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Fig. 5 in The Alvarez impact theory of mass extinction; limits to its applicability and the "great expectations syndrome"

Fig. 5. Evolving timing of the multi−ring Woodleigh impact structure, manifested in purported causal connection with the P–T and F–F mass extinctions, as a reflection of variously dated processes. Age constraints still range from post−Middle Devonian to pre−Early Jurassic, but the connection with the D–C global event seems to be most likely (Glikson et al. 2005).

Fig. 4 in The Alvarez impact theory of mass extinction; limits to its applicability and the "great expectations syndrome"

Fig. 4. Evolving timing of the Siljan Ring (53 km diameter; see Fig. 2), depending on different timescales and improved radiometric dates.

Fig. 3 in The Alvarez impact theory of mass extinction; limits to its applicability and the "great expectations syndrome"

Fig. 3. Extraterrestrial elemental proxy Ir, and supplementary Ni, against other geochemical markers in the F–F boundary beds at Kowala, Holy Cross Mountains (after Racki et al. 2002: fig. 8; used with permission from Elsevier); Ir values from an unpublished report (dated 2004) by Yuichi Hatsukawa and Mohammad Mahmudy Gharaie; Ni contents from Racka (1999: table 2); for other data see references in Racki et al. (2011).

Fig. 2 in The Alvarez impact theory of mass extinction; limits to its applicability and the "great expectations syndrome"

Fig. 2. Crater temporal distribution, with possible record at the F–F boundary (A), plotted against Devonian biodiversity losses in terms of substages (B), data from Bambach 2006: fig. 1 (used with permission from the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 34 © 2006 by Annual Reviews, http://www.annualreviews.org.), re−arranged according to the timescale of Kaufman (2006; see the updated tiiming in Becker et al. 2012; Fig. 4); the reconstructed middle Frasnian Alamo crater is also shown to reveal low biodiversity loss in that time (arrowed), as well as the controversial Woodleigh impact structure (see Fig. 5) and the biostratigraphically dated Flynn Creek submarine crater (Schieber and Over 2005). Vertical lines correspond to possible temporal ranges. Abbreviations: Carb., Carboniferous; Givet., Givetian; Lochk., Lochkovian; Prag., Pragian; Silur, Silurian.

Fig. 1 in The Alvarez impact theory of mass extinction; limits to its applicability and the "great expectations syndrome"

Fig. 1. Scheme of the three successive levels in the testing process, encompassing application of the Alvarez impact theory of mass extinction, and possible errors resulting from the "great expectations syndrome" (sensu Tsujita 2001).

Fig. 6 in The Alvarez impact theory of mass extinction; limits to its applicability and the "great expectations syndrome"

Fig. 6. The Late Triassic cratering record plotted against extinction events (based on Lucas and Tanner 2008: fig. 8; crater dates modified after Schmieder and Buchner 2008 and Martin Schmieder personal communication, 2011) and two alternative time scales. Note that the 100 km−sized and precisely dated Manicouagan crater (214.56±0.05 Ma; see ottawa−rasc.ca/wiki/index.php?title=Odale−Articles− Manicouagan) is within the age range of the end−Carnian extinction only in the ICS 2009 geochronologic scheme (see also Lucas et al. 2012). Carbon isotope events compiled from Tanner (2010) and Ruhl and Kürschner (2011: fig.1). Vertical lines correspond to possible temporal ranges. J., Jurassic.

Fig. 6 in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages

Fig. 6. Neighbour-joining cluster analysis performed using Euclidean distances extracted from distal measurements. Bootstrap values show the support for each internal node.

Fig. 4 in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages

Fig. 4. Neighbour-joining cluster analysis performed using Euclidean distances extracted from all measurements. Bootstrap values show the support for each internal node.

Fig. 3 in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages

Fig. 3. Plot of the first two linear discriminant functions extracted from a combination of radial measurements used to classify habitat preferences within Canidae.

Fig. 1. Measurement scheme for the canid radius, illustrated using a in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages

Fig. 1. Measurement scheme for the canid radius, illustrated using a left radius of Cuon alpinus, NHMUK M1888.2.5.22_159.d, in posterior view (A1), proximal (A2) and distal (A3) end; lateral view proximal (B1) and distal (B2) end; distal view of radius lower extremity (C), proximal (D) and distal (E) views of radius epiphyses. Not to scale. Explanation of radial measurements 1–29 in Table 1.

Fig. 2 in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages

Fig. 2. Plot of the first two linear discriminant functions extracted from a combination of radial measurements used to classify genera within Canidae.

Fig. 5 in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages

Fig. 5. Neighbour-joining cluster analysis performed using Euclidean distances extracted from proximal measurements. Bootstrap values show the support for each internal node.

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Fig. 2 in Application of a universal parasite diagnostic test to biological specimens collected from animals

Fig. 2. Cluster dendrogram showing parasite species detected in mammalian hosts. Sequences detected in each specimen using nUPDx were clustered alongside parasite-derived reference sequences of known identity obtained from GenBank. These reference sequences are labelled on the dendrogram branch tips (where appropriate). A peripheral color-coded heat map ring indicates the host animal from which the parasite-derived sequence was detected. Gray branches and blocks on the heat map reflect the position of reference sequences within the tree. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

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Fig. 1 in Application of a universal parasite diagnostic test to biological specimens collected from animals

Fig. 1. Schematic describing the nested UPDx protocol employed in this study. This schematic provides a summary of the nested UPDx (nUPDx) protocol originally described by Flaherty et al. (Flaherty et al., 2021). Briefly, the DNA extract is subjected to a restriction digestion using the PstI restriction enzyme, and the digest product is subjected to PCR1 using primers 5'TTGATCCTGC- CAGTAGTCATATGC'3 (outer forward) and 5'GGTGTGTA- CAAAGGGCAGGGAC'3 (outer reverse). The resultant ~2 kb amplicon is digested using the restriction enzymes BamHI and BsoBI. The digest product is then subjected to PCR2 using internal primers 5'CCGGAGAGGGAGCCTGAGA'3 (inner forward) and 5'GAGCTGGAATTACCGCGG'3 (inner reverse) originally described by Flaherty et al. (Flaherty et al., 2018, 2021). The amplicon of PCR2 (~200 base pairs) is finally subjected to Illumina amplicon sequencing.

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Fig. 3 in Application of a universal parasite diagnostic test to biological specimens collected from animals

Fig. 3. Cluster dendrogram showing parasite species detected in avian and reptilian hosts. Sequences detected in each specimen using nUPDx were clustered in this dendrogram alongside parasite-derived reference sequences of known identity obtained from GenBank. These reference sequences are labelled on the dendrogram branch tips (where appropriate). A peripheral color-coded heat map ring indicates the host animal from which the parasite-derived sequence was detected. Gray branches and blocks on the heat map reflect the position of reference sequences within the tree. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

FIGURE 5 in A novel application of the white light/fringe projection duo: recovering high precision three-dimensional images from fossils for the digital preservation of morphology

FIGURE 5. Processed views of a fossil sample acquired by the optical FPP system OTY. Each view is re-oriented 60º degrees with respect to the prior. Where: "a" indicates a zone that has no information at 60º in this stage of the process and will be corrected with the information of the next view, as is shown in "b".

FIGURE 3 in A novel application of the white light/fringe projection duo: recovering high precision three-dimensional images from fossils for the digital preservation of morphology

FIGURE 3. Magnitude maps of the sample obtained every 60º for 8 and 128 pixels/period. The images show the resolution and detail levels given the number of fringes projected over the sample. The measurements' accuracy of surface and depth depends on the number of projected fringes, which include as many as the system can display (8 pixels/period for each fringe in this case). When the acquisition of details is difficult, a wider fringe is required (based on our sample size, we used 128 pixels).

FIGURE 1 in A novel application of the white light/fringe projection duo: recovering high precision three-dimensional images from fossils for the digital preservation of morphology

FIGURE 1. Optical set up specifications for fringe projection profilometry (FPP) used in this study for the recovery of a 3-D image of a hemimandible sample.

FIGURE 7 in A novel application of the white light/fringe projection duo: recovering high precision three-dimensional images from fossils for the digital preservation of morphology

FIGURE 7. Examples of analyses that can be performed with the obtained data from the fossils: 1) denoting the relief (emboss filter), 2) detecting edges and transitions (sobel filter), 3) study of the roughness and waviness of a sample (topography filter).

FIGURE 2 in A novel application of the white light/fringe projection duo: recovering high precision three-dimensional images from fossils for the digital preservation of morphology

FIGURE 2. Flowchart of the 'OTY' procedure employed in this study, where: α = angle (60º in this case), * = MBE algorithm (Gutiérrez-García et al., 2013), and ** = Goldstein algorithm. OTY: name given to the white light system together with the phase shifting algorithm filter, based on the fact that it was developed for use on Ototylomys samples (see main text).