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FIGURE 2. Diagnostic characters for separating Aplocheilus andamanicus and A in The identity of Aplocheilus andamanicus (Köhler, 1906) (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes), an endemic Killifish from the Andaman Islands, with notes on Odontopsis armata van Hasselt

FIGURE 2. Diagnostic characters for separating Aplocheilus andamanicus and A. panchax. (A) One of the original syntypes of Aplocheilus andamanicus collected by Day (1878) from the Andamans, now lectotype, BMNH 1870.5.18.34-36, 74.8 mm SL, Port Blair, (B) topotypes of A. andamanicus, male, BNHS FWF 563, 65.2 mm SL, collected from south Andaman Island, (C) topotypes of A. panchax, male, BNHS FWF 569, 28.3 mm SL, collected from West Bengal, India. See-through vertical lines represent the relative positions of the pectoral-fin origin and the posterior extremity of dorsal, pelvic and anal fins.

FIGURE 6 in The identity of Aplocheilus andamanicus (Köhler, 1906) (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes), an endemic Killifish from the Andaman Islands, with notes on Odontopsis armata van Hasselt

FIGURE 6. Intra- and inter-species genetic distances for species in the 'Aplocheilus panchax complex'. There is a clear genetic gap, spanning from 2.5 to 6.6%, between the maximum intra-species distance and minimum inter-species distance, indicating that the three species are genetically distinct from each other. Black lines within the boxes indicate the medians, the red line the mean; box limits indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles; whiskers extend 1.5 times the interquartile range from the 25th and 75th percentiles, outliers are represented by solid circles.

FIGURE 5 in Vertebrate endemism in south-eastern Africa numerically redefines a biodiversity hotspot

FIGURE 5. Patterns of vertebrate endemism within the south-east Africa dominion defined by the dendrogram in Fig. 4a, comprising 28 operational graphical units (acronyms in pane (b) and labelled in Fig. 1. (a) south-east Africa dominion endemic species richness (south-east African endemism sensu stricto); (b) range-restricted species richness (narrow endemism); (c) weighted endemism (normalised); (d) weighted endemism per unit area (normalised). Each endemism measure is illustrated by a graduated grey scale of five classes, determined by natural breaks calculated using Jenk's optimisation.

FIGURE 1 in The identity of Aplocheilus andamanicus (Köhler, 1906) (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes), an endemic Killifish from the Andaman Islands, with notes on Odontopsis armata van Hasselt

FIGURE 1. Topotypes of Aplocheilus andamanicus and A. panchax in life. (A) Aplocheilus andamanicus, male, BNHS FWF 563, 65.2 mm SL, (B) A. andamanicus female, BNHS FWF 562, 65.0 mm SL, (C) A. andamanicus, female, BNHS FWF 564, 30.8 mm SL, and (D) A. panchax, male, BNHS FWF 569, 28.3 mm SL.

FIGURE 7 in The identity of Aplocheilus andamanicus (Köhler, 1906) (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes), an endemic Killifish from the Andaman Islands, with notes on Odontopsis armata van Hasselt

FIGURE 7. Aplocheilus armatus male (A) and female (B) from Singapore, Sungai Poyan. Photo: Heok Hui Tan.

FIGURE 4 in Vertebrate endemism in south-eastern Africa numerically redefines a biodiversity hotspot

FIGURE 4. Proposed zoogeographical regionalisation based on all vertebrate species endemic to south-eastern Africa sensu lato (a) The Phenetic Cluster Analysis (PCA) dendrogram of hierarchical relationships between operational geographic units (OGUs), using Jaccard's dissimilarity index and the UPGMA algorithm. (b) The resulting regionalisation; dominions, provinces and subprovinces are listed with codes in the table c, while all entities labeled on the map are districts, except for Maputaland subprovince (no districts within). (c) the Hierarchy of proposed zoogeographical entities. All "biogeographical taxa" were detected based on phenon lines at arbitrary levels of dissimilarity, in a way to generate maximally contiguous geographical clusters, except in the identification of the Karoo dominion (dash line), where a subjective decision was made considering the separation between relatively mesic and arid areas in almost all published zoogeographical regionalisations. The centres of endemism (BCOEs = broad and NCOEs = narrow) for south-east Africa dominion are also defined (see text for their interpretation). (d) The strict concensus area cladogram of OGUs from Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE), highlighting similarities to the PCA in the recovery of the South-east Africa dominion and the Greater Maputaland-Pondoland- Albany province (two OGUs shown in red dashed circles detected in the PAE as outliers are slightly enlarging the province compared to the PCA).

FIGURE 3 in Vertebrate endemism in south-eastern Africa numerically redefines a biodiversity hotspot

FIGURE 3. (a) Numerical refinement of the Greater Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany (GMPA) region, based on the cross-taxon consensus on a region maximally congruent to its qualitative delimitation proposed by Perera et al. (2011) recovered from phenetic relationships of OGUs for each taxonomic group, with further consensus from both Phenetic Cluster Analysis and Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity for all taxa combined. See text for calculation of the percentage consensus. C = core of the numerically refined GMPA region; E = an extension to the numerically refined GMPA region; *according to consensus, the Knysna OGU can be regarded as a part of the core region of GMPA, but treated as an extension due to the transitional nature of its biota between the GMPA and the Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot (see text for details); (b) The core region (thick boundary) and extensions (dashed boundary) of the numerically refined GMPA region of vertebrate endemism in relation to the proposed qualitative delimitation of the same, and the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany biodiversity hotspot; (c) Congruence of the numerically refined boundary of the GMPA to its qualitative delimitation, from Phenetic Cluster Analyses for individual vertebrate groups, for macro-ecologically releted groups (see text for details), and for all vertebrates combined, as well as for Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity for all vertebrates combined.

FIGURE 5 in The identity of Aplocheilus andamanicus (Köhler, 1906) (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes), an endemic Killifish from the Andaman Islands, with notes on Odontopsis armata van Hasselt

FIGURE 5. Phylogeographical map showing the distribution of Aplocheilus andamanicus, A. panchax and A. armatus.

FIGURE 4 in The identity of Aplocheilus andamanicus (Köhler, 1906) (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes), an endemic Killifish from the Andaman Islands, with notes on Odontopsis armata van Hasselt

FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic position of Aplocheilus andamanicus, A. panchax and A. armatus based on Bayesian analysis. Bayesian topology is shown. Values along the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities followed by the bootstrap support from maximum likelihood analysis based on best partition scheme. Cubanichthys pengelleyi is used as the out-group. Sequences of topotypes of Aplocheilus andamanicus, A. panchax and A. armatus are labelled in red.

FIGURE 3. Diagnostic characters separating Aplocheilus andamanicus and A in The identity of Aplocheilus andamanicus (Köhler, 1906) (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes), an endemic Killifish from the Andaman Islands, with notes on Odontopsis armata van Hasselt

FIGURE 3. Diagnostic characters separating Aplocheilus andamanicus and A. panchax. (A) Diagrammatic representation of the frontal squamation pattern and neuromasts and (B) structural morphology and coloration pattern of caudal fin in Aplocheilus andamanicus (BNHS FWF 563) and A. panchax (BNHS FWF 569). Abbreviations: ais = anterior infraorbital series; an = anterior naris; arn = anterior rostral neuromast; ots = otic series; pan = parietal neuromast; pbs = preorbital series; pis = posterior infraorbital series; pn = posterior naris; prn = posterior rostral neuromast; sos = supraorbital series; stn = supratemporal neuromasts; A–F = frontal scales.

FIGURE 2 in Vertebrate endemism in south-eastern Africa numerically redefines a biodiversity hotspot

FIGURE 2. Contiguous geographical clusters maximally congruent to the qualitative delimitation of the Greater Maputaland- Pondoland-Albany (GMPA) region of vertebrate endemism proposed by Perera et al. (2011) (indicated in light green), recovered from phenetic cluster analysis for (a) all vertebrates (n = 300) (b) terrestrial vertebrates (n = 270), (c) non-volant vertebrates (n = 250), (d) herpetofauna (n = 189), (e) freshwater fish (n = 31), (f) birds (n = 51), (g) amphibians (n = 40), (h) reptiles (n = 149), (i) mammals (n = 29), and (j) from parsimony analysis of endemicity for all vertebrates (n = 300). Different colours denote congruent geographical clusters in dendrograms and relevant maps for different analyses.

FIGURE 1 in Vertebrate endemism in south-eastern Africa numerically redefines a biodiversity hotspot

FIGURE 1. The study area delimited by 22˚S and 24˚E (dashed lines) and the operational geographic units (OGUs) redrawn from Perera et al. (2011) to fit quarter-degree square borders. Distribution ranges of vertebrate species endemic to south-eastern Africa sensu lato included in the study do not extend beyond the dotted line. Dark grey: the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany biodiversity hotspot (Mittermeier et al., 2004); light grey: areas added to the above in the proposed qualitative delimitation of the Greater Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany region of vertebrate endemism (Perera et al., 2011); blue line: the Limpopo River; brown line: the southern Great Escarpment, indicating the Nelspoort interval; green lines: country boundaries of South Africa (SA), Lesotho (L) and Swaziland (S). OGUs: ACB—Albany Coastal Belt, AKR—Intrusion of Lower Karoo into Albany, AWB—Amatola-Winterberg, CBV—Central Bushveld, DBP—Drakensberg Plateau, DEE—Drakensberg-Eastern-Cape Escarpment, DKE—Drakensberg-KwaZulu-Natal Escarpment, HUK—Highveld-Upper Karoo, INH—Inhambane, KBV— Kalahari Bushveld, KNY—Knysna, MLV—Mozambique Lowveld, NBV—Northern Bushveld, NCB—Natal Coastal Belt, NDH—Northern Dry Highveld, NGO—Ngoye, NMD—Natal Midlands, NME—Northern Mpumalanga Escarpment, NMH— Northern Mesic Highveld, NMO—Northern Mopane, NMP—Northern Maputaland, NMV—Northern Middleveld, NNT— Northern Natal, PND—Pondoland, SDH—Southern Dry Highveld, SME—Southern Mpumalanga Escarpment, SMH— Southern Mesic Highveld, SMO—Southern Mopane, SMP—Southern Maputaland, SMV—Southern Middleveld, SNB— Sneeuberg, SPB—Soutpansberg, STR—Southern Transkei Coastal Belt, TMD—Transkei Midlands, UKR—Upper Karoo, WLB—Wolkberg, WTB—Waterberg. See text for further details.

FIGURE 4 in Taxonomic status of Paraguay's only endemic bird, the Chaco Nothura Nothura chacoensis (Aves: Tinamidae)

FIGURE 4. Typical territorial vocalizations of Nothura tinamous: N. boraquira (partial song of XC15370 from Bolivia by Juan Mazar Barnett); N. minor (partial song of XC283242 from Brazil by Robson Silva e Silva); N. darwinii (XC226707 from Peru by Peter Boesman); N. maculosa (XC319690 from Brazil by Robson Silva e Silva); and N. chacoensis (XC345716 from Paraguay by Oscar Rodríguez).

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic status of Paraguay's only endemic bird, the Chaco Nothura Nothura chacoensis (Aves: Tinamidae)

FIGURE 3. Principal component analysis of four morphometric variables for Nothura m. paludivaga and N. chacoensis.

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic status of Paraguay's only endemic bird, the Chaco Nothura Nothura chacoensis (Aves: Tinamidae)

FIGURE 2. Ventral and dorsal views of Nothura specimens (all in FMNH) from the Paraguayan Chaco. From left to right: N. m. paludivaga with the palest underparts (16350), the type specimen (17653), and the darkest underparts (17657); N. chacoensis with the palest underparts (13665), the type specimen (12501), and the darkest underparts (12113); and a specimen of nominate N. m. maculosa (418092). Photo by Justin Ling.

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic status of Paraguay's only endemic bird, the Chaco Nothura Nothura chacoensis (Aves: Tinamidae)

FIGURE 1. Distribution of Nothura chacoensis and three subspecies of N. maculosa in the Paraguayan Chaco, based on specimens examined in this study at the AMNH, FMHN, UMMZ, and specimens examined by Steinbacher (1962) and Short (1975) at SMF and ZFMK. The locations of our recordings of Nothura tinamou vocalizations are also plotted, demonstrating that they were within the geographical range of N. chacoensis but not that documented for N. maculosa.

FIGURE 6 in Primary hypotheses of global areas of endemism based on the distribution of Tabanomorpha (Diptera, Brachycera)

FIGURE 6. Areas of endemism recovered in the Oriental and Australian regions by the consensus of the endemicity analysis of Tabanomorpha.

FIGURE 5 in Primary hypotheses of global areas of endemism based on the distribution of Tabanomorpha (Diptera, Brachycera)

FIGURE 5. Areas of endemism recovered in the African and European regions bY the consensus of the endemicitY analYsis of Tabanomorpha.

FIGURE 4 in Primary hypotheses of global areas of endemism based on the distribution of Tabanomorpha (Diptera, Brachycera)

FIGURE 4. Areas of endemism recovered in the Nearctic region bY the consensus of the endemicitY analYsis of Tabanomorpha.

FIGURE 2 in Primary hypotheses of global areas of endemism based on the distribution of Tabanomorpha (Diptera, Brachycera)

FIGURE 2. Relationship among relative number of consensus areas and increasing consensus cut-off values (10% to 100%) in each grid siZe. Also shoWn is the curve fitted for a grid siZe of 7° data. The black dot in the curve corresponds to 31%, the percentage of similaritY of species used to calculate the consensus areas.