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Fig. 1 in A new occurrence of Dakotasuchus kingi from the Late Cretaceous of Utah, USA, and the diagnostic utility of postcranial characters in Crocodyliformes

Fig. 1. Map of the western United States (A) with the approximate locations of the holotype in Salina, Kansas (KWU uncatalogued; circle) and referred specimen in Emery County, Utah (OMNH 34500; star) and map of Emery County (B) with the approximate location of V868 (star) and the distribution of the Mussentuchit Member (grey area) (modified from Cifelli et al. 1999).

Fig. 4 in First endocranial description of a South American hadrosaurid: The neuroanatomy of Secernosaurus koerneri from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina

Fig. 4. Reconstructed endocast of braincase (A–C) and inner ear (D–G) of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Secernosaurus koerneri Brett-Surman, 1979 MACN-RN 02) from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Los Alamitos Formation of North Patagonia; in left (A, D), right (B), ventral (C), posterior (E), anterior (F), and dorsal (G) views. Endocasts (A–C, D1–G1); line drawings (D2–G2). Blue, encephalon; pink, inner ear; yellow, foramina of the cranial nerves. Abbreviations: a, anterior; d, dorsal; l, left; p, posterior; r, right.

Fig. 2 in First endocranial description of a South American hadrosaurid: The neuroanatomy of Secernosaurus koerneri from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina

Fig. 2. Reconstructed endocast of braincase of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Secernosaurus koerneri Brett-Surman, 1979 (MACN-RN 144) from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Los Alamitos Formation of North Patagonia; in dorsal (A), ventral (B), left (D), and right (E) views, with a ventral view of both the fossil specimen and the endocast (C). Blue, encephalon; gray, braincase; yellow, foramina of the cranial nerves. Abbreviations: a, anterior; d, dorsal; l, left; p, posterior; r, right.

Fig. 6. 3D in First endocranial description of a South American hadrosaurid: The neuroanatomy of Secernosaurus koerneri from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina

Fig. 6. 3D-reconstructed endocast based on the information of the studied specimens representing the brain morphology of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Secernosaurus koerneri Brett-Surman, 1979 from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Los Alamitos Formation of North Patagonia. A. Braincase and endocasts in 3D positioned over a line drawing reconstruction of the skull in left lateral view; based on the mounted skeletons at the MACN (size for the line drawing is estimative). B. Dorsal view of the 3D specimens MACN-RN 144 (transparent red), MACN-RN 143 (transparent green) and MACN-RN 02 transparent blue) in order from left to right and as they were positioned to compile the final endocranial reconstruction. C. Final endocast reconstruction in right (C1) and left (C2), dorsal (C3), and ventral (C4) views. The anatomical labelling was presented in former figures. Blue, encephalon; pink, inner ear; yellow, foramina of the cranial nerves. Abbreviations: a, anterior; d, dorsal; l, left; p, posterior; r, right. All specimens with their 3D endocasts are presented as a 3D pdf in the SOM.

Fig. 1 in First endocranial description of a South American hadrosaurid: The neuroanatomy of Secernosaurus koerneri from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina

Fig. 1. Hadrosaurid dinosaur Secernosaurus koerneri Brett-Surman, 1979 from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Los Alamitos Formation of North Patagonia, braincases and their reconstructed endocasts. A. MACN-RN 144 in dorsal view. B. MACN-RN 02 in posterior view. C. MACN-RN 143 in lateral view. Photographs (A1–C1), CT-scan rendition of endocasts (A2–C2). Transparent gray, braincase; blue, encephalon; pink, inner ear; yellow, foramina of the cranial nerves. Abbreviations: a, anterior; d, dorsal; r, right.

Fig. 5 in First endocranial description of a South American hadrosaurid: The neuroanatomy of Secernosaurus koerneri from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina

Fig. 5. Reconstructed endocast of braincase of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Secernosaurus koerneri Brett-Surman, 1979 (MACN-RN 143) from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Los Alamitos Formation of North Patagonia; in lateral right (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views. Blue, encephalon; yellow, foramina of the cranial nerves. Abbreviations: a, anterior; d, dorsal; l, left; r, right.

Fig. 5 in Salvinialean megaspores in the Late Cretaceous of southern Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 5. Paleogeographic map of the Late Cretaceous (modified from Blakey 2010) showing the known distribution of Arcellites disciformis (black symbols), and the new Patagonian record (white symbol).

Fig. 1 in Salvinialean megaspores in the Late Cretaceous of southern Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 1. Geographic (A) and geological (B) maps of the studied area (Tres Lagos Town, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina), showing the location of the studied sections (modified from Varela 2011).

Fig. 4 in Salvinialean megaspores in the Late Cretaceous of southern Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 4. Megaspores of the water fern Balmeisporites cf. B. holodictyus Cookson and Dettmann, 1958; Cenomanian, town of Tres Lagos, Argentina. A. MPM-Pb-18907a (H32/4), general view under light microscope. B. MPM-Pb-18907 SEM stub 1, general view under SEM, showing the larger reticulum in the equatorial region. C. MPM-Pb-18907a (Q49/1), detail of finely granulated lips. D. MPM-Pb-18907a (F39), general view of one individual with variations in reticulum development. E. MPM-Pb-18907a (J53/3), detail of the variations in reticulum development.

Fig. 3 in Salvinialean megaspores in the Late Cretaceous of southern Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 3. Megaspores of the water fern Arcellites disciformis (Miner, 1935) Ellis and Tschudy, 1964; Cenomanian, town of Tres Lagos, Argentina. A. MPM- Pb-18907a (N40/1), general view under light microscope (A1), a detail of the pitted pattern (A2). B. MPM-Pb-18907 SEM stub 1, general view under SEM (B1), a detail of pitted surface under SEM (B2), a detail of wall in cross-section under SEM, showing the palisade structure of outer exoexine (B3). C. MPM-Pb-18907 SEM stub 3, detail of acrolamella under SEM, showing leaves with well-developed fimbriate margins (C1), detail of the reticulated tips of appendages (C2). D. MPM-Pb-18907 TEM, body of the spore showing wall-layers under TEM, with coarsely granulated outer exoexine, loosely and finely granulated inner exoexine and massive intexine (D1); detail showing ultra-thin channels (arrows) of intexine (D2). Abbreviations: Ot. Ex., outer exoexine; In. Ex., inner exoexine; Int., intexine.

Fig. 2 in Salvinialean megaspores in the Late Cretaceous of southern Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic sections of the Mata Amarilla Formation at Cerro Waring and Estancia Mata Amarilla localities, showing samples location. Abbreviations: c, conglomerate; cs, coarse sandstone; fs, fine sandstone; ht, heterolitic; m, mudstone; ms, medium sandstone.

Fig. 7 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 7. Bone microstructure of juvenile femur (A) and tibia (B) of Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A. ZPAL MgD-II/407; outer cortex (A1), showing small patches of parallel-fibered bone (light blue) and multiple primary osteons; canals are arranged longitudinally and the more internal cortex bears forming erosion lacunae; inner cortex (A2). B. ZPAL MgD-II/408, section of the whole compacta showing coarse cancellous bone lined with endosteal lamellar bone in perimedullar region (B1); tibial cortex displaying polishing lines indicated by arrows (B2, B3). Yellow arrowheads show outer bone perimeter. A1, B, polarized light; A2, normal light. Abbreviations: ccnb, coarse cancellous bone; cl, cement lines; po, primary osteons; so, secondary osteons.

Fig. 9 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 9. Bone microstructure in adult Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A. Ulna ZPAL MgD-II/8, matrix in the outer (A1) and mid-cortex (A2), perimedullar region with endosteally-formed lamellar bone (A3). B. Fibula ZPAL MgD-II/11b; note well formed LAGs (blue arrowheads) and annulus in the cortex (B1); deeper cortex shows signs of remodeling and multiple secondary osteons (B2). C. Femur ZPAL MgD-II/11a, compacta showing wider zones of fast growing woven-fibered bone intersected by thin annuli of parallel-fibered bone (red arrowheads) in the mid-cortex (C1, C3); condensation of the parallel-fibered bone zones in the outer cortex (C2). A, polarized light (quartz wedge); B, normal light; C, polarized light. White arrows point outward. Abbreviations: an, annulus; lb, lamellar bone; pfb, parallel-fibered bone; so, secondary osteons; wfb, woven-fibered.

Fig. 4 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 4. Bone microstructure of parietal frill in subadult Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous ZPAL MgD-II/3a). A. Sagittal section through the distal frill margin (A2, magnification of the outer layer, magnified inset). B. Tangential section of the distal frill margin (B2, magnified fragment). C. Sagittal section of frill plate; note the discrete zonation, compactness of the tissue, and acute angle fiber arrangement. B1, C2, normal light; A, B2, C1, polarized light.

Fig. 2 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 2. Long bones microstructure of Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A. The shaft of the juvenile femur (ZPAL MgD-II/407) formed by a woven-fibered bone tissue; A2, detail of A1. B. The shaft of the subadult tibia (ZPAL MgD-II/35c) showing scarce erosion lacunae in the perimedullar region; B1, detail of B2. A1, B2, polarized light; A2, polarized light (quartz wedge); B1, normal light. Abbreviations: medcav, medullar cavity; pfb, parallel-fibered bone; po, primary osteons; so, secondary osteons (scarce).

Fig. 3 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 3. Long bones microstructure of Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Toogreek (A) and Bayn Dzak (B–D), Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A, B. Osteocyte lacunae (arrows) in cortex of subadult tibia ZPAL MgD-II/35c (A) and juvenile femur ZPAL MgD-II/407 (B). C. ZPAL MgDII/11b, adult fibula showing in situ arrangement and abundance of fossilized fibers (arrows) in the cortex (C1) and a structure of the trabeculae with wovenfibered bone in the core lined with lamellar bone (C2). D. ZPAL MgD-II/3d, subadult femur with flocculated collagenous fibers (arrows) at the polished cross section. A–C, D1, normal light; D2, UV light. Abbreviations: lb, lamellar bone; rad, radial canals; so, secondary osteons; wfb, woven-fibered bone.

Fig. 6 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 6. Cross-section of the rib of Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous (ZPAL MgD-II/3); note the external cortex made of primary bone and extensively remodeled core formed by coarse cancellous bone tissue; in normal (A) and polarized (B) light.

Fig. 8 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 8. Bone microstructure of subadult Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Toogreek (A, C, E) and Bayn Dzak (B, D), Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A. Humerus ZPAL MgD-II/35a, total view of the compacta displaying patches of parallel-fibered bone (light bands) intercalated by zones of woven-fibered bone with multiple primary osteons (dark bands); note erosion lacunae in the inner cortex. B. Humerus ZPAL MgD-II/15, external cortex showing primary osteons and plies of the parallel fibered bone matrix (B1), perimedullar region showing lamellar bone lining erosion lacunae in primary woven-fibered bone tissue (B2). C, D. Compacta of femora. C. ZPAL MgD-II/35b, section showing modulations in canal arrangement and bone matrix; C1, general picture of the whole bone wall; C2, magnification illustrating thick band (yellow arrows) of the parallel-fibered bone and longitudinal canals changing orientation to radial (white arrows); C3, section placed closer to the epiphysis, showing stronger zonation in bone matrix type; C4, deep cortex showing enlarged canals in a woven-fibered bone. D. ZPAL MgD-II/3d, cortex showing ill defined annulus and less clear modulations of the bone matrix. E. Tibia ZPAL MgD-II/35c, whole compacta (E1) and deep cortex (E2). The section displays a typical fibrolamellar bone complex with zonation in the bone matrix. The outer cortex displays zones of parallel-fibered bone matrix intercalated with the zones of more chaotically oriented collagen fibers, the perimedullar region shows larger erosion lacunae filled with endosteally formed lamellar bone (E2). A, C1, D, E, polarized light; B, C2–C4, polarized light quartz wedge). Abbreviations: an, annulus; el, erosion lacunae; lb, lamellar bone; pfb, parallel-fibered bone; wfb, woven-fibered bone.

Fig. 5 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 5. Bone microstructure of the parietal frill in adult Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous (ZPAL MgD-II/33). A. Sagittal section. B, C. Transversal sections; note the condensations of the fossilized collagen fibers strengthening the porous tissue (B) and the formation of the small erosion lacunae at the external surface of the frill (C). A, B1, C, normal light; B2, B3, polarized light.