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Sublethal effects of pesticides on predator-prey interactions in amphibians, 2008.
Increasing evidence suggests that contaminants in the environment can have important consequences on organismal interactions. While we have a good understanding of the lethal effects of contaminants on organisms, we have a weak understanding of how contaminants can affect organisms by altering the interactions that they have with other species in the community. Using tadpoles of two anuran species (Bullfrogs, Lithobates [Rana] catesbeianus; Green Frogs, L. clamitans), we investigated the effects of low nominal concentrations (1 and 10 ppb) of two pesticides (malathion and endosulfan) on tadpole activity and survival when exposed to four predator treatments (no predators; water bugs, Belostoma flumineum; newts, Notophthalmus viridescens; and dragonfly larvae, Anax junius). In both anuran species, adding predators reduced tadpole activity and survival, with increasing rates of mortality occurring with water bugs, newts, and dragonflies, respectively. Additionally, the highest concentration of endosulfan caused tadpole mortality after 48 hrs. Most significant, tadpole species also experienced interactive effects of predators and pesticides on survival after 48 hrs. In Bullfrog treatments, all predators reduced the amount of tadpole mortality when exposed to endosulfan. In Green Frogs, additive negative effects occurred, except that newts increased the tadpole mortality when exposed to endosulfan. Our findings illustrate that pesticide effects on predator–prey interactions are often complex and have the potential to alter aquatic community composition.
New effects of Roundup on amphibians: Predators reduce herbicide mortality while herbicides induce anti-predator morphology, 2006.
The use of pesticides is important for growing crops and protecting human health by reducing the prevalence of targeted pest species. However, less attention is given to the potential unintended effects on nontarget species, including taxonomic groups that are of current conservation concern. One issue raised in recent years is the potential for pesticides to become more lethal in the presence of predatory cues, a phenomenon observed thus far only in the laboratory. A second issue is whether pesticides can induce unintended trait changes in nontarget species, particularly trait changes that might mimic adaptive responses to natural environmental stressors. Using outdoor mesocosms, I created simple wetland communities containing leaf litter, algae, zooplankton, and three species of tadpoles (wood frogs [Rana sylvatica or Lithobates sylvaticus], leopard frogs [R. pipiens or L. pipiens], and American toads [Bufo americanus or Anaxyrus americanus]). I exposed the communities to a factorial combination of environmentally relevant herbicide concentrations (0, 1, 2, or 3 mg acid equivalents [a.e.]/L of Roundup Original MAX) crossed with three predator-cue treatments (no predators, adult newts [Notophthalmus viridescens], or larval dragonflies [Anax junius]). Without predator cues, mortality rates from Roundup were consistent with past studies. Combined with cues from the most risky predator (i.e., dragonflies), Roundup became less lethal (in direct contrast to past laboratory studies). This reduction in mortality was likely caused by the herbicide stratifying in the water column and predator cues scaring the tadpoles down to the benthos where herbicide concentrations were lower. Even more striking was the discovery that Roundup induced morphological changes in the tadpoles. In wood frog and leopard frog tadpoles, Roundup induced relatively deeper tails in the same direction and of the same magnitude as the adaptive changes induced by dragonfly cues. To my knowledge, this i
The effects of pesticides, pH, and predatory stress in amphibians under mesocosm conditions.
Pesticides are applied throughout the world often with unintended consequences on ecological communities. In some regions, pesticides are associated with declining amphibians, but we have a poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Pesticides break down more slowly under low pH conditions and become more lethal to amphibians when combined with predatory stress, but these phenomena have not been tested outside of the laboratory. I examined how pH, predatory stress, and a single application of an insecticide (carbaryl) affected the survival and growth of larval bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and green frogs (R. clamitans) in outdoor mesocosms. Decreased pH had no effect on survival, but caused greater tadpole growth. Low concentrations of carbaryl had no effect on either species, but high concentrations caused lower survival and greater growth in bullfrogs. Predatory stress and reduced pH did not make carbaryl more lethal likely due to the rapid breakdown rate of carbaryl in outdoor mesocosms. Thus, whereas the stress of pH and predators can make carbaryl (and other pesticides) more lethal under laboratory conditions using repeated applications of carbaryl, these stressors did not interact under mesocosm conditions using a single application of carbaryl.
Relyea, R. A., and K. L. Yurewicz. 2002. Predicting community outcomes from pairwise interactions: Integrating density- and trait-mediated effects. Oecologia 131:569-579.
Understanding how species interactions shape the structure of ecological communities based on pairwise comparisons has been a difficult undertaking for ecologists because effects in reassembled communities can be different than simple density-mediated interactions would suggest. Part of this complexity occurs because many species change their behavior and morphology with different predators and competitors and, thus, change their per-capita interaction rates (i.e. trait-mediated interactions). Our objective was to use a simple experimental community of two predators (larval dragonflies, Anax longipes, and larval salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum), two prey (larval green frogs, Rana clamitans, and larval bullfrogs, R. catesbeiana), and a shared prey resource to determine whether we can predict interactions in a reassembled community by combining our knowledge of density- and trait-mediated interactions,. We combined pairwise laboratory experiments on predation rates and predator-induced behaviors with a mesocosm experiment to examine density- and trait-mediated effects. We used a factorial combination of no predators, caged Anax (to induce anti-predator traits without changing prey density), and lethal Anax crossed with no predators, caged Ambystoma, and lethal Ambystoma. The species interactions in the reassembled community were qualitatively predictable based on the pairwise experiments. Lethal Anax preyed upon Ambystoma and green frogs while lethal Ambystoma only preyed upon green frogs. Anax also reduced the activity of the green frogs; this caused a decrease in salamander predation on green frogs, a decrease in green frog acquisition of resources, and an increase in bullfrog acquisition of resources. Ambystoma had no effect on green frog activity, no effect on resource acquisition by green frogs, and no effect on resource acquisition by bullfrogs. These results suggest that we can better understand how species interact in natural communities if we have a more deta
Relyea, R. A. 2001. The lasting effects of adaptive plasticity: Predator-induced tadpoles become long-legged frogs. Ecology 82:1947-1955.
Changes in environmental conditions often alter the traits of individuals; however, we have a poor understanding of how changes in phenotypically plastic traits early in development may affect traits later in life. Such effects are of particular interest in organisms with complex life cycles in which early and late life stages can have drastically different morphologies and occupy different habitats. In this study, I examined how differences in the mass, morphology, and larval period of wood frog tadpoles (Rana sylvatica) subsequently affected the mass and morphology of metamorphic frogs. I found three major patterns: (1) larval mass and larval period were positively related to metamorphic mass; (2) larval period was positively related to metamorph hindlimb and forelimb length and negatively related to metamorph body width; and (3) larval body length was positively related to metamorph forelimb size. I then used these correlations to interpret the connection between the traits of predator-induced tadpoles and the subsequent traits of metamorphic frogs. Tadpoles reared with caged predators (aeshnid dragonflies) developed relatively deeper tail fins and had shorter bodies, lower mass, and longer developmental times than tadpoles reared without predators. Metamorphs emerging from larval predator environments exhibited no differences in mass but developed relatively large hindlimbs and forelimbs and narrower bodies than metamorphs emerging from predator-free larval environments. These differences arose primarily due to predator-induced changes in larval development time and not due to the predator-induced changes in larval morphology. By focusing on a large number of traits and a wide range of trait values, one can readily generate predictions about how a variety of environments, which alter traits early in development, can subsequently alter traits later in development.
Relyea, R. A. 2000. Trait-mediated indirect effects in larval anurans: Reversing competition with the threat of predation. Ecology 81:2278-2289.
Ecologists recently have been focusing on the role that trait-mediated indirect effects can have on community structure and composition. To date, this work has primarily focused on the effects of predator-induced behavioral plasticity on communities. However, predator-induced morphological plasticity, which has been documented in many taxa, might also lead to trait-mediated indirect effects. Here, I examined how predators altered the behavior and morphology of larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) and leopard frogs (R. pipiens) and how these phenotypic changes altered the outcome of competition between the two species. Competition in the absence of caged predators was asymmetric; when reared separately, leopard frogs grew more than wood frogs, but when competing (without predators), wood frogs grew faster than leopard frogs. The presence of caged predators reversed the outcome of competition between the two anuran prey. In the presence of larval dragonflies (Anax spp.) or caged mudminnows (Umbra limi), leopard frogs grew faster than wood frogs while total tadpole biomass production remained unchanged. Thus, there was a predator-mediated indirect effect. Because predators alter both the behavior and morphology of larval anurans and both of these traits are known to affect resource consumption and growth, both are potential mechanisms to explain the change in competitive outcome. Changes in behavior were not related to changes in growth, but changes in morphology (specifically mouth width and tail length) were related to changes in growth. When competitors were added (without predators), wood frogs increased their mouth width by 10% and their tail length by 3%, while leopard frogs increased their mouth width by 5% and did not change their tail length. The greater increase in mouth width for wood frogs should increase their forage intake, since tadpoles feed by scraping periphyton; the importance of a 3% longer tail in competitive ability is unknown. The presence of the p
Amendments and seeding did not augment erosion control structure effectiveness in dry rangelands, 2021-2023
This study investigates the effectiveness of combining rock structures with organic amendments (wood mulch or compost) and native perennial grass seed addition to address erosion on rangelands. The study was conducted across five cattle ranches in New Mexico with 9-18 active head cuts studied at each ranch. Rock rundown structures were built at each headcut and a plot above each structure received an organic amendment treatment (compost, mulch, or control) and seed addition treatment (seeded or control).
Higgins et al. 2024 study on dissolved organic matter controls and effects at the IISD Experimental Lakes Area, Northwestern Ontario, Canada, 1970-2019
This dataset represents long-term ecological reserch data collected at the IISD Experimental Lakes Area, Northwestern Ontario, Canada (1970 - 2019) used to support a research study reported in (Higgins et al. 2024). The study examines the relationships between long-term changes in precipitation, dissolved organic matter (DOM) loading and lake concentrations, and various physical, chemical and biological indicators.
Data for: Reburning before recovery: Effects of short-interval fire on subalpine forest nitrogen stocks and fluxes
In forests adapted to infrequent (>100-yr) stand-replacing fires, novel short-interval (<30-yr) fires have started to burn young forests before they recover from previous burns. Postfire tree regeneration is reduced, plant communities shift, soils are hotter and drier, but effects on biogeochemical cycling are unresolved. This study focused on how postfire nitrogen (N) stocks, N availability and N fixation varied in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) forests burned at long and short intervals in Grand Teton National Park (Wyoming, USA). This data package includes our field data from 2021 and 2022, along with laboratory analyses of foliar and litter chemistry, resin-sorbed N, and field measurements of N fixation. The data included here were also used to compute aboveground N stocks. Our study found that short-interval fires reduced and repartitioned aboveground N stocks, but soil N stocks were unaffected. Results indicate that these shifts in N pools and fluxes suggest reburns can markedly alter N cycling in subalpine forests. The citation for the publication associated with these data is: Turner, M. G., R. E. Heumann, N. G. Kiel, J. A. Warren, and C. C. Cleveland. Reburning before recovery: Effects of short-interval fire on subalpine forest nitrogen stocks and fluxes. Ecosystems (In press)
Invasive rat eradication effects on seedling counts on Palmyra Atoll, 2004-2016
In order to investigate the impacts of rat eradication on plant communities on the Palmyra Atoll, Line Islands, Central Pacific Ocean ecosystem, a study was conducted surveying the native and non-native tree and palm seedling abundance before and after an eradication event which took place in June 2011. The common plant species examined were P. grandis and C. nucifera, while the less-common species were B. asiatica, C. subcordata, H. sonora, G. speciosa, N. oppositifolium, and C. inophyllum. Data for common plant species were collected in 2007, 2011, 2012, 2014, and 2016, and for less-common species in 2004, 2011, 2012, 2014, and 2016. Data were collected via survey methods; 55 transect sites were examined for the common species, and between 49 to 55 sites were examined depending on the year, for the less-common species.
Macrosystems EDDIE Module 1: Climate Change Effects on Lake Temperatures
Climate change is modifying the thermal structure of lakes around the globe. Because it is difficult to predict how lakes will respond to the many different aspects of climate change (e.g., altered temperature, precipitation, wind, etc.), many researchers are using models to manipulate climate scenarios and simulate lake responses. Lake simulation models provide a powerful tool for exploring the sensitivity of lake thermal structure characteristics to weather. In this module, students will learn how to set up a lake model (General Lake Model; GLM) and "force" the model with climate scenarios of their own design to test hypotheses about how lakes may change in the future. Once students have mastered running one climate scenario for their lake, they will learn how to use distributed computing tools to scale up and run hundreds of different climate scenarios for their lakes. The overarching goal of this module is for students to explore new modeling and computing tools while learning fundamental concepts about how climate change will affect lakes. The A-B-C structure of this module makes it flexible and adaptable to a range of student levels and course structures. This dataset contains instructional materials and the files necessary to run the complete module. Readers are referred to the GLM science manual (Hipsey et al. 2014) for further details on model configuration.
Soil nitrogen and phosphorus effects on plant virus density, transmission, and species interactions
This data package includes data and code from an experiment testing the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus addition on interactions between two grass viruses (BYDV-PAV and CYDV-RPV). Data include virus density within oats (Avena sativa) and transmission of viruses to a second set of oats. Data were collected by Amy E. Kendig and collaborators between February 2014 and August 2014 at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul Minnesota, USA. Experiments were performed in growth chambers, virus density data were obtained using one-step reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and transmission data were obtained using RT-PCR. The code includes statistical analyses and figures. Model objects created through statistical analyses are also included. The code was run using R (version 3.5.2).
Effects of experimental manipulation of light and nutrients on establishment of seedlings of native and invasive woody species in Long Island, NY, USA forests 2000 - 2003
While several studies on the process of invasion often focused on single factors or on the general explanation of ‘disturbance,' recent work has attempted to move towards a more mechanistic understanding of the factors that promote plant community invasion. Manipulative experiments provide a means for discerning causal relationships and interactive effects of environmental factors in promoting invasion. This dataset contains the results of multifactor manipulative experiments in forest communities, which compared factors influencing early seedling establishment for native and invasive woody plants. In an earlier study, we found that in Long Island, NY, invasion patterns are correlated with forest community type (pine barrens or hardwood), light availability, and soil N and Ca. Therefore, we conducted manipulative field experiments in two different years to determine the relative importance and interaction of experimental gaps and N and Ca addition in pine barrens and hardwood forests in promoting invasion. We used seedlings of seven common native and invasive species in the first experiment, and 16 native and invasive species paired phylogenetically in the second experiment. This was done in the years 2000 and 2003 respectively.
Groundwater dependence of riparian woodlands and the disrupting effect of anthropogenically altered streamflow
This dataset includes data inputs from public sources, scripts and outputs to evaluate riparian vegetation reliance on groundwater across California from 2015 to 2020. This dataset accompanies the Rohde et al. paper titled, Groundwater dependence of riparian woodlands and the disrupting effect of anthropogenically altered streamflow. The provided scripts process groundwater, vegetation, climate, and streamflow input data from various sources. Further, all output data and statistical analyses are included.
Seed dispersal data for Warneke et al "Habitat fragmentation alters the distance of abiotic seed dispersal through edge effects and direction of dispersal"
This csv file contains seed dispersal data for five species (Carphephorus bellidifolius, Aristida beyrichiana, Liatris squarrulosa, Sorghastrum secundum, and Anthenantia villosa). Data were collected at the Savannah River Site, near Aiken, South Carolina, United States. Data were collected between November 17, 2009, to January 22, 2010 and were collected using the methods outlined in this document.
Disturbance effects on soil processes in the Andrews Experimental Forest (1995 Stand Age Study)
This study was designed to determine how edges generated by clear-cutting old-growth forests influence patterns of soil carbon and nitrogen cycling and the distribution of ectomycorrhizal mats and to determine how these patterns change with time after harvest. A secondary objective was to measure how clear-cutting within different climatic regimes influenced soil nitrogen and carbon cycling.
Lotic Intersite Nitrogen eXperiment II (LINX II): a cross-site study of the effects of anthropogenic land use change on nitrate uptake and retention in 72 streams across 8 different biomes (2003 – 2006).
The LINX II (Lotic Intersite Nitrogen eXperiment) project was designed to quantify the rates and mechanisms of nitrate retention in streams using stable isotope tracer additions. The study encompassed 72 stream reaches spread across 8 North American biomes. Within each biome, 9 streams were selected in three watershed land-use categories: 3 reference, 3 agricultural, and 3 urbanized. The core of the study was a 24-hour release of 15N- labeled nitrate. Prior to the isotope addition, physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the stream were measured. The measurements included, but were not limited to, dissolved nutrient concentrations, dissolved conservative tracer additions (to quantify hydraulic and hyporheic retention, velocity and discharge), standing stocks of primary uptake biota (including suspended and benthic particulate materials) as well as channel dimensions, photosynthetically active radiation, and water temperature. During the isotope release, whole stream rates of ecosystem metabolism were quantified (including quantification of re-aeration coefficients using tracer gas additions), and concentrations of 15N-labeled NO3, NH4, N2 and N2O were measured. Immediately following the isotope addition, 15N uptake by aquatic organisms was quantified by sampling biomass components on the stream bed. The data generated from these 72 stream reaches were used to develop a stream nitrogen retention model for each biome, which was expanded to entire drainage networks to predict nitrogen fluxes. The LINX II study demonstrated how biotic uptake of nitrate and denitrification increased with increasing nitrate concentrations. However, the efficiency of total uptake and denitrification actually declined with increasing nitrate concentrations (such as those seen on agricultural or urbanized streams), yielding higher rates of dissolved nitrogen exports downstream. The datasets presented here consist of the primary data collected by the LINX II study participants.
Effects of experimentally altered wolf spider densities and warming on soil microarthropods, litter decomposition, litter N, and soil nutrients near Toolik Field Station, AK in summer 2012
Predators can disproportionately impact the structure and function of ecosystems relative to their biomass. These effects may be exacerbated under warming in ecosystems like the Arctic, where the number and diversity of predators are low and small shifts in community interactions can alter carbon cycle feedbacks. Here we show that warming alters the effects of wolf spiders, a dominant tundra predator, on belowground litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics. Specifically, while high densities of wolf spiders result in faster litter decomposition under ambient temperatures, they result instead in slower decomposition under warming. Higher spider densities are also associated with elevated levels of available soil nitrogen, potentially benefitting plant production. Changes in decomposition rates under increased wolf spider densities are accompanied by trends toward fewer fungivorous Collembola under ambient temperatures and more Collembola under warming, suggesting that Collembola mediate the indirect effects of wolf spiders on decomposition. The unexpected reversal of wolf spider effects on Collembola and decomposition suggests that in some cases, warming does not simply alter the strength of top-down effects but instead induces a different trophic cascade altogether. Our results indicate that climate change-induced effects on predators can cascade through other trophic levels, alter critical ecosystem functions, and potentially lead to climate feedbacks with important global implications. Moreover, given the expected increase in wolf spider densities with climate change, our findings suggest that the observed cascading effects of this common predator on detrital processes could potentially buffer concurrent changes in decomposition rates.
Effects of permafrost thaw on nitrogen availability and plant-soil interactions in a boreal Alaskan lowland: I - Percent Cover Data 2013
This dataset examines shifts in plant community structure along a lowland boreal permafrost thaw chronosequence. Data was collected in 2013 at the APEX Beta and forested study plots, located adjacent to the BNZ experimental forest. Percent cover data was collected for subcanopy vascular and nonvascualr vegetation in July 2013.
Effects of permafrost thaw on nitrogen availability and plant-soil interactions in a boreal Alaskan lowland: II - Nitrogen Data 2013
This dataset examines shifts in extractable soil pore water chemistry along a lowland boreal permafrost thaw chronosequence. Data was collected in 2013 at the APEX Beta and forested study plots, located adjacent to the BNZ experimental forest. Measured parameters include: dissolved inorganic N (DIN), dissolved organic N (DON), free amino acids, total dissolved N (TDN), soil temp. at 10 cm, seasonal ice depth, and volumetric soil moisture at 10 cm. Soil pore water samples and environmental variables were collected every three to four weeks from late June to late September, 2013 for a total of five sampling events.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.