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FIGURE 7. Lower p3 in Dental enamel ultrastructure in Ochotona and Prolagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) from three late Miocene localities in Ukraine

FIGURE 7. Lower p3 enamel ultrastructure; Ochotona cf. eximia from Verkhnya Krynytsya 2, cross-section.

FIGURE 6 in Dental enamel ultrastructure in Ochotona and Prolagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) from three late Miocene localities in Ukraine

FIGURE 6. Lower incisor enamel ultrastructure; Ochotona sp. from Popovo 3, longitudinal section. 1-2, Enamel structure details from two different tooth parts.

FIGURE 2 in Dental enamel ultrastructure in Ochotona and Prolagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) from three late Miocene localities in Ukraine

FIGURE 2. Posterior lobe of lower m2 enamel ultrastructure; Prolagus aff. crusafonti from Popovo 3, cross- section. 1- 4, Enamel structure details from four different tooth parts.

FIGURE 5 in Bessarabian (Tortonian, Late Miocene) fish otoliths from a transitional freshwater-brackish environment of Mykhailivka, Southern Ukraine

FIGURE 5. Recent otoliths of the genus Neogobius. 1-2, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814): ZMMU, P.23515 3, SL91, 43°38'N-51°08'E, inner face (1), dorsal view (2). 3-4, Neogobius pallasi (Berg, 1916): ZMMU, P.23514, SL93, 43°28'N-51°18'E., inner face (3), dorsal view (4). 5-6, Neogobius fluviatilis (Pallas, 1814): ZMMU, P.22433, SL81, 45°20'N-28°57'E, inner face (5), dorsal view (6). 7-9, Neogobius caspius (Eichwald, 1831): 7-8, ZMMU, P.22622 1, SL90, 51°25'N-46°03'E, inner face (7), dorsal view (8); 9, ZMMU, P.22622 2, SL105, 51°25'N-46°03'E, inner face.

FIGURE 4. Otoliths from the Sarmatian s.l in Bessarabian (Tortonian, Late Miocene) fish otoliths from a transitional freshwater-brackish environment of Mykhailivka, Southern Ukraine

FIGURE 4. Otoliths from the Sarmatian s.l. of the Mykhailivka 1. 1-9, Neogobius bettinae n. sp.: NMNHU-P 33/1497 (paratype), inner face (1); NMNHU-P 33/1498 (paratype), inner face (2); NMNHU-P 33/1499 (paratype), inner face (3), ventral view (4); NMNHU-P 33/1496 (holotype), inner face (5), ventral view (6); NMNHU-P 33/1500 (paratype), inner face (7), ventral view (8); NMNHU-P 33/1501 (paratype), inner face (9). 10-19, Neogobius rhachis Rückert-Ülkümen, 1993 in Rückert-Ülkümen et al., 1993: NMNHU-P 33/1504, inner face (10), ventral view (11); NMNHU-P 33/1505, inner face (12), ventral view (13); NMNHU-P 33/1506, inner face (14), ventral view (15); NMNHU-P 33/1507, inner face (16), ventral view (17); NMNHU-P 33/1508, inner face (18); NMNHU-P 33/1509, inner face (19). Scale bars equal 1 mm. 5- 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18 are mirrored.

FIGURE 2 in Bessarabian (Tortonian, Late Miocene) fish otoliths from a transitional freshwater-brackish environment of Mykhailivka, Southern Ukraine

FIGURE 2. Stratigraphical position of the Mykhailivka section. Lithological and paleontological data from Prisyazhniuk et al. (2006). Reconstruction of environmental log deduced from Prisyazhniuk et al. (2006).

FIGURE 3. Otoliths from the Sarmatian s.l in Bessarabian (Tortonian, Late Miocene) fish otoliths from a transitional freshwater-brackish environment of Mykhailivka, Southern Ukraine

FIGURE 3. Otoliths from the Sarmatian s.l. of the Mykhailivka 1. 1-4, Morone cf. nobilis (Koken, 1891): NMNHU-P 33/ 1482, inner face (1), ventral view (2); NMNHU-P 33/1483, inner face (3), ventral view (4). 5-8, Genyonemus? sp.: NMNHU-P 33/1485, inner face (5), ventral view (6); NMNHU-P 33/1512, inner face (7), ventral view (8). 9-18, Ponticola dorsorostralis (Weinfurter, 1954): NMNHU-P 33/1486, inner face (9), ventral view (10); NMNHU-P 33/1487, inner face (11), ventral view (12); NMNHU-P 33/1488, inner face (13), ventral view (14); NMNHU-P 33/1489, inner face (15); NMNHU-P 33/1490, inner face (16); NMNHU-P 33/1491, inner face (17); NMNHU-P 33/1492, inner face (18). Scale bars equal 1 mm. 5-10, 17, 18 are mirrored.

FIGURE 1 in Bessarabian (Tortonian, Late Miocene) fish otoliths from a transitional freshwater-brackish environment of Mykhailivka, Southern Ukraine

FIGURE 1. Map of Ukraine with the coastline of Eastern Paratethys (blue line) during the late middle Sarmatian s.l. (according to Popov et al., 2004) (1), enlargered part of the lower reaches of the Pivdennyi Buh River (2), location map of the Mykhailivka quarry (3). The Mykhailivka locality is marked by an asterisk.

FIGURE 1. Eopelobates aff. E in Two pelobatid frogs from the late Miocene of Caucasus (Russia)

FIGURE 1. Eopelobates aff. E. bayeri from Volchaya Balka locality, Russia (late Miocene, early Turolian). 1-2, frontoparietal (GIN 1143-200) in dorsal (1) and ventral (2) views; 3-4, frontoparietal (GIN 1143-201) in dorsal (3) and ventral (4) views; 5-6, right maxilla (GIN 1143-202) in labial (5) and lingual (6) views; 7-8, right maxilla (GIN 1143-203) in labial (7) and lingual (8) views; and 9-10,?left maxilla (GIN 1143-204) in labial (9) and lingual (10) views. Scales equal 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Two pelobatid frogs from the late Miocene of Caucasus (Russia)

FIGURE 4. Occurrences of Eopelobates from the Paleogene (circles) and Neogene (squares) of Europe. Co-occurrences with Pelobates are indicated by open symbols. 1, Prémontré in France (Eopelobates aff. E. hinschei), MP 10, early Eocene (Duffaud, 2000); 2, Messel in Germany (E. wagneri), MP 11, middle Eocene (Wuttke, 2012); 3, Geiseltal in Germany (E. hinschei), MP 13, middle Eocene (Estes, 1970); 4, Hordle Cliff in UK (Eopelobates cf. E. hinschei), late Eocene (Milner et al., 1982); 5, Headon Hill in UK (cf. Eopelobates), late Eocene (Rage and Ford, 1980); 6, Quercy in France (cf. Eopelobates), late Eocene (Crochet et al., 1981); 7, Hoogbutsel, Hoeleden, and Boutersem TGV in Belgium (E. bayeri), MP 21, early Oligocene (Smith, 2003); 8, Sieblos in Germany (Eopelobates sp.), early Oligocene (Gaudant, 1985); 9, Rott in Germany (E. anthracinus), MP 30, late Oligocene (Parker, 1929); 10, Bechlejovice in Czech Republic (E. bayeri), late Oligocene (Špinar, 1952, 1972); 11, Oberleichtersbach in Germany (Eopelobates sp.), MP 30, late Oligocene (Böhme, 2008); 12, Dolnice in Czech Republic (Eopelobates sp.), MN 4, early Miocene (Hodrová, 1987b); 13, Sandelzhausen in Germany (Eopelobates sp.), MN 5, early Miocene (Böhme, 2010); 14, Devínska Nová Ves in Slovakia (E. bayeri), middle Miocene (Hodrová, 1988); 15, Suchomasty in Czech Republic (Eopelobates sp.), MN 10, late Miocene (Hodrová, 1987a); 16, Volchaya Balka in Russia (Eopelobates aff. E. bayeri), MN 11, late Miocene (this paper); 17, Osztramos 1 in Hungary (Eopelobates sp.), MN 14, Pliocene (Venczel, 2001); 18,?Ivanovce in Slovakia (?Eopelobates cf. bayeri), MN 15, Pliocene (Hodrová, 1981); 19,?Węże 1 in Poland (Eopelobates sp.), MN 15, Pliocene (Młynarski, 1961, 1962; Sanchíz and Mlynarski, 1979); and 20,?Rębielice Królewskie 1 in Poland (Eopelobates sp.), MN16, Pliocene (Sanchíz and Mlynarski, 1979). Data on taxonomic composition of Eopelobates are based mainly on Roček et al. (2014). The unconfirmed occurrences are denoted by a question-mark.

FIGURE 2. Eopelobates aff. E in Two pelobatid frogs from the late Miocene of Caucasus (Russia)

FIGURE 2. Eopelobates aff. E. bayeri from Volchaya Balka locality, Russia (late Miocene, early Turolian). 1-3, presacral vertebra (GIN 1143-212) in dorsal (1), ventral (2), and lateral (3) views; 4-5, presacral vertebra (GIN 1143-213) in dorsal (4) and lateral (5) views; 6-8, sacral vertebra (GIN 1143-221) in dorsal (6), ventral (7), and anterior (8) views; and 9-11, left ilium (GIN 1143-222) in lateral (9) and medial (10) views, and outline of the junctura ilioischiadica in caudal view (11). Scales equal 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Two pelobatid frogs from the late Miocene of Caucasus (Russia)

FIGURE 3. Pelobates sp. (1-11) and Pelobatidae indet. (12-15) from Volchaya Balka and Gaverdovsky localities, Russia (late Miocene, early Turolian). 1-2, frontoparietal (GIN 1143-223) in dorsal (1) and ventral (2) views; 3-4, left maxilla (GIN 1143-225) in labial (3) and lingual (4) views; 5-6, right maxilla (GIN 1143-226) in labial (5) and lingual (6) views; 7-9, presacral vertebra (GIN 1143-231) in dorsal (7), ventral (8), and lateral (9) views; 10-11, sacral vertebra (GIN 1144-201) in dorsal (10) and ventral (11) views; 12-13, premaxilla (GIN 1144-202) in lingual (12) and labial (13) views; and 14-15, left scapula (GIN 1143-233) in dorsal (14) and ventral (15) views. Scales equal 1 mm.

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FIGURE 2 in A new species of jerboa (Mammalia, Rodentia, Allactaga) from the late Miocene of Ukraine

FIGURE 2. Dental terminology used in this paper (after Zazhigin and Lopatin, 2000a). Upper dentition: 1, anterostyle; 2, anteroloph I; 3, anteroloph II; 4, anterocone; 5, anterior arm of the protocone; 6, protocone; 7, protostyle; 8, posterior arm of the protocone; 9, anterior endoloph; 10, mesocone; 11, endosinus; 12, endostyle; 13, posterior endoloph; 14, hypocone; 15, posterior arm of the hypocone; 16, lingual arm of the posteroloph; 17, the metaconule; 18, labial arm of the posteroloph; 19, posterofossette; 20, metaloph II; 21, metaloph I; 22, metacone; 23, mesofossette; 24, mesoloph; 25, mesostyle; 26, protoloph II; 27, protoloph I; 28, paracone; 29, anterofossette. Lower dentition: 30, anteroconid; 31, labial arm of the anterolophid; 32, lingual arm of the anterolophid; 33, anterolophulid; 34, anterosinusid; 35, anterior arm of the protoconid; 36, metalophid I; 37, protoconid; 38, posterior arm of the protoconid; 39, metalophid II; 40, ectolophid; 41, mesoconid; 42, ectomesolophid; 43, ectostylid; 44, ectosinusid; 45, anterior arm of the hypoconid; 46, hypoconid; 47, posterior arm of the hypoconid; 48, hypoconulid; 49, labial arm of the posterolophid; 50, posterolophid; 51, posterofossettid; 52, entoconid; 53, anterior arm of the entoconid; 54, mesofossettid; 55, mesolophid; 56, mesostylid; 57, endolophid; 58, metastylid crest; 59, metaconid; 60, anterior arm of the metaconid; 61, anterofossettid; 62, cingulid.

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FIGURE 3 in A new species of jerboa (Mammalia, Rodentia, Allactaga) from the late Miocene of Ukraine

FIGURE 3. Molars of Allactaga fru sp. nov. in occlusal views, Frunzovka 2 locality, southern Ukraine, late Miocene (MN 11). 1, holotype, left M1 (NMNHU-P 41/5549); 2-5, left M1 (NMNHU-P 41/5550-5553). 6-7, left M2 (NMNHU-P 41/ 5557-5558). 8, right M2 (NMNHU-P 41/5566). 9-10, left m1 (NMNHU-P 41/5567-5568). 11-14, right m1 (NMNHU-P 41/5570-5573). 15-16, left m2 (NMNHU-P 41/5577-5578). 17, right m2 (NMNHU-P 41/5580). 18-20, right m3 (NMNHU-P 41/5584-5586). 21, left P4 (NMNHU-P 41/5548).

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FIGURE 1 in A new species of jerboa (Mammalia, Rodentia, Allactaga) from the late Miocene of Ukraine

FIGURE 1. Location of the type locality Frunzovka 2, near Zakharivka (former Frunzovka) village, Odessa region, Ukraine.

FIGURE 5 in Re-evaluation of the very large Eomellivora fricki (Pia, 1939) (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Mellivorinae) from the Late Miocene of Austria

FIGURE 5. Main comparative material of mandible and lower dentition of species of Eomellivora considered in this manuscript. 1-2, Eomellivora fricki NHMW 1977/1948/0130 from Gaiselberg (Austria), MN9.1, lateral view, 2, occlusal view; 3-4, Eomellivora piveteaui Bat-3´13.230 from Batallones (Spain), MN10. 3, lateral view, 4, occlusal view; 5-6, Eomellivora wimani PMU-M3693 from Shangyingou (China), MN12-13 (same specimen as PMU-M3692). 5, lateral view, 6, occlusal view; 7-8, Holotype of Eomellivora ursogulo PIN-No.269a from Grebeniki (Ukraine), MN11. 7, lateral view, 8, occlusal view; 9-10, Holotype of Eomellivora hungarica MFGI-Ob-2676 from Polgárdi 2 (Hungary), MN13. 9, lateral view, 10, occlusal view. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

FIGURE 6 in Re-evaluation of the very large Eomellivora fricki (Pia, 1939) (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Mellivorinae) from the Late Miocene of Austria

FIGURE 6. Scatter diagrams of measurements (mm) of the dentition of Eomellivora and Ekorus ekakeran. 1, P4; 2, M1; 3, c; 4, p4; 5, m1; 6, m2. Sources: WXII (Wien XII-Altmannsdorf) present manuscript; GAI (Gaiselberg) present manuscript; SH (Shangyingou), and LI (Liuwangou), Zdansky (1924); GRT (Gritsev), Wolsan and Semenov (1996); NO (Novaya Emetovka), Orlov (1948); GYÖ (Györszentmárton), Kretzoi (1965), KRF (Kern River Formation site 50), Stock and Hall (1933); CIM (Cimislia), Wolsan and Semenov (1996); YAS (Yassiören), Ozansoy (1965) and for P4 and M1, estimations based on pictures of MNHN-TRQ-1005, rather than the evidently confusing original data provided in Ozansoy (1965); WSS (Wissberg), Tobien (1955); RPI (Ravin de la Pluie), Koufos (2012); BAT (Batallones), Valenciano et al. (2015); LVF (Los Valles de Fuentidueña), Crusafont-Pairó and Ginsburg (1973) and for p2 Valenciano et al. (2015); KLF (Kalfa), Lungu (1978) and for M1 Valenciano et al. (2015); GRE (Grebeniki), Orlov (1948); CSA (Csákvár), Kretzoi (1942); POL (Polgárdi 2); LOT (Lothagam) Werdelin, 2003.

FIGURE 4 in Re-evaluation of the very large Eomellivora fricki (Pia, 1939) (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Mellivorinae) from the Late Miocene of Austria

FIGURE 4. Main comparative material of the upper dentition of species of Eomellivora considered in the present manuscript. 1, Holotype of Eomellivora fricki NHMW 2016/0065/0001 from Wien XII-Altmannsdorf (Austria), MN9; 2, Eomellivora piveteaui MNHN-TRQ-1005 from type locality Yassiören (Turkey), MN9; 3, Eomellivora piveteaui Bat- 3´13.185 from Batallones (Spain), MN10; 4, Holotype of Eomellivora ursogulo PIN-No.268 from Grebeniki (Ukraine), MN11; 5, Lectotype of Eomellivora wimani PMU-M3692 from Shangyingou (China), MN12-13; 6, Paratype (M1) of Eomellivora hungarica MFGI-Ob-3831 from Polgárdi 2 (Hungary), MN13; 8, cast of the holotype of Eomellivora ursogulo NHMW 2016/0085/0001 from Grebeniki (Ukraine), MN11; 9, cast of the holotype of Ekorus ekakeran KNM- LT 23125 from Lothagan (Kenya), 7 m.y.a. 1-6, occlusal view, 7-9, lateral view. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

FIGURE 2 in Re-evaluation of the very large Eomellivora fricki (Pia, 1939) (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Mellivorinae) from the Late Miocene of Austria

FIGURE 2. Fossil remains of Eomellivora fricki (Pia, 1939) from Wien XII-Altmannsdorf and Gaiselberg. 1-4, Holotype NHMW 2016/0065/0001 from Wien XII-Altmannsdorf, left maxilla fragment, 1, lateral view, 2, occlusal view, 3, rostral view, 4, caudal view; 5-6, right maxilla fragment, 5, lateral view, 6, occlusal view; 7, fragment of the left zygomatic arch; 8, fragment of the left temporo-mandibular joint; 9-10, fragment with the right mastoid process (mp), the ventral part of the nuchal crest (nc), the external auditory meatus (eam), and part of the glenoid cavity (gc), 9, lateral view, 10, dorsal view; 11-14, NHMW 1977/1948/0130 right hemimandible from Gaiselberg. 11, lateral view, 12, medial view, 13, occlusal view, 14, ventral view. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

FIGURE 3 in Re-evaluation of the very large Eomellivora fricki (Pia, 1939) (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Mellivorinae) from the Late Miocene of Austria

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic relationship of Eomellivora fricki within Eomellivora, and of some extinct Neogene mustelids and living carnivorans. Canis lupus is the outgroup. Searches were performed by means of the Branch and Bound and a Bootstrap analysis through 1000 replicates. A single tree is obtained (length 172 steps, consistency index (CI)=0.4593, retention index (RI)=0.5811). The numbers below nodes are Bremer indices, and the numbers above nodes are Bootstrap support percentages (only shown ≥ 50). Letters (A-K) indicated selected nodes. The synapomorphies for each node are reported in Table 4.