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4,578 results for “Assistance”
Data for: Magnetic-field-assisted molecular beam epitaxy: Engineering of Fe3O4 ultrathin films on MgO(111)
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Iterative evaluation of mobile computer-assisted digital chest x-ray screening for TB improves efficiency, yield, and outcomes in Nigeria
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Data from: Gallium-catalyzed boron-assisted recycling of silicone waste yields key chlorosilanes
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Data from: Non-random association of MHC-I alleles in favor of high diversity haplotypes in wild songbirds revealed by computer-assisted MHC haplotype inference using the R package MHCtools
<p><strong>Data set from:</strong></p> <p>Roved J., Hansson B., Stervander, M., Hasselquist D., & Westerdahl H. (2020). Non-random association of MHC-I alleles in favor of high diversity haplotypes in wild songbirds revealed by computer-assisted MHC haplotype inference using the R package MHCtools.</p>
Selection of Water-Soluble Chitosan by Microwave-Assisted Degradation and pH Controlled Precipitation
<p>Dataset for "Selection of Water-Soluble Chitosan by Microwave-Assisted Degradation and pH Controlled Precipitation" Polymers (2020) 12, 1274. DOI: 10.3390/polym12061274.</p> <p>Raw data for NMR spectra; raw GPC data; experimental descriptions; metadata file</p> <p> </p>
Combining conservation status and species distribution models for planning assisted colonisation under climate change
<p>Effects of climate change are particularly important in the Mediterranean Biodiversity hotspot where rising temperatures and drought are negatively affecting several plant taxa, including endemic species. Assisted Colonisation (AC) represents a useful tool for reducing the effect of climate change on endemic plant species threatened by climate change.</p> <p>We combined SDMs for 188 taxa endemic to Italy with the IUCN red listing range loss threshold under criterion A (30%) to define: a) the number of AC (measured as 2×2 km grid cells that should be occupied by new populations, that is grid cells = new populations) required to fully compensate for predicted range loss and to halt the decline below the 30% of range loss; b) The number of cells necessary to compensate for range loss was calculated as the number of currently occupied cells lost under future climate due to unsuitable conditions. We used two Representative Concentration Pathways, +2.6 and +8.5 W/m2, optimistic and pessimistic scenarios, respectively. Availability of suitable areas for AC was also assessed within the current species distribution and within protected areas.</p> <p>Under the optimistic scenario, no taxa would lose more than 30% of their range and AC would not be required. Under the pessimistic scenario, roughly 90% of taxa showed a cell loss higher than 30%. Eight taxa were predicted to lose >95% of their range. For these species, AC was required from 13 to 16 new populations (= 13 to 16 grid cells) per taxon to cap the range loss at 30%. For currently VU or EN species, an average number of 32 to 35 AC attempts would be necessary to fully compensate for their range loss under a pessimistic scenario. Suitable recipient sites within protected areas falling in their projected range were identified, allowing for short-distance AC.</p> <p>Synthesis. Combining SDMs and red listing thresholds under Criterion A has enabled the strategic planning of multiple-species AC minimising the effort in terms of new populations to be created and maximising the conservation benefit in terms of range loss compensation.</p>
Factorial design assisted RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of fluconazole, itraconazole, and terbinafine
<p>A 2<sup>3</sup> full factorial design model was utilized for development of a new HPLC method with UV detection to estimate three antifungal drugs simultaneously. Fluconazole (FLU), itraconazole (ITR) and terbinafine (TRH), which are co-administered for severe fungal infections have been determined using MOS-1 Hypersil C18 column and an isocratic eluent; methanol 95% and phosphate buffer 5% with 0.001% triethylamine. The pH adjusted 7, and flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. The three drugs were separated within less than 7 minutes at 210 nm. The developed method gave linear response over 5-80, 5-50 and 1-50 μg/mL for FLU, ITR and TRH, respectively. It showed detection limits of 0.8761, 0.293 and 0.1965 μg/mL and quantification limits of 2.655, 0.8788 and 0.5956 μg/mL for the three drugs, respectively. The design of experiment facilitated the optimization of different variables affecting the separation of the three drugs. The designed method sensitivity permitted the simultaneous estimation of ITR and TRH in spiked human plasma successfully.</p>
Data from: Spatio-temporal variation of biotic and abiotic stress agents determines seedling survival in assisted oak regeneration
1. Mediterranean oak woodlands are currently undergoing considerable anthropogenic changes that globally threaten their long-term persistence. Restoration efforts via assisted regeneration depend on species traits and type of stress. However, how different sources of stress vary across space (microsites) and time (intra and inter-annual variation) for co-occurring oak species remains largely unknown. 2. We examined spatio-temporal variation of biotic (herbivory, seed predation) and abiotic (drought) stress agents to evaluate seedling survival across different regeneration microsites, and considering two climatically contrasting years. We used two co-occurring species of contrasting ecology and leaf traits in California oak woodlands: the deciduous Quercus lobata and the evergreen Q. agrifolia. 3. Most oak seedlings (98.8%) suffered from some type of stress. For both species, summer drought was the main cause of mortality, followed by rodent damage, ungulate browsing and insect damage. Rodents represented the predominant biotic stress, as all rodent-affected seedlings eventually died. Interactions among stress factors were nuanced: insect and ungulate-browsing stresses were greater during dry year, whereas rodent damage was similar in dry and average years. Intra-annually, rodent damage was the main stress agent in early spring, whereas water stress and ungulate-browsing were greater in late spring-early fall. Plant species traits were also determinant: overall, the evergreen species had greater survival probability than the deciduous one. 4. Across microsites, water stress showed higher occurrence in open grassland habitats, while rodent damage was prevalent under palatable shrubs and ungulate browsing under conspecific trees. Shrub and tree cover reduced damage attributed to water stress but increased rodent and ungulate damage, respectively. Interestingly, lower water stress but higher rodent damage was found further inside the shrub cover. 5. Synthesis and applications. Intra and inter-annual variation are critical determinants of stress type and intensity on oak recruitment. Spatial variation (microsite identity) is also informative to manipulate stress agent impact. We conclude that assisted regeneration should consider not only the predominance and lethality of each stress type and microsite, but also the interactions thereof and thus manipulate protective microsites accordingly.
Assisted migration across fixed seed zones detects adaptation lags in two major North American tree species
<p>Boreal forests are experiencing dramatic climate change, having warmed 1-1.9°C over the last century. Yet forest regeneration practices are often still dictated by a fixed seed zone framework, in which seeds are both harvested from and planted into predefined areas. Our goal was to determine whether seedlings sourced from southern seed zones in Minnesota USA are already better adapted to northerly seed zones because of climate change. Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) and northern red oak (Quercus rubra) seedlings from two seed zones (i.e. tree ecotypes) were planted into 16 sites in two northern seed zones and measured for three years. Our hypotheses were threefold: 1) tree species with more southern geographic distributions would thrive in northern forests where climate has already warmed substantially, 2) southern ecotypes of these species would have higher survival and growth than the northern ecotype in northern environments, and 3) natural selection would favor seedlings that expressed phenotypic and phenological traits characteristic of trees sourced from the more southern seed zone. For both species, survival was high (>93%), and southern ecotypes expressed traits consistent with our climate adaptation hypotheses. Ecotypic differences were especially evident for red oak; the southern ecotype had had higher survival, lower SLA, faster height and diameter growth, and extended leaf phenology relative to the northern ecotype. Bur oak results were weaker, but the southern ecotype also had earlier budburst and lower SLA than the northern ecotype. Models based on the fixed seed zones failed to explain seedling performance as well as those with continuous predictors (e.g. climate and geographical position), suggesting that plant adaptations within current seed zone delineations do align with changing climate conditions. Adding support for this conclusion, natural selection favored traits expressed by the more southern tree ecotypes. Collectively, these results suggest that state seed sourcing guidelines should be reexamined to permit plantings across seed zones, a form of assisted migration. More extensive experiments (i.e. provenance trails) are necessary to make species-specific seed transfer guidelines that account for climate trends while also considering the precise geographic origin of seed sources.</p>
Data from: Large ecosystem service benefits of assisted natural regeneration
China manages the largest monoculture plantations in the world, with 24% being Chinese fir plantations. Maximizing the ecosystem services of Chinese fir plantations has important implications in global carbon cycle and biodiversity protection. Assisted natural regeneration (ANR) is a practice to convert degraded lands into more productive forests with great ecosystems services. However, the quantitative understanding of ANR ecosystem service benefits is very limited. We conducted a comprehensive field manipulation experiment to evaluate the ANR potentials. We quantified and compared key ecosystem services including surface runoff, sediment yield, dissolved organic carbon export, plant diversity, and aboveground carbon accumulation of ANR of secondary forests dominated by Castanopsis carlesii to that of Chinese fir and C. carlesii plantations. Our results showed that ANR of C. carlesii forest reduced surface runoff and sediment yield up to 50% compared with other young plantations in the first 3 years and substantially increased plant diversity. ANR also reduced the export of dissolved organic carbon by 60–90% in the first 2 years. Aboveground biomass of the young ANR forest was approximately 3–4 times of that of other young plantations, while aboveground biomass of mature ANR forests was approximately 1.4 times of that of mature Chinese fir plantations of the same age. If all Chinese fir plantations in China were replaced by ANR forests, potentially 0.7 Pg more carbon will be stored in aboveground in one rotation (25 years). The results indicate that ANR triggers positive feedbacks among soil and water conservation, biodiversity protection, and biomass accumulation and thereby enhances ecosystem services.
Data from: Model-assisted analysis of sugar metabolism throughout tomato fruit development reveals enzyme and carrier properties in relation to vacuole expansion
A kinetic model combining enzyme activity measurements and subcellular compartmentation was parameterized to fit the sucrose, hexose, and glucose-6-P contents of pericarp throughout tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit development. The model was further validated using independent data obtained from domesticated and wild tomato species and on transgenic lines. A hierarchical clustering analysis of the calculated fluxes and enzyme capacities together revealed stage-dependent features. Cell division was characterized by a high sucrolytic activity of the vacuole, whereas sucrose cleavage during expansion was sustained by both sucrose synthase and neutral invertase, associated with minimal futile cycling. Most importantly, a tight correlation between flux rate and enzyme capacity was found for fructokinase and PPi-dependent phosphofructokinase during cell division and for sucrose synthase, UDP-glucopyrophosphorylase, and phosphoglucomutase during expansion, thus suggesting an adaptation of enzyme abundance to metabolic needs. In contrast, for most enzymes, flux rates varied irrespectively of enzyme capacities, and most enzymes functioned at <5% of their maximal catalytic capacity. One of the major findings with the model was the high accumulation of soluble sugars within the vacuole together with organic acids, thus enabling the osmotic-driven vacuole expansion that was found during cell division.
Data from: A prioritised list of invasive alien species to assist the effective implementation of EU legislation
1. Effective prevention and control of invasive species generally relies on a comprehensive, coherent and representative list of species that enables resources to be used optimally. European Union (EU) Regulation 1143/2014 on invasive alien species (IAS) aims to control or eradicate priority species, and to manage pathways to prevent the introduction and establishment of new IAS; it applies to species considered of Union concern and subject to formal risk assessment. So far, 49 species have been listed but the criteria for selecting species for risk assessment have not been disclosed and were probably unsystematic. 2. We developed a simple method to systematically rank invasive alien species according to their maximum potential threat to biodiversity in the EU. We identified 1323 species as potential candidates for listing, and evaluated them against their invasion stages and reported impacts, using information from databases and scientific literature. 3. 900 species fitted the criteria for listing according to IAS Regulation. We prioritised 207 species for urgent risk assessment, 59 by 2018 and 148 by 2020, based on their potential to permanently damage native species or ecosystems; another 336 species were identified for a second phase (by 2025), to prevent or reverse their profound impacts on biodiversity; and a further 357 species for assessment by 2030. 4. Policy implications. We propose a systematic, proactive approach to selecting and prioritising invasive alien species for risk assessment to assist European Union policy implementation. We assess an unprecedented number of species with potential to harm EU biodiversity using simple methodology that we developed, and recommend which species should be considered for risk assessment in a ranked order of priority along the timeline 2018-2030, based on their maximum reported impact and their invasion history in Europe.
Data from: Genome- and transcriptome-assisted development of nuclear insertion/deletion markers for Calanus species (Copepoda: Calanoida) identification
Copepods of the genus Calanus are key zooplankton species in temperate to arctic marine ecosystems. Despite their ecological importance, species identification remains challenging. Furthermore, the recent report of hybrids among Calanus species highlights the need for diagnostic nuclear markers in order to efficiently identify parental species and hybrids. Using Next Generation Sequencing analysis of both the genome and transcriptome from two sibling species, C. finmarchichus and C. glacialis, we developed a panel of 12 nuclear insertion/deletion markers. All the markers showed species specific amplicon length. Furthermore most of the markers were successfully amplified in other Calanus species allowing the molecular identification of C. helgolandicus, C hyperboreus and C. marshallae.
Data from: Is computer-assisted instruction more effective than other educational methods in achieving ECG competence amongst medical students and residents? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Objectives It remains unclear whether computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is more effective than other teaching methods in acquiring and retaining ECG competence amongst medical students and residents. Design This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data sources Electronic literature searches of PubMed, databases via EBSCOhost, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and grey literature were conducted on 28 November 2017. We subsequently reviewed the citation indexes of articles identified by the search. Eligibility criteria Studies were included if a comparative research design was used to evaluate the efficacy of CAI versus other methods of ECG instruction, as determined by the acquisition and/or retention of ECG competence of medical students and/or residents. Data extraction and synthesis Two reviewers independently extracted data from all eligible studies and assessed the risk of bias. After duplicates were removed, 559 papers were screened. Thirteen studies met the eligibility criteria. Eight studies reported sufficient data to be included in the meta-analysis. Results In all studies, CAI was compared to face-to-face ECG instruction. There was a wide range of computer-assisted and face-to-face teaching methods. Overall, the meta-analysis found no significant difference in acquired ECG competence between those who received computer-assisted or face-to-face instruction. However, sub-analyses showed that CAI in a blended learning context was better than face-to-face teaching alone, especially if trainees had unlimited access to teaching materials and/or deliberate practice with feedback. There was no conclusive evidence that CAI was better than face-to-face teaching for longer-term retention of ECG competence. Conclusion CAI was not better than face-to-face ECG teaching. However, this meta-analysis was constrained by significant heterogeneity amongst studies. Nevertheless, the finding that blended learning is more effective than face-to-face ECG teaching is important in the era of increased implementation of e-learning. PROSPERO registration number CRD42017067054
Data from: Relatedness severely impacts accuracy of marker- assisted selection for disease resistance in hybrid wheat
The accuracy of genomic selection depends on the relatedness between the members of the set in which marker effects are estimated based on evaluation data and the types for which performance is predicted. Here, we investigate the impact of relatedness on the performance of marker-assisted selection for fungal disease resistance in hybrid wheat. A large and diverse mapping population of 1,739 elite European winter wheat inbred lines and hybrids was evaluated for powdery mildew, leaf rust, and stripe rust resistance in multi-location field trials and fingerprinted with 9k and 90k SNP arrays. Comparison of the accuracies of prediction achieved with data sets from the two marker arrays revealed a crucial role for a sufficiently high marker density in genome-wide association mapping. Cross- validation studies using test sets with varying degrees of relationship to the corresponding estimation sets unraveled that close relatedness leads to a substantial increase in the proportion of total genotypic variance explained by the identified QTL and, consequently, to an overoptimistic judgment of the prospected precision of marker-assisted selection.
Data from: Muscle-tendon mechanics explain unexpected effects of exoskeleton assistance on metabolic rate during walking
The goal of this study was to gain insight into how ankle exoskeletons affect the behavior of the plantarflexor muscles during walking. Using data from previous experiments, we performed electromyography-driven simulations of musculoskeletal dynamics to explore how changes in exoskeleton assistance affected plantarflexor muscle–tendon mechanics, particularly for the soleus. We used a model of muscle energy consumption to estimate individual muscle metabolic rate. As average exoskeleton torque was increased, while no net exoskeleton work was provided, a reduction in tendon recoil led to an increase in positive mechanical work performed by the soleus muscle fibers. As net exoskeleton work was increased, both soleus muscle fiber force and positive mechanical work decreased. Trends in the sum of the metabolic rates of the simulated muscles correlated well with trends in experimentally observed whole-body metabolic rate (R2=0.9), providing confidence in our model estimates. Our simulation results suggest that different exoskeleton behaviors can alter the functioning of the muscles and tendons acting at the assisted joint. Furthermore, our results support the idea that the series tendon helps reduce positive work done by the muscle fibers by storing and returning energy elastically. We expect the results from this study to promote the use of electromyography-driven simulations to gain insight into the operation of muscle–tendon units and to guide the design and control of assistive devices.
Does Co-Development with AI Assistants Lead to More Maintainable Code? Replication Package
<p>This is the replication package for the study "Echoes of AI: Investigating the Downstream Effects of AI Assistants on Software Maintainability" preregistered aat ICSME 2024 as “Does Co-Development with AI Assistants Lead to More Maintainable Code?”</p> <p>Abstract from the registered report:</p> <p>[Background/Context] AI assistants like GitHub Copilot are transforming software engineering, with several studies highlighting productivity improvements. However, their impact on code quality, particularly in terms of maintainability, requires further investigation.<br>[Objective/Aim] This study aims to examine the influence of AI assistants on software maintainability, specifically assessing how these tools affect the ability of developers to evolve code.<br>[Method] We will conduct a two-phased controlled experiment involving professional developers. In Phase 1, developers will add a new feature to a Java project, with or without the aid of an AI assistant. Phase 2, a randomized controlled trial, will involve a different set of developers evolving random Phase 1 projects - working without AI assistants. We will employ Bayesian analysis to evaluate differences in completion time, perceived productivity, code quality, and test coverage.</p> <p>Note: To maintain the integrity of the study, i.e., preventing any leakage to AI assistants' training data, we choose not to host the code in a public git repository. Instead, all relevant documents and code are shared through a replication package on Zenodo, available as PDF documents generated by repo2pdf (https://github.com/BankkRoll/repo2pdf). We have deliberately used settings to obfuscate the code (e.g., line numbers) to ensure it will not be scraped by any large language models before the study has been completed.</p> <p>Contents:</p> <ul> <li>Task 1 instructions.</li> <li>Task 2 instructions.</li> <li>The source code that the participants received.</li> <li>A causal graph with analysis details.</li> <li>Archives containing anonymized experimental data and analysis scripts (in .zip and .tar.gz for convenience). </li> </ul>
Organocatalytic Iminium-Assisted Asymmetric B(sp²)-to-B(sp³) Transformation
<p><span>The folder /DFT_optimized_structures/ contains the DFT-optimized geometries (in .xyz format together with the gas-phase energy, E) accompanying the paper</span></p> <p><span>"Asymmetric Organocatalytic Nucleophilic Addition to B(sp2) for Direct Construction of Stereogenic B(sp3) Center"</span></p> <p><span>Where conformers occur, they are always named from the lowest Gibbs energy to the highest in ascending order from c1 (sometimes omitted), c2, c3, .., etc.</span></p>
Defaunated and invaded insular tropical rainforests will not recover alone: recruitment limitation factors disentangled by hierarchical models of spontaneous and assisted regeneration
<ol> <li>Most tropical forests are now severely degraded and their ability to recover is highly dependent on frugivores which ensure seed dispersal for most woody plants. The global collapse of large vertebrates therefore raises major concerns about tropical forest succession, but few field studies have been conducted to disentangle recruitment limitations during disrupted succession.</li> <li>This study took place on Réunion (Mascarenes) where all large native frugivores have been extinct since human colonisation in 1665 and where multiple invasions threaten native ecosystems. We set up 20 experimental blocks on a lava flow dated back to 1800, in plant-impoverished post-defaunation vegetation bordered by old-growth forests. We assessed fecundity, seed dispersal and seedling recruitment of the complete fleshy-fruited plant community and used Bayesian analyses to disentangle the impact of multiple factors on these key processes. In the same blocks, we sowed four native trees assumed to be disperserless to test their capacity to establish, controlling for two additional post-dispersal limitations (seed predation and competition with invasive plants).</li> <li>On the flow, small-seeded native plants were fairly dispersed but did not recruit, probably due to strong competition with invasive plants; the few native species that recruited somehow were mostly medium-seeded plants that were still dispersed; large-seeded plants were absent from seed rain (which shows that invasive frugivores did not replace extinct ones) and subsequently from spontaneous recruitment. Instead, some alien plants, notably the tiny-seeded highly-dispersed <em>Clidemia hirta</em> and the medium-seeded <em>Psidium cattleianum</em> largely dominated seedling recruitment. Native plants recruited better at the forest margin, including some large-seeded species nearby mother trees.</li> <li>Sown large-seeded species were able to emerge and survive in all plots whatever the treatment, which demonstrates that dispersal loss was the primary cause of regeneration failure on the flow. </li> <li> <em>Synthesis</em><strong>.</strong> The strong modulation of the establishment capacity of native plants by seed mass shows that invasive plants win by forfeit of large-seeded plants after native frugivores loss. Our study emphasises the fundamental role of dispersal loss and competition with invasive plants in the disruption of ecological succession, as well as the urgency of restoring seed dispersal and strengthening biosecurity regulations.</li> </ol>
Water-assisted generation of catalytic interface: The case of supported Pt-FeOx(OH)y catalysts for preferential carbon monoxide oxidation
<p>Open data for "Water-assisted generation of catalytic interface: The case of supported Pt-FeOx(OH)y catalysts for preferential carbon monoxide oxidation"</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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