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Figures 117–122 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera

Figures 117–122. Structures of the female genitalia: 117, Prometheus heliconioides (Herrich-Schäffer, [1853]) comb. nov., spiral portion of ductus bursae; 118, Telchin licus (Drury, 1773), spiral portion of ductus bursae, with the covering membrane removed to show the internal ornamentation; 119, Telchin licus (Drury, 1773), detail of one spiral and the microsclerotized plates; 120, Telchin licus (Drury, 1773), detail of the sclerotized plate on the posterior end of the spiral portion of ductus bursae; 121, Imara pallasia (Eschscholtz, 1821), inner surface of the bulla seminalis covered with micropapillae; 122, Yagra fonscolombe (Godart, [1824]), sclerotized plate on the anterior portion of antrum.

Figures 105–110 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera

Figures 105–110. Saccus, juxta, and associated characters. 105–108, saccus, ventral view: 105, Corybantes pylades (Stoll, 1872); 106, Athis inca (Walker, 1854); 107, Athis hechtiae (Dyar, 1910); 108, Telchin syphax (Fabricius, 1775). 109–110, juxta, posterior view: 109, Imara pallasia (Eschscholtz, 1821); 110, Eupalamides cyparissias (Fabricius, 1776). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 52 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera

Figure 52. Diagram with the colour bands used to code the characters of the wing pattern. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figures 96–104. Gnathos and associated characters. 96–101 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera

Figures 96–104. Gnathos and associated characters. 96–101, lateral view: 96, Imara therapon (Kollar, 1839) comb. nov.; 97, Geyeria galinthias (Hopffer, 1856) comb. nov.; 98, Yagra fonscolombe (Godart, [1824]); 99, Telchin licus (Drury, 1773); 100, Corybantes pylades (Stoll, 1782); 101, Prometheus cochrus (Fabricius, 1787). 102–104, posterior view: 102, Telchin syphax (Fabricius, 1775); 103, Synpalamides phalaris (Fabricius, 1793); 104, Corybantes pylades (Stoll, 1872). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figures 123–127 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera

Figures 123–127. Detail of the inner surface of bulla seminalis: 123, Castnia invaria Walker, 1854, without micropapillae; 124, Prometheus cochrus (Fabricius, 1787), small and flattened micropapillae present in low density; 125, Yagra fonscolombe (Godart, [1824]), micropapillae present in moderate density; 126, Prometheus heliconioides (Herrich-Schäffer, [1853]) comb. nov., cylindrical micropapillae present in high density; 127, Prometheus heliconioides (Herrich-Schäffer, [1853]) comb. nov., detail of the micropapillae.

Figures 46–48 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera

Figures 46–48. Wing venation and associated characters: 46, Geyeria decussata (Godart, [1824]); 47, Imara pallasia (Eschscholtz, 1821); 48, Yagra fonscolombe (Godart, [1824]). Scale bars: 1 cm.

Figures 40–45 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera

Figures 40–45. Antennae: 40, Morpheis clenchi Donahue, 1980; 41, Ceretes marcelserres (Godart, [1824]); 42, Synemon parthenoides R. Felder, 1874; 43, Castnia invaria Walker, 1854; 44, Geyeria decussata (Godart, [1824]); 45, Prometheus heliconioides (Herrich-Schäffer, [1853]) comb. nov. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 39 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera

Figure 39. Cladogram obtained from analysis using weighting (k = 20), including Tascina metallica Pagenstecher, 1890. Filled circles represent synapomorphies; open circles represent homoplasies. The numbers represent the values of Bremer support for the branches. Clades with heavier lines represent the new genera proposed. Coloured branches represent the appearance of a mimetic pattern. Asterisks next to taxa names represent species of uncertain position.

Figure 38 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera

Figure 38. Cladogram obtained from analysis using weighting (k = 20), not including Tascina metallica Pagenstecher, 1890. Filled circles represent synapomorphies; open circles represent homoplasies. Asterisks next to taxa names represent species of uncertain position.

Figure 37 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera

Figure 37. Cladograms obtained from unweighted analyses: A, cladogram including Tascina metallica Pagenstecher, 1890, from Oriental fauna; B, cladogram without Tascina metallica Pagenstecher, 1890.

Figure 9 in Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes

Figure 9. Schematic depictions of the squamation development of Mugil cephalus. A, L6: 7.2 mm standard length (SL), 25 days post-hatching (dph). B, L6: 7.4 mm SL, 25 dph. C, J1: 9.5 mm SL, 31 dph. D, J1: 9.6 mm SL, 31 dph. E, J2: 9.8 mm SL, 40 dph. White, no scales; light grey, area of newly developed scales; dark grey, area of differentiated scales.

Figure 7 in Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes

Figure 7. Drawings of development stages of the pelvic girdle in Mugil cephalus larvae. A, L5: 5.2 mm standard length (SL; DMM IE/16314). B, L6: 7.2 mm SL, 25 dph, C, L6: 7.4 mm SL, 25 dph. D, L6: 8.6 mm SL (DMM IE/16314). Blue, cartilage; pink, bone; light pink, membranous bone. Abbreviations: abp, anterior basipterygial process; ba, basipterygial arm; bp, basipterygial plate; ew, external wing; iw, internal wing; pbp, posterior basipterygial plate; pcv, ventral postcleithrum. Scale bars: 200 µm.

Figure 5 in Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes

Figure 5. Drawings of development stages of the caudal fin in Mugil cephalus larvae. A, L2: 3.2 mm notochord length (NL), 14 days post-hatching (dph). B, L3: 3.9 mm standard length (SL), 15 dph. C, L4: 4.4 mm SL, 19 dph. D, L4: 4.5 mm SL, 21 dph. E, L4: 4.6 mm SL, 19 dph. F, L5: 5.3 mm SL, 19 dph. G, L6: 7.2 mm SL, 25 dph. H, L6: 6.5 mm SL, 31 dph. Blue, cartilage; pink, bone; transparent pink, ossifying cartilage; light grey, notochord. Abbreviations: ahs, autogenous haemal spine; ans, autogenous neural spine; cc, compound centrum; eu, epural; hyp, hypural; ihc, interhaemal spine cartilage; lhp, lower hypural plate; ph, parhypural; uc, ural centrum; uhp, upper hypural plate; ur, uroneural. Scale bars: 200 µm.

Figure 3 in Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes

Figure 3. Schematic illustration of the development of the axial skeleton (lateral view) of Mugil cephalus. A, L1: 3.1 mm notochord length (NL), 10 days post-hatching (dph). B, L2: 3.2 mm NL, 14 dph. C, L3: 3.7 mm NL, 14 dph. D, L3: 3.6 mm NL, 18 dph. E, L4: 4.4 mm standard length (SL), 19 dph. F, L6: 7.2 mm SL, 25 dph. Blue, cartilage; pink, bone; light grey, notochord. Abbreviations: af, anal fin; ahs, autogenous haemal spine; ans, autogenous neural spine; ap, anal fin pterygiophore; cc, compound centrum; d1p, first dorsal pterygiophore; d2p, second dorsal pterygiophore; df2, second dorsal fin; ep, epipleural; eu, epural; ha, haemal arch; hyp, hypural; ip, interdorsal pterygiophore; na, neural arch; pa, parapophysis; ph, parhypural; ri, rib; sn, supraneural; uc, ural centrum; ur, uroneural; vc, vertebral column.

Figure 2 in Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes

Figure 2. Schematic illustration of the sequence of first appearance and development of skeletal elements in Mugil cephalus. Ossification of cartilaginous precursors is shown by the first appearance of bone. The end of the bar indicates the end of isometric growth of the respective structure. Length is shown as notochord length (*) or as standard length (specimen after notochord flexion). Dots indicate hatching, and random dashed lines indicate notochord flexion. Light grey bars, cartilage; dark grey bars, notochordal sheath; black bars, bone. Abbreviations: abdo, abdominal vertebrae; abp, anterior basipterygial process; af, anal fin rays; ap, anal fin pterygiophores; ba, basipterygial arm; bp, basipterygial plate; caud, caudal vertebrae; cl, cleithrum; co, coracoid; d1f, first dorsal fin rays; d1p, first dorsal fin pterygiophores; d2f, second dorsal fin rays; d2p, second dorsal fin pterygiophores; dr, distal radials; eu, epural; ew, external wing; fr, fin rays; ha, haemal arch; hs, haemal spine; hyp, hypural; ip, interdorsal pterygiophores; iw, internal wing; na, neural arch; ns, neural spine; pbp, posterior basipterygial process; pcd, dorsal postcleithrum; pcv, ventral postcleithrum; ph, parhypural; pr, proximal radial; ptm, posttemporal; ri, paired ribs; sc, scapula; su, supracleithrum; uc, ural centrum; ur, uroneural; vc, vertebral centrum.

Figure 5. Dasypus hybridus. A in Dental enamel structure in long-nosed armadillos (Xenarthra: Dasypus) and its evolutionary implications

Figure 5. Dasypus hybridus. A, cross-section parallel to the occlusal plane of a permanent molariform. B, C, photomicrographs of the permanent molariform, taken with the scanning electron microscope, showing the enamel layer. Abbreviations: D, dentine; E, enamel; EDJ, enamel–dentine junction; white arrowheads show incremental lines.

Figure 4. Dasypus punctatus. A in Dental enamel structure in long-nosed armadillos (Xenarthra: Dasypus) and its evolutionary implications

Figure 4. Dasypus punctatus. A, cross-section parallel to the occlusal plane of a deciduous molariform. B, C, photomicrographs of the deciduous molariform, taken with the scanning electron microscope, showing the enamel layer (E). D, cross-section parallel to the occlusal plane of a permanent molariform. E, F, photomicrographs of the permanent molariform, taken with the scanning electron microscope, showing detail of the enamel layer. Abbreviations: D, dentine; E, enamel; EDJ, enamel– dentine junction; white arrowheads show incremental lines.

Figure 2. Dasypus novemcinctus. A, B in Dental enamel structure in long-nosed armadillos (Xenarthra: Dasypus) and its evolutionary implications

Figure 2. Dasypus novemcinctus. A, B, general view of a deciduous molariform (A) and a permanent molariform (B), showing detail of a section parallel to the occlusal plane. The dotted line indicates the extent of the vestigial enamel (VE) in A, and the enamel (E) in B. C, D, photomicrographs of the deciduous molariform, taken with the scanning electron microscope, showing the VE without a crystalline structure. E, enamel layer on a permanent tooth. F, G, details of the indicated areas in E. Abbreviations: D, dentine; E, enamel; EDJ, enamel–dentine junction; IPM, interprismatic matrix; P, prisms; VE, vestigial enamel; white arrowheads show incremental lines.

Figure 5 in Redescription of the phytosaurs Paleorhinus ('Francosuchus') angustifrons and Ebrachosuchus neukami from Germany, with implications for Late Triassic biochronology

Figure 5. Paleorhinus angustifrons (Kuhn, 1936), BSPG 1931 X 502. Close-up photographs of holotype skull. A, external nares in dorsal view (anterior of specimen to right). B, lateral margin of left external naris in lateral view (anterior of specimen to left). C, left antorbital fenestra in lateral view. D, main body of right jugal in lateral view, showing nodular row ventral to the orbit. E, nasofrontal region of skull roof in dorsal view. F, right lateral part of dorsal skull roof in dorsal view. Abbreviations: afen, antorbital fenestra; afos, antorbital fossa; alvr, alveolar ridge; asc, ascending process of maxilla; convx, convexities along lateral rim of the external naris; en, external naris; fdp, depression on anterior end of frontal; fl, laterally flared posterolateral margin of external naris; fr, frontal; gr, groove; itf, infratemporal fenestra; jg, jugal; jgb, series of bosses on lateral surface of jugal; jmri, ridge on jugal and maxilla; lc, lacrimal; lpw, lateral parietal wing; max, maxilla; na, nasal; na-fr, nasal–frontal suture; na-prf, nasal-prefrontal suture; ndp, depression on anterior end of nasal; orb, orbit; pa, parietal; pmp, posteromedial process of the premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; prf, prefrontal; prod, pre-orbital depression; rec, reconstructed skull surface; sm?, probable position of septomaxilla; sq, squamosal; sqd, depression on dorsal surface of the squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra; thor, thickened orbital rim; tp.pmp, tip of the posteromedial process of the premaxilla.

Figure 1 in Redescription of the phytosaurs Paleorhinus ('Francosuchus') angustifrons and Ebrachosuchus neukami from Germany, with implications for Late Triassic biochronology

Figure 1. Geographical and stratigraphic setting of the Ebrach locality. A, map of Bavaria and surrounding regions showing the outcrop of Keuper (mostly terrestrial late Middle Triassic–Late Triassic) rocks within Bavaria and the location of Ebrach (marked with a star). B, German Middle Keuper stratigraphy (right), with the standardized German stratigraphic scheme shown in the left-hand columns and the local Bavarian equivalents in the right-hand columns (stratigraphic level of Ebrach marked with a star). C, stratigraphic profile at the Ebrach quarry as mapped by Kuhn (1933; schematic log modified from Emmert, 1985: fig. 18). D, photograph of the Ebrach quarry (from Emmert, 1985: fig. 17). The quarry has been filled in since this photograph was taken and is no longer accessible.