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FIGURES 128–132. Stigmella imperatoria Puplesis & Robinson. 128, 129 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 128–132. Stigmella imperatoria Puplesis & Robinson. 128, 129, male adult, holotype; 130, male genitalia, capsule with phallus, holotype, genitalia slide no. Diškus195; 131, same, uncus and gnathos; 132, same, phallus (ZMUC).

FIGURES 16–17 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 16–17. Distribution of high altitude Stigmella species in the Ecuadorian Andes. 16, habitat of Stigmella paramica sp. nov. and S. confertae Diškus & Stonis, 3700–3800 m, 0°21'45"S, 78°11'35"W; 17, distribution map.

FIGURES 67–71 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 67–71. Male genitalia of Stigmella gynoxyphaga Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., genitalia slide no. AD662 (ZMUC). 67, uncus, 68, apical part of valva; 69, capsule without phallus, ventral view; 70, same, dorsal view; 71, phallus.

FIGURES 44–48 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 44–48. Bionomics of Stigmella paramica Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. 44, 45, host-plant Pentacalia sp. (Asteraceae); 46–48, leaf-mines.

FIGURES 88–92 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 88–92. Stigmella tripartita Diškus & Stonis. 88, host-plant Baccharis buxifolia (Lam.) Pers. (Asteraceae); 89, male forewing, reconstructed from adult still enclosed within the pupa shell; 90, male genitalia, paratype, genitalia slide no. AD624; 91, same, holotype, genitalia slide no. AD622, capsule without phallus, dorsal view; 92, same, ventral view (ZMUC).

FIGURES 39–43 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 39–43. Genitalia of Stigmella paramica Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. 39, male genitalia, uncus and gnathos, holotype, temporary mount in glycerol no. AD611; 40, same, phallus, paratype, permanent genitalia slide in Euparal no. AD612; 41, same, capsule without phallus, holotype, permanent genitalia slide no. AD611, ventral view; 42, same, paratype, genitalia slide no. AD620; 43, female genitalia, paratype, slide no. AD619 (ZMUC).

FIGURES 30–31 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 30–31. Morphology of genitalia of high-Andean Stigmella, Nepticulidae. 30, male genitalia of S. altimontana sp.n.; 31, female genitalia of S. clinopodiella sp. n.

FIGURES 108–112 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 108–112. Stigmella pseudorobusta Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov. 108, male adult, holotype; 109, male genitalia, holotype, genitalia slide no. RA568, phallus; 110, same, capsule without phallus; 111, same, uncus and gnathos; 112, female genitalia, paratype, genitalia slide no. RA581 (ZMUC).

FIGURES 50–55 in Description of immatures and the bionomy of the Oriental leaf beetle Chaeridiona thailandica Kimoto, 1998 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Oncocephalini), a leaf-mining hispine beetle

FIGURES 50–55. Chaeridiona thailandica, pupa. (50) Dorsal side of head; (51) process of dorsal side of head armed apically with a seta; (52) setae of abdominal tergite; (53) abdominal sternite VIII with a two-branched scolus at the posterior border; (54) closed respiratory horn of the abdominal segment V; (55) peritreme of closed respiratory horn.

FIGURES 46–49 in Description of immatures and the bionomy of the Oriental leaf beetle Chaeridiona thailandica Kimoto, 1998 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Oncocephalini), a leaf-mining hispine beetle

FIGURES 46–49. Chaeridiona thailandica, pupa. (46) Dorsal view of body; (47) abdominal tergites V–VIII; (48) ventral view of body; (49) abdominal sternites V–VIII.

FIGURES 26–28 in Description of immatures and the bionomy of the Oriental leaf beetle Chaeridiona thailandica Kimoto, 1998 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Oncocephalini), a leaf-mining hispine beetle

FIGURES 26–28. Chaeridiona thailandica, mature larva. (26) Lateral side; (27) dorsal side; (28) ventral side.

FIGURES 1–8 in Description of immatures and the bionomy of the Oriental leaf beetle Chaeridiona thailandica Kimoto, 1998 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Oncocephalini), a leaf-mining hispine beetle

FIGURES 1–8. (1) two ginger plants (Zingiber sp.) growing on the forest floor; (2) adult Chaeridiona thailandica on a ginger leaf; (3) a leaf of Zingiber sp. with feeding marks of two Ch. thailandica larvae; (4) feeding area of Ch. thailandica: larva visible on the left side, dark larval faeces on the surface of the ginger leaf on the right side; (5) watered larva of Ch. thailandica penetrates the leaf surface with the apical plate to get fresh air; (6) Ch. thailandica larva bores into the mid-rib of a ginger leaf; (7) Ch. thailandica pupa inside the mid-rib of a ginger leaf, the upper leaf tissue layer of the pupal chamber was removed; (8) abdominal part of Ch. thailandica pupa protruding from the pupal chamber, the two spiracles of the fifth abdominal segment (respiratory horns) are distinctly visible.

FIGURES 19–25 in Description of immatures and the bionomy of the Oriental leaf beetle Chaeridiona thailandica Kimoto, 1998 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Oncocephalini), a leaf-mining hispine beetle

FIGURES 19–25. Chaeridiona thailandica, larva. (19) Dorsal side of labrum: cs—campaniform sensillum; (20) ventral side of labrum: cs—campaniform sensilla, sp—sensilla placodea; (21, 22) mandibles; (23, 24) dorsum of palpiger and maxillary palp: ds—digitiform sensillum, smp—seta of first maxillary palp; (25) maxillae and labium ventrally: st—stipes, pp—palpiger, Imp—first segment of maxillary palp, IImp—second segment of maxillary palp, mal—mala, ligligula, pre—prementum, post—postmentum, cs—campaniform sensilla, lp—labial palp.

FIGURES 15–18 in Description of immatures and the bionomy of the Oriental leaf beetle Chaeridiona thailandica Kimoto, 1998 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Oncocephalini), a leaf-mining hispine beetle

FIGURES 15–18. Chaeridiona thailandica, larva. (15) Dorsal side of head; (16) ventral side of head; (17) leg; (18) antenna: Ias—first antennal segment, IIas—second antennal segment, IIIas—third antennal segment, cs—campaniform sensillum, ps—peg-like sensillum, sa—sensory appendix.

FIGURES 41–45 in Description of immatures and the bionomy of the Oriental leaf beetle Chaeridiona thailandica Kimoto, 1998 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Oncocephalini), a leaf-mining hispine beetle

FIGURES 41–45. Chaeridiona thailandica, mature larva. (41) Head, ventral side; (42) part of labrum, ventral side, tops of maxillae on sides: sp—sensilla placodea; (43) group of sensilla (sensilla placodea) on ventral side of labrum; (44) maxillary palp and mala: mal—mala, Imp—first segment of maxillary palp, IImp—second segment of maxillary palp, ds —digitiform sensillum, smp—seta of first maxillary palp; (45) prementum (pre) with two tubercles (lp) and campaniform sensilla (cs), postmentum (post), stipes (st), palpiger (pp).

FIGURES 35–40 in Description of immatures and the bionomy of the Oriental leaf beetle Chaeridiona thailandica Kimoto, 1998 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Oncocephalini), a leaf-mining hispine beetle

FIGURES 35–40. Chaeridiona thailandica, mature larva. (35) Abdominal tergites VI–VIII; (36) abdominal sternites VI–VIII; (37) seta on the top of lateral scolus.; (38) leg of mesonotum; (39) antenna: Ias—first antennal segment, IIassecond antennal segment, IIIas—third antennal segment, cs—campaniform sensilla, ps—peg-like sensillum, sa—sensory appendix; (40) top of antenna: IIIas—third antennal segment, ps—peg-like sensillum, sa—sensory appendix.

FIGURES 29–34 in Description of immatures and the bionomy of the Oriental leaf beetle Chaeridiona thailandica Kimoto, 1998 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Oncocephalini), a leaf-mining hispine beetle

FIGURES 29–34. Chaeridiona thailandica, spiracles of mature larva. (29, 30) Spiracle of thorax; (31) spiracle of abdomen; (32) spiracle of the abdominal segment VIII, lateral view; (33, 34) respiratory chambers of spiracle of last pair with plastron structures.

FIGURES 6–9 in A new leaf-galling Holopothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) and the structural alterations on Myrcia retorta (Myrtaceae)

FIGURES 6–9. Holopothrips striatus. (6) Pronotum (left side). (7) Pelta. (8) Dorsal view of pterothorax and first abdominal segment. (9) Male abdominal sternites VII–VIII.

FIGURES 1–5 in A new leaf-galling Holopothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) and the structural alterations on Myrcia retorta (Myrtaceae)

FIGURES 1–5. Holopothrips striatus. (1) Male. (2) Larva. (3) Ventral view of head and prosternum. (4) Dorsal view of head. (5) Antenna.

FIGURES 10–12 in A new leaf-galling Holopothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) and the structural alterations on Myrcia retorta (Myrtaceae)

FIGURES 10–12. Galls induced by Holopothrips striatus on leaves of Myrcia retorta. (10) Stem branch with leaf fold/roll galls. (11) Final form of leaf fold/roll gall morphotype on Myrcia retorta. (GHA) Gall homogeneous area; (HR) Hypersensitive area; (VB) Vascular bundles; (OG) Oil glands. (12) Anatomy of a gall, evidencing the mesophyll divided into homogeneous area and hypersensitive area. Scale bars: 10: 2cm, 11–12: 200µm.