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6,467 results for “process”
Mapping potential for Working with Natural Processes (Wales)
<p>Areas with potential for managing flood risk by protecting, restoring and emulating the natural regulating function of catchments and rivers. </p> <p>The areas are classified according to the features defined in Section 2 of the guide published here:<br> <br> https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/725264/Working_with_natural_processes_mapping_user_guide.pdf<br> <br> The areas of the features described in that report have been computed per Water Framework Directive cycle 2 Waterbody catchment polygons.</p> <p>Input data sets are:</p> <p>WFD River Waterbody Catchments Cycle 2 (Open Government licence)<br> WWNP layers (all are supplied under open government licence) for:<br> Floodplain Reconnection Potential<br> Riparian Woodland Potential<br> Floodplain Woodland Potential<br> Wider Catchment Woodland Potential<br> Runoff Attenuation Features 1% AEP<br> Runoff Attenuation Features 3.3% AEP<br> Woodland data constrained by woodland constraints<br> Predictive Agricultural Land Classification (ALC) </p> <p>All input data sets are available from data.gov.uk under the Open Government License http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/</p>
A semi-automated iterative process for detecting feature interactions
<p>Apresentação do artigo: "A semi-automated iterative process for detecting feature interactions" para trilha de Research do SBES 2020.</p> <p>Abstract: For configurable systems, features developed and tested separately may present a different behavior when combined in a system. Since software products might be composed of thousands of features, developers should guarantee that all valid combinations work properly. However, features can interact in undesired ways, resulting in failures. A feature interaction is an unpredictable behavior that cannot be easily deduced from the individual features involved. We proposed VarXplorer to inspect feature interactions as they are detected and incrementally classify them as benign or problematic. Our approach provides an iterative analysis of feature interactions allowing developers to focus on suspicious cases. In this paper, we present an experimental study to evaluate our iterative process of tests execution. We aim to understand how VarXplorer could be used for a faster and more objective feature interaction analysis. Our results show that VarXplorer may reduce up to 50% the amount of interactions a developer needs to check during the testing process.</p>
Usability Evaluation Process for Domain-Specific Languages - Documents and survey data
<p>Usability Evaluation Process for Domain-Specific Languages - Documents and survey data</p>
CTD-ES CBSOFT - SUPPORTING CREATION OF NEW ISTAR EXTENSIONS THROUGH A PROCESS
<p>Video de apresentação do artigo SUPPORTING CREATION OF NEW ISTAR EXTENSIONS THROUGH A PROCESS no CTD-ES do CBSOFT 2020.</p>
The impacts of sub-grid physical processes on SEP air-sea fluxes
<p>Model outputs from CAM5_CLUBB when parameters of ZM deep convection and CLUBB scheme are disturbed in SEP, ITCZ and SPCZ, respectively. And observations of surface energy fluxes. </p>
HR8799 NIRC2/Vortex Processed Data
<p>Processed data for HR8799 captured using Keck II's NIRC2 with the Vortex Coronagraph. The data was processed in preparation for a journal article and is <a href="https://mb2448.github.io/rnaas_data.html">further described on this page</a>.</p>
Significantly different expressed proteins were quantified by processing MS/MS spectra.
<p>Table S1. Significantly different expressed proteins were quantified by processing MS/MS spectra.</p> <p>Table S2. Significantly different expressed proteins proteins were identified by comparing co-infecting both viruses with monoinfecting ALV-J.</p> <p>Table S3. Significantly different expressed proteins proteins were identified by comparing co-infecting both viruses with monoinfecting REV.</p>
Designing Computer Science Competency Statements: A Process and Curriculum Model for the 21st Century
<p>Companion materials - Based on CS2013 Knowedge Areas - Competency Statements for CS Curricula:</p> <p>Produced by members of the ITiCSE 2020 Working Group Report:</p> <p>Designing Computer Science Competency Statements: A Process and Curriculum Model for the 21st Century</p> <p>Clear, A., Clear, T., Vichare, A., Charles, T., Frezza, S., Gutica, M., . . . Pitt, F. (2020). Designing Computer Science Competency Statements: A Process and Curriculum Model for the 21st Century [In Press]. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (pp. TBA): ACM.</p>
Cover Image for a special issue of Permafrost and Periglacial Processes: Transactions of the International Permafrost Association Number 3
<p>The cover image is based on the Original Article* <em>Recent Advances in the Study of Arctic Submarine Permafrost</em> by Michael Angelopoulos** et al., <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2061">https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2061</a>.*** Source Credit: GRID‐Arendal; Overduin, et al. (2019); Obu, et al. (2019). This map was produced as part of the Nunataryuk project, which has received funding under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no. 773421.</p>
Allochthonous and autochthonous halothermotolerant bioanodes from hypersaline sediment and textile wastewater: A promising microbial electrochemical process for energy recovery coupled with real textile wastewater treatment
<p>16 S sequencing data Askri et al </p>
The impact of a parent education workshop about children's sensory processing differences on parental sense of competence
<p><i>Aims. </i>This study aimed to: (1) examine the impact of a parent education workshop on the parental sense of competence (PSOC) of parents of children with sensory processing differences (SPD); and (2) explore parents' perspectives regarding workshop content and delivery.</p> <p><i>Methods</i>. This pilot study was a randomized waitlist-controlled trial. Parents were recruited from a neurodevelopmental assessment waitlist (for their children) and randomly selected to attend one of two identical workshops (two weeks apart). The workshops provided education about SPD and strategies for managing children's behaviors related to SPD. The PSOC Scale and demographics and feedback questionnaires were administered to all parents before and after each workshop. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to analyze the quantitative and qualitative data, respectively.</p> <p><i>Results</i>. Nine parents were recruited (six in the experimental group, three in the control group). PSOC Scale scores increased following workshop attendance. Three overarching themes of workshop components contributed to an enhanced PSOC: (1) learning specific strategies, (2) reframing children's behavior, and (3) peer support.</p> <p><i>Conclusions</i>. Parent education workshops showed promise for enhancing PSOC of parents of children with SPD. PSOC can promote positive mental health outcomes for parents, and help them to support their children's occupational performance.</p>
Data from: Ocean acidification induces biochemical and morphological changes in the calcification process of large benthic foraminifera
Large benthic foraminifera are significant contributors to sediment formation on coral reefs, yet they are vulnerable to ocean acidification. Here, we assessed the biochemical and morphological impacts of acidification on the calcification of Amphistegina lessonii and Marginopora vertebralis exposed to different pH conditions. We measured growth rates (surface area and buoyant weight) and Ca-ATPase and Mg-ATPase activities and calculated shell density using micro-computer tomography images. In A. lessonii, we detected a significant decrease in buoyant weight, a reduction in the density of inner skeletal chambers, and an increase of Ca-ATPase and Mg-ATPase activities at pH 7.6 when compared with ambient conditions of pH 8.1. By contrast, M. vertebralis showed an inhibition in Mg-ATPase activity under lowered pH, with growth rate and skeletal density remaining constant. While M. vertebralis is considered to be more sensitive than A. lessonii owing to its high-Mg-calcite skeleton, it appears to be less affected by changes in pH, based on the parameters assessed in this study. We suggest difference in biochemical pathways of calcification as the main factor influencing response to changes in pH levels, and that A. lessonii and M. vertebralis have the ability to regulate biochemical functions to cope with short-term increases in acidity.
Data from: Evolutionary processes driving spatial patterns of intra-specific genetic diversity in river ecosystems
Describing, understanding and predicting the spatial distribution of genetic diversity is a central issue in biological sciences. In river landscapes, it is generally predicted that neutral genetic diversity should increase downstream, but there have been few attempts to test and validate this assumption across taxonomic groups. Moreover, it is still unclear what are the evolutionary processes that may generate this apparent spatial pattern of diversity. Here, we quantitatively synthesized published results from diverse taxa living in river ecosystems, and we performed a meta-analysis to show that a downstream increase in intraspecific genetic diversity (DIGD) actually constitutes a general spatial pattern of biodiversity that is repeatable across taxa. We further demonstrated that DIGD was stronger for strictly waterborne dispersing than for overland dispersing species. However, for a restricted data set focusing on fishes, there was no evidence that DIGD was related to particular species traits. We then searched for general processes underlying DIGD by simulating genetic data in dendritic-like river systems. Simulations revealed that the three processes we considered (downstream-biased dispersal, increase in habitat availability downstream and upstream-directed colonization) might generate DIGD. Using random forest models, we identified from simulations a set of highly informative summary statistics allowing discriminating among the processes causing DIGD. Finally, combining these discriminant statistics and approximate Bayesian computations on a set of twelve empirical case studies, we hypothesized that DIGD were most likely due to the interaction of two of these three processes and that contrary to expectation, they were not solely caused by downstream-biased dispersal.
Data from: Diel activity, frequency and visit duration of pollinators in focal plants: in situ automatic camera monitoring and data processing
Data collection on interactions between organisms and their environment has traditionally been conducted by on-site human observations, a time-consuming enterprise that could explain the shortage of around-the-clock observations of free-ranging wild animals. In this paper, I outline a time-efficient procedure to collect data on flower-visiting animals. The objectives were, first, to model diel activity rhythms by using cosine-based mixed-effects regression models (cosinor method) on data from an established automatic video monitoring system and, secondly, to test the use of a cheap off-the-shelf digital camera modified for automated monitoring of flower visitors. Two different model systems were studied: foraging bumblebees visiting focal white clovers, monitored around-the-clock (193 h) to model diel activity; and honeybees visiting thistles, monitored over a shorter period (5 h) to test the applicability and reliability of a new method for monitoring pollinators. The data were automatically entered and processed using R-scripts after manual filtering of the images, obviating the need for manual data entry prior to analysis. For diel activity in bumblebees, the model that gave the best fit included the 24-h fundamental period and one harmonic, a 12-h period to modulate the signal, together with temperature. The bumblebees were exclusive diurnal, with activity starting about 5 h after sunrise, peaking sharply in the afternoon and ending about 1 h before sunset. In addition to time of day, activity also increased with temperature. The off-the-shelf digital camera, Canon PowerShot®, with motion detection script, was triggered by every flower-visiting honeybee. In addition to recorded visitor frequency and visitor duration, it enabled high-resolution images, which could be important for species identification. Automatic camera recording is advantageous for close-up monitoring, compared with continuous video recording, because the latter demands more time and effort in reviewing the material. It could be used to study a range of different species such as pollinators, on-plant behaviour of herbivorous animals, cavity dwellers or cavity breeders. Moreover, the procedures for automatic data entry, data processing and statistical analysis for modelling diel activity rhythms could have great relevance for researchers using other types of camera monitoring systems operating 24 h per day.
Data from: Disentangling relationships between plant diversity and decomposition processes under forest restoration
Biodiversity has been elucidated to be one of the major factors sustaining ecosystem functioning. The vast majority of studies showing a relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning have come from experiments, and this knowledge has not yet been applied to most real-world cases of conservation and management. This is especially true in forest ecosystems, characterized by the dominance of long-lived organisms (trees) and high levels of structural complexity and environmental heterogeneity. To apply biodiversity–function relationships to actual forest management, there are several issues to be considered. These include employing a cross-taxon perspective, as some functions (e.g. soil biogeochemical processes) cannot be maintained by a narrow set of organisms, as is usually the case with experimental systems. More specifically, although the interaction between above- and below-ground diversity is important for many functions in forests, there are few studies that evaluated the roles of diversity in both subsystems in a manner that could be informative in practice. To evaluate the roles of above- and below-ground diversity to support natural soil ecosystem functions, we conducted a decomposition experiment in the northern forests of Japan, which are currently under restoration management. The restoration area consists of mosaics of different vegetation types by various revegetation activities and establishment of ungulate exclosures. Using structural equation modelling and linear mixed-effects models, we assessed direct and indirect pathways from diversity to functions by focusing on both of taxonomic and functional diversity indices. To put our findings into practice, we utilized a trait-based approach, which provides a link between the functional consequences of human influences and ecosystem structure. We found little direct effects of tree diversity on below-ground functions such as decomposition rate and litter stabilization. However, once the diversities of understorey herbaceous plants and soil fungi were considered as a possible mediating explanatory factor, we found a significant effect of tree diversity to indirectly support these functions by supporting these other types of biodiversity. Particularly, we found that the models based on functional trait diversity, rather than on taxonomic species richness, best explained the variation in below-ground processes. Synthesis and applications. Forest restoration in the northern forests of Japan has had no explicit objective to restore soil functions. Nevertheless, afforestation, and the associated increase in tree diversity as a measure of forest restoration, was, although often unintentionally, proven effective for the maintenance of multiple ecosystem functions, such as soil biogeochemical processes. This finding suggests a great potential for management to make local tree assemblages functionally dissimilar and diverse for the sake of supporting and enhancing fundamental ecosystem functions in forests.
Data from: EEG theta dynamics within frontal and parietal cortices for error processing during reaching movements in a prism adaptation study altering visuo-motor predictive planning
Modulation of frontal midline theta (fmθ) is observed during error commission, but little is known about the role of theta oscillations in correcting motor behaviours. We investigate EEG activity of healthy partipants executing a reaching task under variable degrees of prism-induced visuo-motor distortion and visual occlusion of the initial arm trajectory. This task introduces directional errors of different magnitudes. The discrepancy between predicted and actual movement directions (i.e. the error), at the time when visual feedback (hand appearance) became available, elicits a signal that triggers on-line movement correction. Analysis were performed on 25 EEG channels. For each participant, the median value of the angular error of all reaching trials was used to partition the EEG epochs into high- and low-error conditions. We computed event-related spectral perturbations (ERSP) time-locked either to visual feedback or to the onset of movement correction. ERSP time-locked to the onset of visual feedback showed that fmθ increased in the high- but not in the low-error condition with an approximate time lag of 200 ms. Moreover, when single epochs were sorted by the degree of motor error, fmθ started to increase when a certain level of error was exceeded and, then, scaled with error magnitude. When ERSP were time-locked to the onset of movement correction, the fmθ increase anticipated this event with an approximate time lead of 50 ms. During successive trials, an error reduction was observed which was associated with indices of adaptations (i.e., aftereffects) suggesting the need to explore if theta oscillations may facilitate learning. To our knowledge this is the first study where the EEG signal recorded during reaching movements was time-locked to the onset of the error visual feedback. This allowed us to conclude that theta oscillations putatively generated by anterior cingulate cortex activation are implicated in error processing in semi-naturalistic motor behaviours.
Data from: Avoiding tipping points in fisheries management through Gaussian process dynamic programming
Model uncertainty and limited data are fundamental challenges to robust management of human intervention in a natural system. These challenges are acutely highlighted by concerns that many ecological systems may contain tipping points, such as Allee population sizes. Before a collapse, we do not know where the tipping points lie, if they exist at all. Hence, we know neither a complete model of the system dynamics nor do we have access to data in some large region of state space where such a tipping point might exist. We illustrate how a Bayesian non-parametric approach using a Gaussian process (GP) prior provides a flexible representation of this inherent uncertainty. We embed GPs in a stochastic dynamic programming framework in order to make robust management predictions with both model uncertainty and limited data. We use simulations to evaluate this approach as compared with the standard approach of using model selection to choose from a set of candidate models. We find that model selection erroneously favours models without tipping points, leading to harvest policies that guarantee extinction. The Gaussian process dynamic programming (GPDP) performs nearly as well as the true model and significantly outperforms standard approaches. We illustrate this using examples of simulated single-species dynamics, where the standard model selection approach should be most effective and find that it still fails to account for uncertainty appropriately and leads to population crashes, while management based on the GPDP does not, as it does not underestimate the uncertainty outside of the observed data.
Data from: In-vivo imaging of cell migration using contrast enhanced MRI and SVM based post-processing
The migration of cells within a living organism can be observed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in combination with iron oxide nanoparticles as an intracellular contrast agent. This method, however, suffers from low sensitivity and specificty. Here, we developed a quantitative non-invasive in-vivo cell localization method using contrast enhanced multiparametric MRI and support vector machines (SVM) based post-processing. Imaging phantoms consisting of agarose with compartments containing different concentrations of cancer cells labeled with iron oxide nanoparticles were used to train and evaluate the SVM for cell localization. From the magnitude and phase data acquired with a series of -weighted gradient-echo scans at different echo-times, we extracted features that are characteristic for the presence of superparamagnetic nanoparticles, in particular hyper- and hypointensities, relaxation rates, short-range phase perturbations, and perturbation dynamics. High detection quality was achieved by SVM analysis of the multiparametric feature-space. The in-vivo applicability was validated in animal studies. The SVM detected the presence of iron oxide nanoparticles in the imaging phantoms with high specificity and sensitivity with a detection limit of 30 labeled cells per mm3, corresponding to 19 μM of iron oxide. As proof-of-concept, we applied the method to follow the migration of labeled cancer cells injected in rats. The combination of iron oxide labeled cells, multiparametric MRI and a SVM based post processing provides high spatial resolution, specificity, and sensitivity, and is therefore suitable for non-invasive in-vivo cell detection and cell migration studies over prolonged time periods.
Data from: Community assembly in Lake Tanganyika cichlid fish: quantifying the contributions of both niche-based and neutral processes
The cichlid family features some of the most spectacular examples of adaptive radiation. Evolutionary studies have highlighted the importance of both trophic adaptation and sexual selection in cichlid speciation. However, it is poorly understood what processes drive the composition and diversity of local cichlid species assemblages on relatively short, ecological timescales. Here, we investigate the relative importance of niche-based and neutral processes in determining the composition and diversity of cichlid communities inhabiting various environmental conditions in the littoral zone of Lake Tanganyika, Zambia. We collected data on cichlid abundance, morphometrics, and local environments. We analyzed relationships between mean trait values, community composition, and environmental variation, and used a recently developed modeling technique (STEPCAM) to estimate the contributions of niche-based and neutral processes to community assembly. Contrary to our expectations, our results show that stochastic processes, and not niche-based processes, were responsible for the majority of cichlid community assembly. We also found that the relative importance of niche-based and neutral processes was constant across environments. However, we found significant relationships between environmental variation, community trait means, and community composition. These relationships were caused by niche-based processes, as they disappeared in simulated, purely neutrally assembled communities. Importantly, these results can potentially reconcile seemingly contrasting findings in the literature about the importance of either niche-based or neutral-based processes in community assembly, as we show that significant trait relationships can already be found in nearly (but not completely) neutrally assembled communities; that is, even a small deviation from neutrality can have major effects on community patterns.
Data from: Sorting specimen-rich invertebrate samples with cost-effective NGS barcodes: validating a reverse workflow for specimen processing
Biologists frequently sort specimen-rich samples to species. This process is daunting when based on morphology, and disadvantageous if performed using molecular methods that destroy vouchers (e.g., metabarcoding). An alternative is barcoding every specimen in a bulk sample and then presorting the specimens using DNA barcodes, thus mitigating downstream morphological work on presorted units. Such a "reverse workflow" is too expensive using Sanger sequencing, but we here demonstrate that is feasible with an NGS barcoding pipeline that allows for cost-effective high throughput generation of short specimen-specific barcodes (313 bp of COI; lab cost <$0.50 per specimen) through Next Generation Sequencing of tagged amplicons. We applied our approach to a large sample of tropical ants, obtaining barcodes for 3290 of 4032 specimens (82%). NGS barcodes and their corresponding specimens were then sorted into molecular operational taxonomic units (mOTUs) based on objective clustering and Automated Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD). High diversity of 88-90 mOTUs (4% clustering) was found and morphologically validated based on preserved vouchers. The mOTUs were overwhelmingly in agreement with morphospecies (match ratio 0.95 at 4% clustering). Because of lack of coverage in existing barcode databases, only 18 could be accurately identified to named species, but our study yielded new barcodes for 48 species, including 28 that are potentially new to science. With its low cost and technical simplicity, the NGS barcoding pipeline can be implemented by a large range of laboratories. It accelerates invertebrate species discovery, facilitates downstream taxonomic work, helps with building comprehensive barcode databases, and yields precise abundance information.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.