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9,671 results for “Leaf”
FIGURE 4. A in A new limestone-dwelling leaf-toed gecko (Gekkonidae: Dixonius) from coastal hills in Cha-am, peninsular Thailand
FIGURE 4. A. Live adult male Dixonius pawangkhananti sp. nov. in situ in Khao Nang Phanthurat Forest Park, Phetchaburi Province, Thailand. B. Another live adult male Dixonius pawangkhananti sp. nov. in situ in Khao Nang Phanthurat Forest Park, Phetchaburi Province, Thailand. Individual not collected. Photo. by M. Sumontha.
FIGURE 1 in A new limestone-dwelling leaf-toed gecko (Gekkonidae: Dixonius) from coastal hills in Cha-am, peninsular Thailand
FIGURE 1. Preserved adult male holotype of Dixonius pawangkhananti sp. nov. in dorsal view (A) and in ventral view (B). C. Live holotype of Dixonius pawangkhananti sp. nov. in dorsal view. Photos. by M. Sumontha.
FIGURE 2. A in A new limestone-dwelling leaf-toed gecko (Gekkonidae: Dixonius) from coastal hills in Cha-am, peninsular Thailand
FIGURE 2. A. Preserved adult male paratype of Dixonius pawangkhananti sp. nov. in dorsal view. B. Preserved adult female paratype of Dixonius pawangkhananti sp. nov. in dorsal view. C. Live adult female paratype of Dixonius pawangkhananti sp. nov. in laterodorsal view. Photos. by M. Sumontha.
FIGURE 5 in A new leaf-toed gecko (Gekkonidae: Dixonius) from the city of Ranong southwestern Thailand
FIGURE 5. Biotope of Dixonius dulayaphitakorum sp. nov. at its type-locality. Photo. by Phongsiri Sumontha.
FIGURE 4A–B in A new leaf-toed gecko (Gekkonidae: Dixonius) from the city of Ranong southwestern Thailand
FIGURE 4A–B. Live paratype female (A: AUP-02003) and live hatchling (B; not preserved) of Dixonius dulayaphitakorum sp. nov. Photos. by M. Sumontha.
FIGURE 3A–B in A new leaf-toed gecko (Gekkonidae: Dixonius) from the city of Ranong southwestern Thailand
FIGURE 3A–B. Live male paratypes (A: PSUZC-R 729; B: PSUZC-R 730) of Dixonius dulayaphitakorum sp. nov. Photos. by M. Sumontha.
FIGURE 6 in A new leaf-toed gecko (Gekkonidae: Dixonius) from the city of Ranong southwestern Thailand
FIGURE 6. Map of Thailand showing the position of the type locality of Dixonius dulayaphitakorum sp. nov. Map by W. Sodob.
FIGURE 2 in A new leaf-toed gecko (Gekkonidae: Dixonius) from the city of Ranong southwestern Thailand
FIGURE 2. Preserved type-series of Dixonius dulayaphitakorum sp. nov. in dorsal view. Photo. by M. Sumontha.
FIGURE 1A–B in A new leaf-toed gecko (Gekkonidae: Dixonius) from the city of Ranong southwestern Thailand
FIGURE 1A–B. Live adult male holotype (AUP-02002) of Dixonius dulayaphitakorum sp. nov. A: General dorsal view. B: Venter and precloacal pores. Photos. by M. Sumontha.
FIGURE 2 in A description of the tadpole of the Critically Endangered Botsford's leaf-litter frog (Leptobrachella botsfordi) with comments on the distribution and conservation status of the species
FIGURE 2. Tadpoles of Leptobrachella botsfordi in life. A and B, lateral views of VNMN 010898 and VNMN 010899 (Stage 25 and 26 respectively); C and D, body dorsal and ventral view of VNMN 010898; E and F, body dorsal and ventral view of VNMN 010899; G, unvouchered specimen at Stage 44 (total length 32.4 mm) in life. Scale bar in A–F is 0.5 cm.
FIGURE 1 in A description of the tadpole of the Critically Endangered Botsford's leaf-litter frog (Leptobrachella botsfordi) with comments on the distribution and conservation status of the species
FIGURE 1. Tadpole of Leptobrachella botsfordi in preservative (VNMN 010899, Stage 26): A–C, lateral, dorsal, and ventral views; and D, oral disc. Scale bar is 0.5 cm in A–C and 0.5 mm in D.
FIGURE 3. A in A description of the tadpole of the Critically Endangered Botsford's leaf-litter frog (Leptobrachella botsfordi) with comments on the distribution and conservation status of the species
FIGURE 3. A, The updated distribution range of Leptobrachella botsfordi in the Hoang Lien Range, northwest Vietnam. Solid blue area represents presumed range and cross-hatched blue area denotes areas where this species may be possibly extant. Blue outline denotes species' Extent of Occurrence. B, gravel mining at the type locality of L. botsfordi in September 2017.
FIGURE 13 in First report of the poplar leaf miner, Phyllonorycter populifoliella (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from India
FIGURE 13. The COI neighbor-joining consensus tree showing relation of Indian specimens of Phyllonorycter populifoliella to those originating from other countries/regions in the Palearctic. Each specimen is identified by its process ID code, species name, accession number (BOLD and/or GenBank), and the country of origin (the region is indicated for India and Russia only). Branch lengths reflect the proportion to the number of substitutions per site. The bootstrap values ±70 are shown. The specimen from Russia indicated in red is the nearest neighbor to the Indian cluster.
FIGURES 5–12 in First report of the poplar leaf miner, Phyllonorycter populifoliella (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from India
FIGURES 5–12. Damage symptoms and biology of Phyllonorycter populifoliella in Leh, India. (5) view to Leh city with poplar stands; (6–7) numerous mines on poplar leaves; (8) mines on the under side of the leaf; (9) same leaf, upper side view; (10) opened mine with a larva and frass inside; (11) young pupa; (12) matured pupa (before adult emergence).
FIGURES 1–4 in First report of the poplar leaf miner, Phyllonorycter populifoliella (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from India
FIGURES 1–4. Phyllonorycter populifoliella from Leh, India. (1) adult (a male); (2) male genitalia; (3) phallus; (4) female genitalia. An arrow indicates cephalic margin of vinculum. Scale bars: Figs 1 (2 mm), 2–3 (200 µm), 4 (500 µm).
Temporal dynamics and biocontrol potential of a hyperparasite on coffee leaf rust across a landscape in Arabica coffee's native range
<p>Agroforestry systems can provide habitats for rich biodiversity including multitrophic interactions, which presents opportunities to develop natural pest control. Shade coffee systems in several coffee-growing areas of the world host such unique habitats where pests and their natural enemies interact. One of the major global challenges for coffee production, coffee leaf rust caused by the fungal pathogen <i>Hemileia vastatrix</i> is attacked by the fungal hyperparasite, <i>Lecanicillium lecanii</i>. However, we lack insights in the dynamics and biocontrol potential of the hyperparasite on coffee leaf rust from landscapes in Arabica coffee's native range. To understand the temporal dynamics across landscapes and environmental drivers of the rust and hyperparasite, and the potential for biocontrol of the rust by the hyperparasite, we studied the rust and hyperparasite during the dry and wet seasons for three consecutive years at 60 sites across a gradient of coffee management in southwestern Ethiopia. We found that coffee leaf rust was more severe during the dry season, whereas the hyperparasite was more severe during the wet season in two out of three years. The rust growth rate from the wet to the dry season transition was negatively related to the hyperparasite index during the wet season, implying a potential top-down control. Coffee leaf rust was generally more severe at lower altitudes in the dry season, whereas the hyperparasite was more severe at high altitude. The rust incidence increased with management intensity, while the hyperparasite was more common under less intensive management. This study could be interesting in that it represents a landscape where Arabica coffee originated and the rust and hyperparasite might have a long co-evolutionary history. Our findings highlight the potential of the hyperparasite to suppress the rust's growth rate from the wet to dry season transition when the rust severity could otherwise be at its peak. We show that less intensively managed landscapes with dense shade levels are likely to increase hyperparasite abundance and result in an improved top-down control of the rust. However, more detailed knowledge is needed on the interaction of these species to assess its importance for reducing rust induced yield losses or the risk of rust outbreaks.</p>
FIGURES S1–S6 in First report of the poplar leaf miner, Phyllonorycter populifoliella (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from India
FIGURES S1–S6. Typical mines of the poplar-feeding Phyllonorycter species, Siberia, Russia. (S1) Ph. connexella on Populus sp. (section Tacamahaca), 12.vii.2016, the Republic of Khakassia; (S2) Ph. pastorella on Salix sp., 23.vii.2015, Novosibirskaya Oblast; (S3) same species on Populus sp. (section Tacamahaca × Aigeiros), 23.vii.2015, Novosibirskaya Oblast; (S4) Ph. populifoliella on Populus sp. (section Tacamahaca), 21.vi.2009, Krasnoyarskiy Krai; (S5) Ph. apparella on Populus tremula L., 08.viii.2008, Altaiskiy Krai; (S6) Ph. comparella on P. alba L., 23.vii.2015, Krasnoyarskiy Krai. Scale bar: 10 mm. Original photographs.
Variations in leaf economics spectrum traits for an evergreen coniferous species: Tree size dominates over environment factors
<ol> <li>Many leaf traits strongly vary with tree size and environmental factors, but the importance of these factors to intraspecific variations of leaf traits in forest trees have rarely been <a><span>simultaneously</span></a> evaluated.</li> <li>We measured needle longevity and specific leaf area (SLA) and nitrogen (N) content of every needle age (0 to 4 year old) for 65 individuals with 0.3-100 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) for an evergreen coniferous species, <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> Sieb. et Zucc., in Northeast China. We <a><span>simultaneously</span></a> evaluated effects of tree size (DBH or tree height) and environment factors (light intensity, soil N content and water availability) on the needle longevity, SLA, foliage N content as well as the slopes of regressions of SLA and foliage N content against needle age.</li> <li>All of the studied leaf traits and slopes of regressions of SLA and foliage N content against needle age were significantly related to tree size. Tree height had a greater impact on SLA and area-based leaf N content (N<sub>area</sub>), whereas DBH was more important for needle longevity and mass-based leaf N content (N<sub>mass</sub>). The environment variables, light intensity, soil N content and water availability, were rather minor factors for trait variations compared with tree size. Significant influences of light intensity were found only on needle longevity, and soil N and water availability had no effects on the leaf traits.</li> <li>Our study clearly showed that tree size is an important driver of intraspecific variations in the key leaf traits of <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> in a natural forest. We also emphasize the importance of DBH or tree height varies depending on leaf traits, suggesting various mechanisms of size effects on the intraspecific variations in leaf traits. We suggest that ecological significance of leaf trait variations needs reconsideration incorporating tree size effect.</li> </ol>
Data from: Landscape genetics of leaf-toed geckos in the tropical dry forest of northern Mexico
Habitat fragmentation due to both natural and anthropogenic forces continues to threaten the evolution and maintenance of biological diversity. This is of particular concern in tropical regions that are experiencing elevated rates of habitat loss. Although less well-studied than tropical rain forests, tropical dry forests (TDF) contain an enormous diversity of species and continue to be threatened by anthropogenic activities including grazing and agriculture. However, little is known about the processes that shape genetic connectivity in species inhabiting TDF ecosystems. We adopt a landscape genetic approach to understanding functional connectivity for leaf-toed geckos (Phyllodactylus tuberculosus) at multiple sites near the northernmost limit of this ecosystem at Alamos, Sonora, Mexico. Traditional analyses of population genetics are combined with multivariate GIS-based landscape analyses to test hypotheses on the potential drivers of spatial genetic variation. Moderate levels of within-population diversity and substantial levels of population differentiation are revealed by FST and Dest. Analyses using STRUCTURE suggest the occurrence of from 2 to 9 genetic clusters depending on the model used. Landscape genetic analysis suggests that forest cover, stream connectivity, undisturbed habitat, slope, and minimum temperature of the coldest period explain more genetic variation than do simple Euclidean distances. Additional landscape genetic studies throughout TDF habitat are required to understand species-specific responses to landscape and climate change and to identify common drivers. We urge researchers interested in using multivariate distance methods to test for, and report, significant correlations among predictor matrices that can impact results, particularly when adopting least-cost path approaches. Further investigation into the use of information theoretic approaches for model selection is also warranted.
Data from: What makes a leaf tough? Patterns of correlated evolution between leaf toughness traits and demographic rates among 197 shade-tolerant woody species in a neotropical forest
Slow-growing juveniles of shade-tolerant plant species are predicted to have tough leaves because of the high cost of leaf replacement in shade relative to potential carbon gain. We assessed the degree of correlated evolution among eight traits associated with leaf toughness and their relationships with growth and mortality rates of 197 tree and shrub species from the understory of the 50-hectare forest dynamics plot on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Path analysis with phylogenetically independent contrasts revealed that leaves attained material toughness (resistance to fracture per unit fracture area) through increases in tissue density, percent cellulose per unit dry mass, and vein fracture toughness. Lamina density and cellulose content evolved independently, and thus represent different paths to material toughness. Structural toughness (resistance to fracture per unit fracture length) depended on material toughness and lamina thickness. Mortality rates of individuals 1-10 cm in stem diameter were negatively correlated with material toughness and lamina density, but were independent of structural toughness and cell wall fiber contents. Leaf toughness traits were uncorrelated with relative growth rates. These results imply that material toughness enhances resistance to natural enemies, which increases survival and offsets the biomass allocation cost of producing tough leaves in the shaded understory.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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OpenNeuro
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