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opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Strong Lateral Variations of Small-Scale Crustal Scattering across the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Implications for Geodynamic Processes [Dataset]

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opennotspecifiedOct 2024View details →

FIGURE 18. Coccotrypes cinnamomi. Dorsal view A, lateral view B, frons C in A taxonomic monograph of subfamily Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Western Himalaya

FIGURE 18. Coccotrypes cinnamomi. Dorsal view A, lateral view B, frons C.

opennotspecifiedOct 2024View details →

FIGURE 5. Pityophthorus deodara. Lectotype dorsal view A, lateral view B in A taxonomic monograph of subfamily Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Western Himalaya

FIGURE 5. Pityophthorus deodara. Lectotype dorsal view A, lateral view B.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: A lateral flow strip based on gold nanoparticles to detect 6-monoacetylmorphine in oral fluid

We used lateral flow strips (LFS) based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to detect 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM; heroin's unique metabolite) in oral fluid samples. In this competitive lateral chromatographic immunoassay, the 6-MAM was chemically synthesized and conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA). The results were qualitatively detected via the color change of the test line. By using a proper sample pad, a suitable NC membrane and a customized sponge device adsorbed the oral fluid directly from mouth, and total test time was 3 minutes. The sensitivity of the assay was 4.0 ng ml-1 without any cross-reactivity with ten normal drugs, which are widely subject to abuse, including morphine and codeine. This test could be easily used on site to detect heroin in oral fluid, and it could be a promising product in the future including for driving under the influence.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Lateralization in alpha-band oscillations predicts the locus and spatial distribution of attention

Attending to a task-relevant location changes how neural activity oscillates in the alpha band (8–13Hz) in posterior visual cortical areas. However, a clear understanding of the relationships between top-down attention, changes in alpha oscillations in visual cortex, and attention performance are still poorly understood. Here, we tested the degree to which the posterior alpha power tracked the locus of attention, the distribution of attention, and how well the topography of alpha could predict the locus of attention. We recorded magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data while subjects performed an attention demanding visual discrimination task that dissociated the direction of attention from the direction of a saccade to indicate choice. On some trials, an endogenous cue predicted the target's location, while on others it contained no spatial information. When the target's location was cued, alpha power decreased in sensors over occipital cortex contralateral to the attended visual field. When the cue did not predict the target's location, alpha power again decreased in sensors over occipital cortex, but bilaterally, and increased in sensors over frontal cortex. Thus, the distribution and the topography of alpha reliably indicated the locus of covert attention. Together, these results suggest that alpha synchronization reflects changes in the excitability of populations of neurons whose receptive fields match the locus of attention. This is consistent with the hypothesis that alpha oscillations reflect the neural mechanisms by which top-down control of attention biases information processing and modulate the activity of neurons in visual cortex.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: A recently transferred cluster of bacterial genes in Trichomonas vaginalis –lateral gene transfer and the fate of acquired genes.

Background: Lateral Gene Transfer (LGT) has recently gained recognition as an important contributor to some eukaryote proteomes, but the mechanisms of acquisition and fixation in eukaryotic genomes are still uncertain. A previously defined norm for LGTs in microbial eukaryotes states that the majority are genes involved in metabolism, the LGTs are typically localized one by one, surrounded by vertically inherited genes on the chromosome, and phylogenetics shows that a broad collection of bacterial lineages have contributed to the transferome. Results: A unique 34 kbp long fragment with 27 clustered genes (TvLF) of prokaryote origin was identified in the sequenced genome of the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Using a PCR based approach we confirmed the presence of the orthologous fragment in four additional T. vaginalis strains. Detailed sequence analyses unambiguously suggest that TvLF is the result of one single, recent LGT event. The proposed donor is a close relative to the firmicute bacterium Peptoniphilus harei. High nucleotide sequence similarity between T. vaginalis strains, as well as to P. harei, and the absence of homologs in other Trichomonas species, suggests that the transfer event took place after the radiation of the genus Trichomonas. Some genes have undergone pseudogenization and degradation, indicating that they may not be retained in the future. Functional annotations reveal that genes involved in informational processes are particularly prone to degradation. Conclusions: We conclude that, although the majority of eukaryote LGTs are single gene occurrences, they may be acquired in clusters of several genes that are subsequently cleansed of evolutionarily less advantageous genes.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Predation can select for later and more synchronous arrival times in migrating species

For migratory species, the timing of arrival at breeding grounds is an important determinant of fitness. Too early arrival at the breeding ground is associated with various costs, and we focus on one understudied cost: that migrants can experience a higher risk of predation if arriving earlier than the bulk of the breeding population. We show, using both a semi-analytic and simulation model, that predation can select for later arrival. This is because of safety in numbers: predation risk becomes diluted if many other individuals, either con- or heterospecific, are already residing in the area. Predation risk dilution can also select for more synchronous arrival because deviating from the current population-wide norm to earlier or later dates leads to higher predation risk or to failures in territory acquisition, respectively. The fact that selection for high arrival synchrony can in some cases be more important than selection for a specific date (early or late) within the season is an example of an 'evolutionary priority effect': whichever strategy – in this case a particular arrival time – becomes established in a population can remain stable over long periods of time; there are many possible equilibria (multiple stable states) which the population can remain at. Mixed arrival strategies are also possible under some circumstances.

opencc-zeroAug 2019View details →

Data from: Segmentation of laterally symmetric overlapping objects: application to images of collective animal behavior

Video analysis is currently the main non-intrusive method for the study of collective behavior. However, 3D-to-2D projection leads to overlapping of observed objects. The situation is further complicated by the absence of stall shapes for the majority of living objects. Fortunately, living objects often possess a certain symmetry which was used as a basis for morphological fingerprinting. This technique allowed us to record forms of symmetrical objects in a pose-invariant way. When combined with image skeletonization, this gives a robust, nonlinear, optimization-free, and fast method for detection of overlapping objects, even without any rigid pattern. This novel method was verified on fish (European bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, and tiger barbs, Puntius tetrazona) swimming in a reasonably small tank, which forced them to exhibit a large variety of shapes. Compared with manual detection, the correct number of objects was determined for up to almost 90% of overlaps, and the mean Dice-Sørensen coefficient was around 0.83. This implies that this method is feasible in real-life applications such as toxicity testing.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Challenging the established order: innovating clinical trials for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Development of effective treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been hampered by disease heterogeneity,a limited understanding of underlying pathophysiology and methodological design challenges. Here we have evaluated two major themes in the design of pivotal, phase 3 clinical trials for ALS: (1) patient selection and (2) analytical strategy, and discussed potential solutions with the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Several design considerations were assessed using data from five placebo-controlled clinical trials (N = 988), four population-based cohorts (N = 5,100), and 2,436 placebo-allocated patients from the PRO-ACT database. The validity of each proposed design modification was confirmed by means of simulation and illustrated for a hypothetical setting. Compared to classical trial design, the proposed design modifications reduce the sample size by 30.5% and placebo exposure time by 35.4%. By making use of prognostic survival models, one creates a potential to include a larger proportion of the population and maximize generalizability. We propose a flexible design framework which naturally adapts the trial duration when inaccurate assumptions are made at the design stage such as the enrollment or survival rate. In case of futility, the follow-up time is shortened and patient exposure to ineffective treatments or placebo is minimized. For diseases such as ALS, optimizing the use of resources, widening eligibility criteria and minimizing the exposure to futile treatments and placebo is critical to the development of effective treatments. Our proposed design modifications could circumvent important pitfalls and may serve a blueprint for future clinical trials in this population.

FIGURE 54–56. Asilus sericeus Say, 54. ventral view, 55. lateral view, 56 in Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae)

FIGURE 54–56. Asilus sericeus Say, 54. ventral view, 55. lateral view, 56. dorsal view.

FIGURES 46–48. Proctacanthus hinei Bromley, 47. ventral view, 48. lateral view, 49 in Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae)

FIGURES 46–48. Proctacanthus hinei Bromley, 47. ventral view, 48. lateral view, 49. dorsal view.

FIGURES 29–31. Ommatius tibialis Say, 29. ventral view, 30. lateral view, 31 in Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae)

FIGURES 29–31. Ommatius tibialis Say, 29. ventral view, 30. lateral view, 31. dorsal view.

FIGURES 17–19. Stenopogon inquinatus Loew, 17. ventral view, 18. lateral view, 19 in Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae)

FIGURES 17–19. Stenopogon inquinatus Loew, 17. ventral view, 18. lateral view, 19. dorsal view.

FIGURES 9–11. Laphria index McAtee, 9. ventral view, 10. lateral view, 11 in Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae)

FIGURES 9–11. Laphria index McAtee, 9. ventral view, 10. lateral view, 11. dorsal view.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Mechanical heterogeneity along single cell-cell junctions is driven by lateral clustering of cadherins during vertebrate axis elongation

Morphogenesis is governed by the interplay of molecular signals and mechanical forces across multiple length scales. The last decade has seen tremendous advances in our understanding of the dynamics of protein localization and turnover at sub-cellular length scales, and at the other end of the spectrum, of mechanics at tissue-level length scales. Integrating the two remains a challenge, however, because we lack a detailed understanding of the subcellular patterns of mechanical properties of cells within tissues. Here, in the context of the elongating body axis of Xenopus embryos, we combine tools from cell biology and physics to demonstrate that individual cell-cell junctions display finely-patterned local mechanical heterogeneity along their length. We show that such local mechanical patterning is essential for the cell movements of convergent extension and is imparted by locally patterned clustering of a classical cadherin. Finally, the patterning of cadherins and thus local mechanics along cell-cell junctions are controlled by Planar Cell Polarity signaling, a key genetic module for CE that is mutated in diverse human birth defects.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Data from: Pathogenic effect of TP73 gene variants in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Objective: To identify novel disease associated loci for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we utilized sequencing data and performed in vitro and in vivo experiments to demonstrate pathogenicity of mutations identified in TP73. Methods: We analyzed exome sequences of 87 sporadic ALS patients and 324 controls, with confirmatory sequencing in independent ALS cohorts of >2,800 patients. For the top hit, TP73, a regulator of apoptosis, differentiation, and a binding partner as well as homolog of the tumor suppressor gene TP53, we assayed mutation effects using in vitro and in vivo experiments. C2C12 myoblast differentiation assays, characterization of myotube appearance, and immunoprecipitation of p53-p73 complexes were perform in vitro. In vivo, we used CRISPR/Cas9 targeting of zebrafish tp73 to assay motor neuron number and axon morphology. Results: Four heterozygous rare, nonsynonymous mutations in TP73 were identified in our sporadic ALS cohort. In independent ALS cohorts, we identified an additional 19 rare, deleterious variants in TP73. Patient TP73 mutations caused abnormal differentiation and increased apoptosis in the myoblast differentiation assay, with abnormal myotube appearance. Immunoprecipitation of mutant ΔN-p73 demonstrated that patient mutations hinder ΔN-p73's ability to bind p53. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of tp73 in zebrafish led to impaired motor neuron development and abnormal axonal morphology, concordant with ALS pathology. Conclusion: Together, these results strongly suggest that variants in TP73 correlate with risk for ALS and indicate a novel role for apoptosis in ALS disease pathology.

opennotspecifiedSep 2005View details →

Fig. 19. Curculio bidens spermatheca, lateral aspect. Fig. 20 in A Review of the Genus Curculio from China with Descriptions of Four New Taxa. Part V. The Curculio dentipes (Roelofs) Group (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculionini)

Fig. 19. Curculio bidens spermatheca, lateral aspect. Fig. 20. Curculio dentipes spermatheca,

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Figures 12–16. Hydroidomedusa spp., line drawing. 12. Euphysora knides Huang, 1999, lateral view. 13. Euphysora verrucosa Bouillon, 1978 in Some new Hydroidomedusa (Cnidaria) from the northern South China Sea

Figures 12–16. Hydroidomedusa spp., line drawing. 12. Euphysora knides Huang, 1999, lateral view. 13. Euphysora verrucosa Bouillon, 1978, lateral review (after Bouillon, 1978). 14. Monocanna ovale (Mayer, 1900) comb. nov., oral view. 15. Ditto, lateral view (after Mayer, 1910). 16. Gastroblasta timida Keller, 1885, oral view (after Mayer, 1900). Scale bars: 12, 14= = 0.5 mm; 13 = 1.0 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Text-fig. 5. Left ulna of the large Staniantsi-beaver (GPIT/MA/03758) in cranial and lateral view with markings of the anatomical terms used for the description of the ulna. in Castor-Like Postcranial Adaptation In An Uppermost Miocene Beaver From The Staniantsi Basin (Nw Bulgaria)

Text-fig. 5. Left ulna of the large Staniantsi-beaver (GPIT/MA/03758) in cranial and lateral view with markings of the anatomical terms used for the description of the ulna.