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1,989 results for “Fires”
Demography of the rare herb, Polygala lewtonii (Polygalaceae), with multiple fires on the Lake Wales Ridge in south-central Florida from 2001-2017 (ongoing)
Demographic data on 5,060 individually marked plants of the endemic State and federally listed Polygala lewtonii (Lewton's milkwort; Polygalaceae) were collected from December 2001 to December 2017 at the Lake Wales Ridge National Wildlife Refuge Carter Creek in south-central Florida, USA. Data collection is still ongoing. In 220 permanent 25 cm radius circular plots, plants were marked with plastic toothpicks and wire stake flags with a unique identification number. Data collection occurred quarterly with survival and recruitment recorded in March, June, September and December and more detailed measures of size and fecundity taken in March. This species is amphicarphic with both showy-open flowers produced in spring (chasmogamy) and closed, self-pollinating flowers both above- and belowground produced in late summer (cleistogamy). Therefore, our fecundity data are based only on chasmogamy. This dataset also captures post-fire mortality and recruitment events following four prescribed burns.
Can wildland fire management alter 21st-century subalpine fire and forests in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, USA
In subalpine forests of the western United States that historically experienced infrequent, high-severity fire, whether fire management can shape 21st-century fire regimes and forest dynamics to meet natural resource objectives is not known. Managed wildfire use (i.e., allowing lightning-ignited fires to burn when risk is low instead of suppressing them) is one approach for maintaining natural fire regimes and fostering mosaics of forest structure, stand age, and tree-species composition, while protecting people and property. However, little guidance exists for where and when this strategy may be effective with climate change. We simulated most of the contiguous forest in Grand Teton National Park, WY to ask: (1) How would subalpine fires and forest structure be different if fires had not been suppressed during the last three decades? (2) What is the relative influence of climate change versus fire management strategy on future fire and forests? We contrasted fire and forests from 1989-2098 under two fire management scenarios (managed wildfire use and fire suppression), two general circulation models (CNRM-CM5 and GFDL-ESM2M), and two representative concentration pathways (8.5 and 4.5). We found little difference between management scenarios in the number, size, or severity of fires during the last three decades. With 21st-century warming, fire activity increased rapidly, particularly after 2050, and followed nearly identical trajectories in both management scenarios. Area burned per year between 2018-2099 was 1,700% greater than in the last three decades (1989-2017). Large areas of forest were abruptly lost; only 65% of the original 40,178 ha of forest remained by 2098. However, forests stayed connected and fuels were abundant enough to support profound increases in burning through this century. Our results indicate that strategies emphasizing managed wildfire use, rather than suppression, will not alter climate-induced changes to fire and forests in subalpine land
Can we manage a future with more fire? Effectiveness of defensible space treatment depends on housing amount and configuration
Context: Fire in forested wildland urban interface (WUI) landscapes is increasing throughout the western United States. Spatial patterns of fuels treatments affect fire behavior, but it is unclear how fire risk and fuel treatment effectiveness will change under future conditions. Objectives: (1) How do area burned, forest and fuel characteristics, and fire risk change over time under 21st-century climate? (2) When defensible space fuels treatments are applied around all houses, which scenarios of WUI housing amount and configuration minimize fire risk? Methods: In generic 10,000-ha US Northern Rocky Mountain subalpine forest landscapes, we simulated 21 scenarios differing in fuels treatment, housing amount and configuration (neutral landscape models), and projected future climate using the process-based model iLand. We compared fire risk at three scales: 1-ha home ignition zone (HIZ), 9-ha safe suppression zone (SSZ), and landscape. Results: Under warm-dry climate, annual area burned increased, but area burned at high fire intensity peaked in the 2060s and then declined sharply; fire risk followed similar trends. Defensible space treatments maintained low flame lengths in HIZs. Clustered housing was more effective at reducing SSZ risk compared to dispersed housing. At landscape scales, treating more of the landscape reduced fire risk but configuration was unimportant. Conclusions: The most effective strategy for reducing fire risk depends on the scale at which risk is assessed. Clustering WUI developments and treating between 10 to 30% of the landscape every 10 years can reduce fire risk across multiple scales.
Archival records of fire history, 1910-1977, central western Cascades, Oregon
Historical wild fire records for the central western Cascades of Oregon are summarized here for the period from 1910 to 1977. Data records are obtained and summarized from historical statistical reports that were generated by the U.S. Forest Service and exist in various forms including fire maps, summary tables, and individual fire reports. The location, cause of the fire, its size class, and the source of information regarding each fire are included.
Characterization of burned and unburned moist acidic tundra soils for estimating C and N loss from the 2007 Anaktuvuk River Fire, sampled in 2008.
This file contains the soil profile data for burned and unburned moist acidic tundra sites used to estimate C and N loss from the Anaktuvuk River Fire (2007). These sites were sampled in summer of 2008. Unburned sites were used to develop a method for estimating soil organic layer depth and plant biomass, and for determining the characteristics of unburned soil organic layers. In burned sites, we characterized residual organic soils and used biometric measurements of tussocks to reconstruct pre-fire soil organic layer depth. Together, these measurements were used to reconstruct pre-fire soil and plant carbon and nitrogen pools and estimate ecosystem losses of these elements during the fire.
Estimates of C and N loss from moist acidic tundra sites burned in the 2007 Anaktuvuk River Fire.
Estimated mean pre-fire C and N pools, and C and N loss from 20 sites in the Anaktuvuk River Fire (2007). These sites were sampled in summer of 2008. In each site, we characterized residual organic soils and used biometric relationships developed in unburned sites to reconstruct pre-fire soil organic layer depth, and plant and soil C and N pools. We then estimated fire-driven losses of C and N from plant and soil organic layer pools.
Anaktuvuk River fire scar eriophorum vaginatum flowering during the 2008-2014 growing seasons
The Anaktuvuk River Fire occurred in 2007 on the North Slope of Alaska. In 2008, three eddy covariance towers were established at sites representing unburned tundra, moderately burned tundra, and severely burned tundra. Eriophorum vaginatum flowers were counted from annual photographs of each site during peak flowering season (6/17-7/20).
Tree regeneration after fire: Delta 1994 burn surveys, general site data
Data for this study were collected in 2001 and 2002 by Jill Johnstone (University of Alaska Fairbanks) and Eric Kasischke (University of Maryland). Sites were located within the perimeter of the 1994 burn southeast of Delta Junction Alaska, USA, bordering the Alaska Highway to the North and the Gerstle River to the West. Sites were selected from satellite classifications prepared by Eric Kasischke to represent different levels of burn severity and post-fire vegetation canopy greenness (NDVI). Site selection was constrained by road access, and only areas where all trees had been killed by the fire were selected. At each site, a central point was located in an area of visually homogeneous vegetation. Five parallel transects, each 50 m long, were laid out as follows: 1) the first transect started at the central point and followed a randomly-selected compass direction, 2) two additional transects were established parallel to the first, but at a random distance from the central transect up to 25 m distant. Vegetation was sampled in a 2-m wide belt centered on each transect, and soil samples were made at intervals along the transect line. Vegetation measurements included: a) basal diameters of all pre-fire trees greater than 1.3 m in height, b) counts of all post-fire tree seedlings, and c) basal diameters of tree seedlings and willows, measured in a randomly chosen 5x2 m portion of each transect. General notes were made on visual percent cover of different vegetation growth forms at the site. Destructive measurements of tree seedlings and willows made in 2001 were used to develop allometric equations to predict dry biomass from basal diameter. Measurements of soil organic layer depth were made at 5 m intervals with the use of a spade to excavate small chunks of sod. At one randomly-selected sample point per transect, a 10x10 cm sample of the organic layer was collected for bulk density measurements. Bulk density samples were dried in a 60degC oven for 48 hours and then w
Organic layer data from burned black spruce stands for the effects of variations in post-fire organic layer thickness studies in the Delta Junction region, 1995-2003
This database contains data on the total depth of the surface organic layer remaining after fire for the study plots used in an analysis of variations in the depths of surface organic layers found in burned and unburned black spruce stands, and the effects of variations in depth of burning on soil temperature and moisture, and organic layer carbon stocks. Data for the overall study were collected between 1995 and 2003 by Eric Kasischke (University of Maryland), Kathy O?Neill (Duke University), and Jill Johnstone (University of Alaska Fairbanks). Sites were located in burned black spruce stands within the perimeters of three recent fires (1987, 1994, and 1999), unburned black spruce stands adjacent to the burned stands, and within one black spruce stand that burned in 1956. The three fires were: (a) the 1987 Granite Creek fire located 15 km to the east of Delta Junction, Alaska USA, bordering the Alaska Highway on the North and Jarvis Creek on the south; the 1994 Hajdukovich Creek fire located 45 km southeast of Delta Junction Alaska, USA, bordering the Alaska Highway to the North and the Gerstle River to the West, and the 1999 Donnelly Flats fire, located 8 km south of Delta Junction, bordering Jarvis Creek to the east and the Richardson Highway on the west. Data that were collected and are in databases associated with this project include: (1) organic layer depths in burned stands; (2) organic layer depths in unburned stands; (3) basal diameters of overstory trees in unburned stands and distance measures that can be used to estimate stand density; (4) mineral soil temperature and moisture data in burned stands; (5) mineral soil temperature and moisture data in unburned stands; and (6) bulk density and percent carbon data from different organic layers in unburned stands.
Mineral soil moisture and temperature data from unburned stands used in the effects of variations in post-fire organic layer thickness studies in the Delta Junction region, 1995-2003
This database contains measurements of mineral soil temperature and moisture collected in unburned stands as part of an analysis of variations in the depths of surface organic layers found in burned and unburned black spruce stands, and the effects of variations in depth of burning on soil temperature and moisture, and organic layer carbon stocks. Data for the overall study were collected between 1995 and 2003 by Eric Kasischke (University of Maryland), Kathy O'Neill (Duke University), and Jill Johnstone (University of Alaska Fairbanks). Sites were located in burned black spruce stands within the perimeters of three recent fires (1987, 1994, and 1999), unburned black spruce stands adjacent to the burned stands, and within one black spruce stand that burned in 1956. The three fires were: (a) the 1987 Granite Creek fire located 15 km to the east of Delta Junction, Alaska USA, bordering the Alaska Highway on the North and Jarvis Creek on the south; the 1994 Hajdukovich Creek fire located 45 km southeast of Delta Junction Alaska, USA, bordering the Alaska Highway to the North and the Gerstle River to the West, and the 1999 Donnelly Flats fire, located 8 km south of Delta Junction, bordering Jarvis Creek to the east and the Richardson Highway on the west. Data that were collected and are in databases associated with this project include:; (1) organic layer depths in burned stands; (2) organic layer depths in unburned stands; (3) basal diameters of overstory trees in unburned stands and distance measures that can be used to estimate stand density; (4) mineral soil temperature and moisture data in burned stands; (5) mineral soil temperature and moisture data in unburned stands; and (6) bulk density and percent carbon data from different organic layers in unburned stands.
Data to estimate stand density and average basal diameter from unburned black spruce stands used in the effects of variations in post-fire organic layer thickness studies in the Delta Junction region, 1995-2003
This database contains data on basal diameter and distances from a center point to the trees sampled, which is used to estimate stand density in unburned black spruce plots used in an analysis of variations in the depths of surface organic layers found in burned and unburned black spruce stands, and the effects of variations in depth of burning on soil temperature and moisture, and organic layer carbon stocks. Data for the overall study were collected between 1995 and 2003 by Eric Kasischke (University of Maryland), Kathy O?Neill (Duke University), and Jill Johnstone (University of Alaska Fairbanks). Sites were located in burned black spruce stands within the perimeters of three recent fires (1987, 1994, and 1999), unburned black spruce stands adjacent to the burned stands, and within one black spruce stand that burned in 1956. The three fires were: (a) the 1987 Granite Creek fire located 15 km to the east of Delta Junction, Alaska USA, bordering the Alaska Highway on the North and Jarvis Creek on the south; the 1994 Hajdukovich Creek fire located 45 km southeast of Delta Junction Alaska, USA, bordering the Alaska Highway to the North and the Gerstle River to the West, and the 1999 Donnelly Flats fire, located 8 km south of Delta Junction, bordering Jarvis Creek to the east and the Richardson Highway on the west. Data that were collected and are in databases associated with this project include: (1) organic layer depths in burned stands; (2) organic layer depths in unburned stands; (3) basal diameters of overstory trees in unburned stands and distance measures that can be used to estimate stand density; (4) mineral soil temperature and moisture data in burned stands; (5) mineral soil temperature and moisture data in unburned stands; and (6) bulk density and percent carbon data from different organic layers in unburned stands.
Organic layer data from unburned black spruce stands used in the effects of variations in post-fire organic layer thickness studies in the Delta Junction region, 1995-2003
This database contains data on the total depth of the surface organic layer for the unburned black spruce plots used in an analysis of variations in the depths of surface organic layers found in burned and unburned black spruce stands, and the effects of variations in depth of burning on soil temperature and moisture, and organic layer carbon stocks. Data for the overall study were collected between 1995 and 2003 by Eric Kasischke (University of Maryland), Kathy O?Neill (Duke University), and Jill Johnstone (University of Alaska Fairbanks). Sites were located in burned black spruce stands within the perimeters of three recent fires (1987, 1994, and 1999), unburned black spruce stands adjacent to the burned stands, and within one black spruce stand that burned in 1956. The three fires were: (a) the 1987 Granite Creek fire located 15 km to the east of Delta Junction, Alaska USA, bordering the Alaska Highway on the North and Jarvis Creek on the south; the 1994 Hajdukovich Creek fire located 45 km southeast of Delta Junction Alaska, USA, bordering the Alaska Highway to the North and the Gerstle River to the West, and the 1999 Donnelly Flats fire, located 8 km south of Delta Junction, bordering Jarvis Creek to the east and the Richardson Highway on the west. Data that were collected and are in databases associated with this project include: (1) latitude and longitude of all study sites; (2) organic layer depths in burned stands; (3) organic layer depths in unburned stands; (4) basal diameters of overstory trees in unburned stands and distance measures that can be used to estimate stand density; (5) mineral soil temperature and moisture data in burned stands; (6) mineral soil temperature and moisture data in unburned stands; and (7) bulk density and percent carbon data from different organic layers in unburned stands.
Bulk density and percent carbon from surface organic layers in unburned black spruce stands used in the effects of variations in post-fire organic layer thickness studies in the Delta Junction region, 1995-2003
This database contains data on bulk density and percent carbon from surface organic layers in two unburned black spruce stands adjacent to the 1994 burn in the Delta Junction region. These data were used in an analysis of variations in the depths of surface organic layers found in burned and unburned black spruce stands, and the effects of variations in depth of burning on soil temperature and moisture, and organic layer carbon stocks. Data for the overall study were collected between 1995 and 2003 by Eric Kasischke (University of Maryland), Kathy O?Neill (Duke University), and Jill Johnstone (University of Alaska Fairbanks). Sites were located in burned black spruce stands within the perimeters of three recent fires (1987, 1994, and 1999), unburned black spruce stands adjacent to the burned stands, and within one black spruce stand that burned in 1956. The three fires were: (a) the 1987 Granite Creek fire located 15 km to the east of Delta Junction, Alaska USA, bordering the Alaska Highway on the North and Jarvis Creek on the south; the 1994 Hajdukovich Creek fire located 45 km southeast of Delta Junction Alaska, USA, bordering the Alaska Highway to the North and the Gerstle River to the West, and the 1999 Donnelly Flats fire, located 8 km south of Delta Junction, bordering Jarvis Creek to the east and the Richardson Highway on the west. Data that were collected and are in databases associated with this project include: (1) organic layer depths in burned stands; (2) organic layer depths in unburned stands; (3) basal diameters of overstory trees in unburned stands and distance measures that can be used to estimate stand density; (4) mineral soil temperature and moisture data in burned stands; (5) mineral soil temperature and moisture data in unburned stands; and (6) bulk density and percent carbon data from different organic layers in unburned stands.
Mineral soil moisture and temperature data from burned stands used in the effects of variations in post-fire organic layer thickness studies in the Delta Junction region, 1995-2003
This database contains measurements of mineral soil temperature and moisture collected in burned stands as part of an analysis of variations in the depths of surface organic layers found in burned and unburned black spruce stands, and the effects of variations in depth of burning on soil temperature and moisture, and organic layer carbon stocks. Data for the overall study were collected between 1995 and 2003 by Eric Kasischke (University of Maryland), Kathy O?Neill (Duke University), and Jill Johnstone (University of Alaska Fairbanks). Sites were located in burned black spruce stands within the perimeters of three recent fires (1987, 1994, and 1999), unburned black spruce stands adjacent to the burned stands, and within one black spruce stand that burned in 1956. The three fires were: (a) the 1987 Granite Creek fire located 15 km to the east of Delta Junction, Alaska USA, bordering the Alaska Highway on the North and Jarvis Creek on the south; the 1994 Hajdukovich Creek fire located 45 km southeast of Delta Junction Alaska, USA, bordering the Alaska Highway to the North and the Gerstle River to the West, and the 1999 Donnelly Flats fire, located 8 km south of Delta Junction, bordering Jarvis Creek to the east and the Richardson Highway on the west. Data that were collected and are in databases associated with this project include: (1) organic layer depths in burned stands; (2) organic layer depths in unburned stands; (3) basal diameters of overstory trees in unburned stands and distance measures that can be used to estimate stand density; (4) mineral soil temperature and moisture data in burned stands; (5) mineral soil temperature and moisture data in unburned stands; and (6) bulk density and percent carbon data from different organic layers in unburned stands.
Historical Human Causes and Uses of Fire in Alaska
Although wildfire has been central to the ecological dynamics of interior Alaska for 5000 years, the role of humans in this dynamic is not well known. As a multidisciplinary research team, together with Native community partners, we analyzed patterns of human-fire interaction in two contiguous areas of Interior Alaska occupied by different Athabaskan groups. The Koyukon Athabascans in the western Interior considered fire a destructive force and had no oral history or stories suggesting use of fire for landscape management. Low lightning strike density and moist climate constrained occurrence of lightning fires, and a subsistence dependence on a predictable resource (salmon) resulted in a relatively sedentary settlement pattern. In this environment wildfire near communities might have negatively impacted hunting opportunities. In contrast, the Gwich'in Athabascans of the eastern Interior actively used fires to manage the landscape. Lightning fires occurred more frequently here because of greater lightning strike density and warmer summer temperatures. The Gwich'in showed greater mobility in hunting their less spatially predictable subsistence base (moose and caribou), which enabled them to move when wildfires altered local habitat. These striking contrasts between two neighboring Athabaskan groups sharing a contiguous boundary indicated different use and views of fire that were consistent with cultural adaptation to local biophysical and ecological settings. This contrasts with the commonly held view that Native peoples of North America pervasively modified landscapes through use of fire.
Huslia Fire Ecology Workshops: Fire effects on the ecology and people of the Koyukon Region in the western Interior of Alaska
These reports summarize workshops describing fire effects on the ecology and people of the Koyukon Region in the western Interior of Alaska. The first report summarizes all three workshops and is an oral history of indigenous burning in this part of Alaska. The major effect of fire on people is to reduce access by burning trapping cabins and toppling black spruce trees across traplines. Moreover in summer, the brush is so dense that access is difficult and game is impossible to see. Smoke from wildfires is a serious health problem in some years. Burned areas have a colder microclimate than unburned areas, causing both people and animals to avoid them. The second report centers on the final workshop with primary emphasis on the impacts on the community of Huslia. Fire has several important effects on the residents of Huslia. Fire fighting wages are an important source of income and a source of cross-generational mentorship. Wages are important in paying bills and in buying snow machines, ammunition and boat gas for subsistence activities; fire-fighting wages also have some negative effects through purchase of drugs and alcohol. Local residents feel largely disempowered in decisions related to fire management both because of insufficient opportunities for jobs on fire crews and because decisions about whether fires are suppressed or not are made largely without village input.
Fire Severity Estimates: 2001 Survey Line Burn
Field-based estimates of fire severity for 85 plots located near the Tanana River in the Survey Line Burn. Composite Burn Index estimates were taken during June-August 2002. The locations of each plot are stored as differentially corrected GPS files and as an ArcGIS point shapefile. Digital aerial photography of the post-fire area from August and September 2002 are in the data base. Database also includes remotely sensed fire severity indices of the entire Survey Line Burn including the Normalized Burn Ratio from a 21-July-2002 Landsat ETM+ image and the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio from a 6-June-2001 pre-fire Landsat ETM+ image and the post-fire 21-July-2002 Landsat ETM+ image.
Spatial patterns of understory vegetation and soil in an Alaskan upland boreal forest fire chronosequence. Three sites located in Delta Junction Alaska. Soil sampled during summer 2007
In this study we used geostatistics to characterize the spatial heterogeneity of soil carbon and nitrogen pools, microbial respiration, microbial biomass, nitrogen mineralization, soil moisture, soil pH, depth of organic horizon and forest floor covers and understory vegetation abundances in three sites (1999, 1987 and 1920 wildfires) of a boreal forest chronosequence of Interior Alaska (near Delta Junction). Soil sampling and vegetation measurements occured during summer 2007.
Statewide 2-km raster of number of fires within each 2-km pixel since 1942
This raster contains the count of wildfires from 1942-2010 within each 2-km cell for the state of Alaska. The raster matches SNAP statewide climate rasters in extent and cell size. The geotiff raster is in the Alaska Albers NAD83 coordinate system as an unsigned 4-bit integer with valid pixel values ranging from 1 through 9 as the number of fires within each pixel from 1942 through 2010.
Boundary Fire: Sapling measurements inside and outside mammalian exclosures in 2013, 2014 and 2015
This dataset contains measurements from tagged saplings of trembling aspen, paper birch, and black spruce inside and outside mammalian exclosures set-up along the Steese Highway in the Boundary Fire. Density of dominant woody species is included along with height, diameter at basal and breast height, crown measurements, survival, health, leaf length, and presence of browsing damage on all tagged saplings.
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