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FIGURE 19 in Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 19. Photographs of the encountered morphotypes of Larcopyle buetschlii buetschlii Dreyer, 1889, sensu stricto. All are Fr-view at Type 2. Scale bar equals 0.1 mm. All specimens are from YDY05-01.

FIGURE 13 in Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 13. Photographs of the encountered morphotypes of Larcospira teres n. sp. All are Pl-view at Type 1. Scale bar equals 0.1 mm. All specimens are from YDY05-01.

FIGURE 4 in Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 4. The diagrams of the absolute Cartesian coordinate (Type 1) and the relative Cartesian coordinate (Type 2). 1, Type 1; 2, Type 2.

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 1. Location of the sampling sites in the northeastern Indian Ocean. The surface current (thick arrows) is modified from Peng et al. (2015); the deep circulation (thin arrows) is modified from Kawagata et al. (2006); the isohaline showing surface salinity during June (mean of 93 years) is modified from Gupta et al. (2002). Abbreviations are as follows: AABW, Antarctic Bottom Water; CPDW, Circumpolar Deep Water; NIHSIW, North Indian High-salinity Intermediate Water; NMC, Northeast Monsoon Current; SMC, Southwest Monsoon Current.

FIGURE 12 in Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 12. Photographs of the encountered morphotypes of Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel, 1887 sensu stricto. All are Pl-view at Type 1. Scale bar equals 0.1 mm. All specimens are from YDY05-01.

FIGURE 20 in Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 20. Photographs of the encountered morphotypes of Larcopyle buetschlii chenmuhongi n. subsp. All are Frview at Type 2. Scale bar equals 0.1 mm. All specimens are from YDY05-01.

FIGURE 15 in Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 15. Photographs of the encountered morphotypes of Pylodiscus spinulosus (Chen and Tan, 1989). All are Frview at Type 2. Scale bar equals 0.1 mm. All specimens are from YDY05-01.

FIGURE 8 in Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 8. Photographs of the encountered morphotypes of Tetrapyle circularis Haeckel, 1887. All are Pl-view at Type 1, Fr-view at Type 2. Scale bar equals 0.1 mm. All specimens are from YDY05-01.

FIGURE 11 in Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 11. Photographs of the encountered morphotypes of Tetrapyle spp. (juvenile form). 1-2 and 9, Lt-view at Type 1, Fr-view at Type 2; 3-5, 7-8, 11-12, Sg-view at Type 1, Fr-view at Type 2; 6 and 10, Pl-view at Type 1, Fr-view at Type 2; 13-14, Pl-view at Type 1, Ug-view at Type 2; 15-16, Sg-view at Type 1, Fr-view at Type 2; 17-18, Sg-view at Type 1, Ug-view at Type 2. Scale bar equals 0.1 mm. All specimens are from YDY05-01.

FIGURE 10 in Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 10. Photographs of the encountered morphotypes of Tetrapyle fruticosa (Tan and Chen, 1990) new combination. All are Pl-view at Type 1, Fr-view at Type 2. Scale bar equals 0.1 mm. All specimens are from YDY05-01.

FIGURE 7. The typical Tetrapyle octacantha specimens from the surface water from the southern Villefranche-surMer. 1 and 6 in Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 7. The typical Tetrapyle octacantha specimens from the surface water from the southern Villefranche-surMer. 1 and 6, Ug-view at Type 2; 2-3 and 8, Pr-view at Type 2; 4-7, Fr-view at Type 2. Scale bar equals 0.1 mm. The arrow marks indicate the major portal-spines.

FIGURE 9 in Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 9. Photographs of the encountered morphotypes of Tetrapyle circularis Haeckel, 1887. All are Pl-view at Type 1, Fr-view at Type 2. Scale bar equals 0.1 mm. All specimens are from YDY05-01.

FIGURE 6 in Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 6. Photographs of the encountered morphotypes of Tetrapyle octacantha Müller 1859 sensu stricto. All are Pl-view at Type 1, Fr-view at Type 2. Scale bar equals 0.1 mm. The arrow marks indicate the major portal-spines. All specimens are from YDY05-01.

FIGURE 2. Morphological terminology under a transmitted light microscope. 1-2 in Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 2. Morphological terminology under a transmitted light microscope. 1-2, for gate and girdle; 3-8, for different pylonioid systems.

FIGURE 5 in Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 5. The structure of central combination in genera Tetrapyle (1-3), Larcopyle (4) and Circodiscus (5). 1, Sgview at Type 1, Fr-view at Type 2; 2, Pl-view at Type 1, Fr-view at Type 2; 3, Lt-view at Type 1, Pr-view at Type 2. G1, G2, S1a, and S1a-girdle are the morphological terminology, of which the definitions have been shown in Table 1.

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 3. The absolute and relative orientations of specimens under the pylonioid system. The symbol "*" indicates Type 2 Relative Cartesian Coordinates.

FIGURE 5 in Hidden subsurface garden on own faeces - the trace fossil Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) from the Cretaceous-Palaeogene deep-sea sediments

FIGURE 5. Macroscopic and microscopic and SEM observations of Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) occurring in turbiditic sandstones of the Inoceramian Beds (Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene), Słopnice, Poland (1, 4-8) and turbiditic marls of the Pagliaro Formation (Paleocene), Italy (2, 3): 1, specimen with elevated edges and bent down roof as seen on upper bedding surface (INGUJ144P195); 2, 3, depressions of pellets in the burrow margin after pellets have been partly or completely removed (INGUJ196P36 and 38); 4, photomicrograph of transverse cross-section; note deformed laminae above the collapsed burrow; 5, 6, burrow margin showing depressions of pellets that have been removed by weathering; 7, part of split pellets in place consisting of clay minerals and siliciclastic silt grains; 8, outer part of a split pellet showing platy minerals oriented ±parallel to surface.

FIGURE 4 in Hidden subsurface garden on own faeces - the trace fossil Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) from the Cretaceous-Palaeogene deep-sea sediments

FIGURE 4. Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) on the lower bedding surfaces (1-3) of and in longitudinal (4) and transverse (5-10) cross-sections of turbiditic sandstones from the Inoceramian Beds (Upper-Cretaceous-Paleocene) at Słopnice: 1, note external and internal parts INGUJ144P176; 2, note sandy mantle covering the pelleted part, INGUJ144P193a, 3, note wrinkles on the mantle, INGUJ144P187a; 4, longitudinal cross section (Tr), INGUJ144P193; 5-10, transverse sections, E – INGUJ144P182d, F – INGUJ144P180, G – INGUJ144P192b, H – INGUJ144P170a, I – INGUJ144P190, J – INGUJ144P192c, K – INGUJ144P192.

FIGURE 3 in Hidden subsurface garden on own faeces - the trace fossil Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) from the Cretaceous-Palaeogene deep-sea sediments

FIGURE 3. Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) on upper bedding surfaces from different formations: 1, on the upper surface of turbiditic marl with Chondrites intricatus (Chi), Pagliaro Formation (Paleocene), Cabella Ligure, Northern Apennines, Italy, field photograph; 2, curved example of T. rectum (Tr), Scolicia isp. (Sc) and Phycosiphon incertum (Ph), Ropianka Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Wara, Skole Nappe, Carpathians, Poland, UJTF 1426, Książkiewicz collection; 3, several specimens of T. rectum (Tr), some cross cut by Chondrites intricatus (Chi), Pagliaro Formation (Paleocene), Cabella Ligure, Northern Apennines, Italy, field photograph; 4, specimen with two (1, 2) superimposed pellet pavements. Inoceramian Beds (Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene), Słopnice, INGUJ144P190a; 5; specimens with elevated edges and collapsed roof, Inoceramian Beds (Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene), Słopnice, INGUJ144P140; 6, example of spindle-shaped burrow enlargement, Pagliaro Formation (Paleocene), Cabella Ligure, Northern Apennines, Italy, field photograph; 7, T. rectum cut by Ophiomorpha annulata (Oa), Inoceramian Beds (Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene), Słopnice, INGUJ143P66.

FIGURE 6 in Hidden subsurface garden on own faeces - the trace fossil Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) from the Cretaceous-Palaeogene deep-sea sediments

FIGURE 6. Short sections showing position of Tubulichnium rectum and associated traces fossils in strata of the Ropianka Formation (Inoceramian Beds) at Słopnice, Magura Nappe, Carpathians, Poland. GPS coordinates: section A: 49°42.982'N, 020°20.448'E; section B: 49°42.974'N, 20°20.453'E, section C: 49°42.610'N, 20°20.687'E.