visual estimates. Particular attention was given to compiling live hard coral cover and macro and turf algae cover data due to their importance as principal measures of coral reef health. Data are from 10 Western Indian Ocean countries and territories: Kenya, Seychelles, Tanzania, Mozambique, Comoros, Mayotte, Madagascar, Reunion, Mauritius and South Africa.</p> <p>Data were extracted from grey literature (technical reports, books, and book chapters), scientific journal papers (articles and reviews) and project reports. </p> <p>Data were generally reported as summarised mean cover values at a monitoring site level. Data aggregated at broader geographic scales was also included (e.g., “northern Kenya”), or other classes (e.g., “unspecified 9 sites (protected)”). </p> <p>Data found in more than one publication were identified and cross-referenced to the other sources. Locations were ordered hierarchically by Country, Sector, Site and Station. In some cases, the same site or station may have multiple entries for the same year because of surveys of different reef zones or depths, and this information is provided to enable a distinction to be made. The exact date or year of survey was not clear in a few publications, and this has been recorded in the <em>Year</em> column as either combined years, e.g. 1998/99, general time period, e.g. mid - 1990s, or if no information is available, as ‘n.d’.</p>
Total Load Profiles by Balancing Authority in the Western United States for GODEEEP
<p>This dataset contains time-series of total load profiles across Balancing Authorities (BAs) in the western United States (U.S.) electricity grid interconnection for the years 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040, 2045, and 2050. The data is provided for two different socioeconomic pathways and one climate scenario. The socioeconomic pathways -- Business-As-Usual (BAU_Climate) and Net-Zero without CCS (NetZeroNoCCS_Climate) -- are described by <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7838871">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7838871</a>. The climate scenario -- Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 hotter (rcp85hotter) -- is described by <a href="https://doi.org/10.57931/1885756">https://doi.org/10.57931/1885756</a>. Transportation loads in this dataset are derived from <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8065137">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8065137</a>. Non-transportation loads are derived using the Total Electricity Loads (TELL) model which is available <a href="https://github.com/IMMM-SFA/tell">here</a>. The data was post-processed using a Jupyter notebook available <a href="https://github.com/GODEEEP/load_analysis/blob/main/notebooks/process_load_data.ipynb">here</a>.</p> <p>A brief summary of the files and directories in this data package is provided below. Each file in the "<em>total_loads</em>" subdirectory is a comma-separated-value (CSV) format with the following columns:</p> <ul> <li><strong>BA</strong> - Acronym of the balancing authority (BA) for this data point</li> <li><strong>Time_UTC</strong> - Timestamp of the hourly data in UTC format</li> <li><strong>Non-Transportation_Load_MWh</strong> - Total hourly load in the BA from non-transportation sources in megawatt hours</li> <li><strong>Transportation_Load_MWh</strong> - Total hourly load in the BA from transportation sources in megawatt hours</li> <li><strong>Total_Load_MWh</strong> - Sum of the load from non-transportation and transportation sources in megawatt hours</li> </ul> <p>Data in the "<em>gridview_ready_total_loads</em>" subdirectory contains the hourly total loads by BA in a format that is ready for ingestion into the GridView production cost model.</p> <p>This research was supported by the Grid Operations, Decarbonization, Environmental and Energy Equity Platform (GODEEEP) Investment, under the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL).</p> <p>PNNL is a multi-program national laboratory operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by Battelle Memorial Institute under Contract No. DE-AC05-76RL01830.</p>
Figure 9 in New asterinid seastars from the western Pacific Ocean (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)
Figure 9. Montage photographs of the holotype of Aquilonastra starmeri sp. nov. (UF 1612): a, abactinal view of disc (left) and proximal ray plates with short conical to digitiform spinelets; b, abactinal details of distal interradius showing acicular conical to subsacciform spinelets on apron, and supero- and inferomarginal plates; c, actinal view showing oral, suboral, furrow and actinal interradial spines; d, transverse section of a ray with superambulacral plate (left) and superactinal plate (right) highlighted.
Figure 8 in New asterinid seastars from the western Pacific Ocean (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)
Figure 8. Montage photograph of the holotype of Aquilonastra starmeri sp. nov. (UF 1612). Actinal view showing five sub-equal rays, spination, longitudinal and oblique-transverse series of actinal plates.
Figure 7 in New asterinid seastars from the western Pacific Ocean (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)
Figure 7. Montage photograph of the holotype of Aquilonastra starmeri sp. nov. (UF 1612). Abactinal view showing five sub-equal rays, distinct marginal apron, lacking carinal series of plates, single large madreporite. The abactinal plates have become denuded of most spinelets over time.
Figure 6 in New asterinid seastars from the western Pacific Ocean (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)
Figure 6. Montage photographs of the holotype of Aquilonastra korora sp. nov. (UF 2437): a, abactinal view of disc, showing disc plate arrangement, single large madreporite (top right), sacciform spinelets; b, abactinal details of distal interradius showing short blunt pedicellariae (highlighted) and residual slender conical, sub-sacciform and sacciform spinelets; c, actinal view showing oral, suboral, furrow and actinal interradial spines; d, transverse section of a ray with a superactinal plate highlighted.
Figure 5 in New asterinid seastars from the western Pacific Ocean (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)
Figure 5. Montage photograph of the holotype of Aquilonastra korora sp. nov. (UF 2437). Actinal view showing residual actinal colouration, five sub-equal rays, spination, longitudinal and oblique-transverse series of actinal plates with irregular distal inter-radials.
Figure 4 in New asterinid seastars from the western Pacific Ocean (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)
Figure 4. Montage photograph of the holotype of Aquilonastra korora sp. nov. (UF 2437). Abactinal view showing residual colouration, five sub-equal digitiform rays, absence of carinal series of plates, single large madreporite (lower arrow) and at least one conspicuous abactinal gonopore (upper arrow). The abactinal plates have become denuded of most spinelets over time.
Figure 1 in New asterinid seastars from the western Pacific Ocean (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)
Figure 1. Montage photograph of the holotype of Aquilonastra donia sp. nov. (MNHN-IE-2014-641). Abactinal view showing five sub-equal rays, distinct low marginal apron, absence of carinal series of plates, presence of rare doubly papulate carinal plates, and single large madreporite. The abactinal plates have become denuded of most spinelets over time.
Figure 3 in New asterinid seastars from the western Pacific Ocean (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)
Figure 3. Montage photographs of the holotype of Aquilonastra donia sp. nov. (MNHN-IE-2014-641): a, abactinal view of disc, single large madreporite, some remaining digitiform spinelets, and pedicellariae (highlighted); b, abactinal details of distal interradius showing pedicellariae (highlighted), and conical to sub-sacciform spinelets on apron; c, actinal view showing oral, suboral, furrow and inter-radial spines; d, transverse section of a ray with superactinal (highlighted left) and superambulacral plates (highlighted right).
Forward-Looking Climate Modelling for Western Athens
<p>We produced actionable data on heat stress in cities to inform analysis and client dialogue on the part of World Bank teams. We applied an urban-scale climate modeling framework to generate datasets describing modeled heat stress exposure for present-day and future conditions under selected climate scenarios. The study domain focus on the metropolitan area of Athens, Greece.</p> <p>More details about the dataset: </p> <ul> <li>The dataset includes calculations for each indicator across three scenarios (<strong>present, SSP1-1.9, SSP3-7.0</strong>) and three twenty-year periods (<strong>2001-2020, 2021-2040, and 2041-2060</strong>). The present period refers to 2001-2020, while the other two periods correspond to the two SSP scenarios.</li> <li>All indicators are available in both <strong>NetCDF</strong> and <strong>GeoTiff</strong> formats.</li> <li>The indicators are calculated at a resolution of <strong>150 m</strong>, consistent with the UrbClim and WBGT simulations. Additionally, downscaled versions of the indicators are provided at a resolution of <strong>30 m</strong>.</li> <li>The UrbClim and WBGT simulations, as well as the postprocessing, are conducted using the regional projection <strong>EPSG 32634</strong>. The NetCDF and GeoTiff data also adopt this projection. Furthermore, a GeoTiff data file with <strong>EPSG 4326</strong> projection is included.</li> <li>All indicators are calculated as <strong>yearly averages</strong>. Some indicators also have additional calculations for <strong>seasonal averages</strong>, including Spring (MAM), Summer (JJA), Autumn (SON), and Winter (DJF).</li> <li>Images for <strong>quick viewing</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>png</strong> format visualizing the results for each indicator. Present denotes the period 2001-2020; 2030 denotes the period 2021-2040; & 2050 denotes the period 2041-2060.</li> <li>The images are also clipped to focus on the ASDA municipalities, in which case the png files will be ended with ‘_clip.png’</li> <li>The NetCDF and GeoTiff data can be found in the <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/76dbc341-075d-49aa-9b73-8378f6410038/data.zip?versionId=df51b0aa-9cb0-4be0-afe6-46fa30372e91">data.zip</a>; The png files for quick viewing can be found in <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/76dbc341-075d-49aa-9b73-8378f6410038/quickview.zip?versionId=199b62b8-bba3-4ec0-a3f4-753d784972eb">quickview.zip</a>; more information about the dataset, including the methodology, all available data list, contact information, etc. can be found in the <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/76dbc341-075d-49aa-9b73-8378f6410038/Technical_Annex_Athens_ver4.docx?versionId=695aac25-2b99-47ab-867f-721331eb9bfe">Technical_Annex_Athens_ver4.docx</a></li> </ul>
Fig. 8 in Two Distinctive Amphipods (Crustacea) Collected from the Ariake Sea, Western Japan, with the Description of a New Species
Fig. 8. Ledoyerella clavata (Hirayama, 1984). All but F, male (OMNH-Ar-12626), 7.2 mm; F, ovigerous female (OMNH-Ar-12628), 9.9 mm. Scales: 0.2 mm.
Fig. 7 in Two Distinctive Amphipods (Crustacea) Collected from the Ariake Sea, Western Japan, with the Description of a New Species
Fig. 7. Ledoyerella clavata (Hirayama, 1984). Male (OMNH-Ar-12626), 7.2 mm. Gill on coxa 3 lost. Scales: 0.2 mm.
Fig. 4 in Two Distinctive Amphipods (Crustacea) Collected from the Ariake Sea, Western Japan, with the Description of a New Species
Fig. 4. Scutischyrocerus japonicus sp. nov. All but M, holotype, female (OMNH-Ar-12618), 4.7 mm; M, paratype, male (OMNH-Ar-12619), 3.9 mm. Gill on male coxa 2 lost. Scales: 0.05 mm.
Fig. 1 in Two Distinctive Amphipods (Crustacea) Collected from the Ariake Sea, Western Japan, with the Description of a New Species
Fig. 1. Scutischyrocerus japonicus sp. nov. Holotype, female (OMNH-Ar-12618), 4.7 mm. Habitus. Flagellum of right antenna 1 lost, gnathopod 2 and pereopods 3, 4 hidden by coxae 2–4.
Fig. 2 in Two Distinctive Amphipods (Crustacea) Collected from the Ariake Sea, Western Japan, with the Description of a New Species
Fig. 2. Scutischyrocerus japonicus sp. nov. Holotype, female (OMNH-Ar-12618), 4.7 mm. Scales: 0.05 mm.
Fig. 3 in Two Distinctive Amphipods (Crustacea) Collected from the Ariake Sea, Western Japan, with the Description of a New Species
Fig. 3. Scutischyrocerus japonicus sp. nov. Holotype, female (OMNH-Ar-12618), 4.7 mm. Gill on coxa 6 lost. Scales: 0.1 mm.
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