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Figure 2 in A two-species distribution model for parapatric newts, with inferences on their history of spatial replacement

Figure 2. Two-species distribution model derived from Triturus cristatus and Triturus marmoratus records over France along with a suite of environmental variable (for details, see main text), extrapolated over neighbouring areas. The colours show the probability for any eligible locality to be occupied by T. cristatus (P c), from deep red for T. cristatus to deep blue for T. marmoratus. Intermediate colours, such as orange and green, represent intermediate probabilities (see the colour scale, which ranges from P c at zero to P c at unity). Areas in black have an elevation of> 1500 m a.s.l. A, model with forestation as documented. B, C, the mutual species distribution under the assumption that western Europe would be completely forested (full forest; B) and devoid of forestation (zero forest; C). The white line approximates the mutual species border as modelled in A. Note that large areas in the south-east of France are devoid of Triturus newts (cf. Fig. 1) and that Italy has another crested newt species (Triturus carnifex), but that a parapatric contact zone is being modelled nevertheless.

Figure 1. A in A two-species distribution model for parapatric newts, with inferences on their history of spatial replacement

Figure 1. A, the outer range borders of the crested newt, Triturus cristatus (c; southern border shown by continuous line) and the marbled newt, Triturus marmoratus (m; northern and eastern border shown by dashed line) in continental France, after Castanet & Guyetant (1989) and Lescure & De Massary (2012). Departments mentioned in the text are as follows: DS, Deux-Sevres; M, Mayenne; V, Vienne. The Lower Rhône T. cristatus population is indicated by LR. The base map was downloaded from MapsLand (https://www.mapsland.com), under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Licence. B, the area of T. cristatus–T. marmoratus range overlap in Mercator projection, with the generalized species border as inferred from a two-species distribution model (see Fig. 2). The open circles represent documented species occurrences that strongly contradict the model, for T. cristatus (probability of occurrence, Pc ≤ 0.2, in red) and T. marmoratus (Pc ≥ 0.8, in blue). Large symbols represent multiple observations at close range. The drawings of animals, with T. cristatus at the top and T. marmoratus at the bottom, are by Bas Blankevoort, Naturalis Biodiversity Center.

Figure 4 in A two-species distribution model for parapatric newts, with inferences on their history of spatial replacement

Figure 4. Model of the two-species distribution of Triturus cristatus and Triturus marmoratus for climatic conditions as foreseen for 50 years from now under the CMCC-ESM2_ SSP126 scenario. Results were simplified to a binary representation, with red for T. cristatus (probability of occurrence, Pc> 0.5) and blue for T. marmoratus (Pc <0.5). Grey areas predict the presence of one species or the other, depending on zero or full forestation (for details, see main text). The white line approximates the mutual species border as modelled for the present day (Fig. 2A). Note that the contact zone would have to move at a pace of> 10 km/ year to keep up with the projected change. Three other scenarios yielded even larger contact zone displacements (Supporting Information, Fig. S2).

Figure 3 in A two-species distribution model for parapatric newts, with inferences on their history of spatial replacement

Figure 3. Models of the two-species distribution of Triturus cristatus and Triturus marmoratus for climatic conditions as reconstructed for the Holocene, under the assumption that western Europe would be entirely forested (left panel) or entirely deforested (right panel). Colour key as in Figure 2. Results for nine different scenarios (for details, see main text) were averaged; for scenarios shown individually, see the Supporting Information (Fig. S1). The white line approximates the mutual species border as modelled for the present day in Figure 2.

Fig. 2 in Visualizing the spatial distribution of metabolites in Clausena lansium (Lour.) skeels using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging

Fig. 2. Comparison of sample pretreatment methods for MALDI-MSI analysis. (A) Intensities of ion peaks corresponding to organic acids, sugars, and alkaloids in the three different sections using airbrush, iMLayer or combined methods for matrix application. Data represent the mean ± SE of intensities of ions at m/z 230.9, 381.0, 264.1 and 367.1 (n = 3), respectively. Photographs of DHB matrix material prepared by different methods: (B) Spray by airbrush, (C) Sublimation by iMLayer, (D) Spray after sublimation. Films and crystals observation were recorded under the light microscope (× 40).

Fig. 5 in Visualizing the spatial distribution of metabolites in Clausena lansium (Lour.) skeels using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging

Fig. 5. Distribution of the main coumarins in diverse tissue parts in the plant of C. lansium. All the MSI were acquired in positive ion mode. The number of pixels in x and y axis was 243 × 248 for the fruit, and 100 × 70 for the stem and 65 × 37 for the leaf parts. The distributions are displayed as heat maps, with the color code between black (low) and red (high). Images were exported from the Shimadzu Imaging software. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Visualizing the spatial distribution of metabolites in Clausena lansium (Lour.) skeels using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging

Fig. 4. Distribution of the main alkaloids in diverse tissue parts in the plant of C. lansium. All the MSI were acquired in positive ion mode. The number of pixels in x and y axis was 243 × 248 for the fruit, and 100 × 70 for the stem and 65 × 37 for the leaf parts. The distributions are displayed as heat maps, with the color code between black (low) and red (high). Images were exported from the Shimadzu Imaging software. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in Visualizing the spatial distribution of metabolites in Clausena lansium (Lour.) skeels using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging

Fig. 1. Optical images of different tissue sections of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels plants. (A) Fruit cross section, (B) Part of stem cross section, (C) Leaf cross section (magnification at 40x).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2023View details →

A new method for runoff forecasting in ungauged areas based on the Xinanjiang model incorporating multiple spatial geographical distribution data

This dataset includes two parts: (1) The SHP format layer data of 256 watersheds in North America and 2 watersheds in ChinaThe SHP format layer data of 256 watersheds in North America and 2 watersheds in China. (2) A reference meta-watershed database of spatial data was established, covering a spatial database of 256 watersheds. This provides a data foundation for runoff forecasting in other ungauged watersheds.

FIGURE 19 in Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations

FIGURE 19. Spatial distribution. (A) Ophiuroidea abundance. (B) Ophiuroidea richness. (C) Ophiodermatidae richness. (D) Hemieuryalidae richness. (E) Amphiuridae richness. (F) Ophiactidae richness. (G) Ophiotrichidae richness.

FIGURE 18. Ophiactis savignyi ZUEC OPH 2148 in Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations

FIGURE 18. Ophiactis savignyi ZUEC OPH 2148 (3.2 mm dd). (A) Dorsal view. (B) Ventral view. (C) Detail of the oral view. (D) Detail of dorsal arm. (E) Detail of ventral arm. (F) Dorsal arm plate. (G) Ventral arm plate. (H-I) Lateral arm plate. (J) Vertebra—proximal surface. (K) Vertebra—distal surface. (L) Vertebra—dorsal surface. (M) Vertebra—ventral surface. Abbreviations: ads: adoral shields; ap: apical papilla; as: arm spine; bs: bursal slits; d: dorsal; dap: dorsal arm plate; ddi: dorsodistal; ddmf: dorso-distal muscular fossae; di: distal; dp: dorso-proximal; ds: disc spine; lop: lateral oral papilla; os: oral shields; p: proximal; pe: perforation; rs: radial shields; tn: tentacle notch; ts: tentacle scale; v: ventral; vap: ventral arm plate; vdi: ventro-distal; vp: ventro-proximal; zd: zygoscondyle; zp: zygosphene. Stereomicroscope photos: (A)–(E), scale bar equal to 0.5 mm. SEM photos: (F)–(M), scale bar equal to 100 µm.

FIGURE 14. Amphipholis januarii ZUEC OPH 2268 in Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations

FIGURE 14. Amphipholis januarii ZUEC OPH 2268 (4.4 mm dd). (A) Dorsal view. (B) Ventral view. (C) Detail of the oral view. (D) Detail of dorsal arm. (E) Detail of ventral arm. (F) Dorsal arm plate. (G) Ventral arm plate. (H-I) Lateral arm plate. (J) Vertebra—proximal surface. (K) Vertebra—distal surface. (L) Vertebra—dorsal surface. (M) Vertebra—ventral surface. Abbreviations: ads: adoral shields; as: arm spine; bs: bursal slits; d: dorsal; dap: dorsal arm plate; ddi: dorso-distal; ddmf: dorso-distal muscular fossae; di: distal; dp: dorso-proximal; ip: infradental papillae; lop: lateral oral papillae; ma: madreporite; mas: middle arm spine; os: oral shields; p: proximal; pe: perforation; rs: radial shields; tn: tentacle notch; ts: tentacle scale; vap: ventral arm plate; v: ventral; vdi: ventro-distal; vp: ventro-proximal; zd: zygoscondyle; zp: zygosphene. Stereomicroscope photos: (A)–(E), scale bar equal to 0.5 mm. SEM photos: (F)–(M), scale bar equal to 100 µm.

FIGURE 15. Amphipholis squamata ZUEC OPH 2158 in Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations

FIGURE 15. Amphipholis squamata ZUEC OPH 2158 (3.5 mm dd). (A) Dorsal view. (B) Ventral view. (C) Detail of the oral view. (D) Detail of dorsal arm. (E) Detail of ventral arm. (F) Dorsal arm plate. (G) Ventral arm plate. (H-I) Lateral arm plate. (J) Vertebra—proximal surface. (K) Vertebra—distal surface. (L) Vertebra—dorsal surface. (M) Vertebra—ventral surface. Abbreviations: ads: adoral shields; as: arm spine; bs: bursal slits; cpp: central primary plate; d: dorsal; dap: dorsal arm plate; ddi: dorso-distal; ddmf: dorso-distal muscular fossae; di: distal; dp: dorso-proximal; ho: hole; ip: infradental papillae; lop: lateral oral papillae; ma: madreporite; os: oral shields; p: proximal; pe: perforation; prp: primary radial plate; rs: radial shields; tn: tentacle notch; ts: tentacle scale; v: ventral; vap: ventral arm plate; vdi: ventro-distal; vp: ventro-proximal; zd: zygoscondyle; zp: zygosphene. Stereomicroscope photos: (A)–(E), scale bar equal to 0.5 mm. SEM photos: (F)–(M), scale bar equal to 100 µm.

FIGURE 16. Hemipholis cordifera ZUEC OPH 2203 in Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations

FIGURE 16. Hemipholis cordifera ZUEC OPH 2203 (6.2 mm dd). (A) Dorsal view. (B) Ventral view. (C) Detail of the oral view. (D) Detail of dorsal arm. (E) Detail of ventral arm. (F) Dorsal arm plate. (G) Ventral arm plate. (H-I) Lateral arm plate. (J) Vertebra—proximal surface. (K) Vertebra—distal surface. (L) Vertebra—dorsal surface. (M) Vertebra—ventral surface. Abbreviations: ads: adoral shields; ap: apical papilla; as: arm spine; cpp: central primary plate; d: dorsal; dap: dorsal arm plate; ddi: dorso-distal; ddmf: dorso-distal muscular fossae; di: distal; dk: distal keel; dp: dorso-proximal; ds: disc spine; lg: large groove; lop: lateral oral papilla; ma: madreporite; os: oral shields; p: proximal; pe: perforation; prp: primary radial plate; rs: radial shields; tn: tentacle notch; ts: tentacle scale; v: ventral; vap: ventral arm plate; vdi: ventro-distal; vi: ventral interradius; vp: ventro-proximal; zd: zygoscondyle; zp: zygosphene. Stereomicroscope photos: (A)–(E), scale bar equal to 0.5 mm. SEM photos: (F)–(M), scale bar equal to 100 µm.

FIGURE 17. Ophiactis lymani ZUEC OPH 2258 in Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations

FIGURE 17. Ophiactis lymani ZUEC OPH 2258 (2.9 mm dd). (A) Dorsal view. (B) Ventral view. (C) Detail of the oral view. (D) Detail of dorsal arm. (E) Detail of ventral arm. (F) Dorsal arm plate. (G) Ventral arm plate. (H-I) Lateral arm plate. (J) Vertebra—proximal surface. (K) Vertebra—distal surface. (L) Vertebra—dorsal surface. (M) Vertebra—ventral surface. Abbreviations: ads: adoral shields; ap: apical papilla; as: arm spine; bs: bursal slits; d: dorsal; dap: dorsal arm plate; ddi: dorsodistal; ddmf: dorso-distal muscular fossae; di: distal; dp: dorso-proximal; ds: disc spine; lap: lateral arm plate; lop: lateral oral papilla; os: oral shields; p: proximal; rs: radial shields; ts: tentacle scale; v: ventral; vap: ventral arm plate; vdi: ventro-distal; vp: ventro-proximal; zd: zygoscondyle; zp: zygosphene. Stereomicroscope photos: (A)–(E), scale bar equal to 0.5 mm. SEM photos: (F)–(M), scale bar equal to 100 µm.

FIGURE 13. Microphiopholis subtilis ZUEC OPH 2263 in Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations

FIGURE 13. Microphiopholis subtilis ZUEC OPH 2263 (3.7 mm dd). (A) Dorsal view. (B) Ventral view. (C) Detail of the oral view. (D) Detail of dorsal arm. (E) Detail of ventral arm. (F) Dorsal arm plate. (G) Ventral arm plate. (H-I) Lateral arm plate. (J) Vertebra—proximal surface. (K) Vertebra—distal surface. (L) Vertebra—dorsal surface. (M) Vertebra—ventral surface. Abbreviations: ads: adoral shields; as: arm spine; bs: bursal slits; d: dorsal; dap: dorsal arm plate; ddi: dorso-distal; ddmf: dorso-distal muscular fossae; di: distal; dp: dorso-proximal; ho: hole; ip: infradental papillae; lap: lateral arm plate; lop: lateral oral papillae; ma: madreporite; os: oral shields; p: proximal; pe: perforation; rs: radial shields; tn: tentacle notch; ts: tentacle scale; tap: tapering tip; v: ventral; vap: ventral arm plate; vdi: ventro-distal; vp: ventro-proximal; zd: zygoscondyle; zp: zygosphene. Stereomicroscope photos: (A)–(E), scale bar equal to 0.5 mm. SEM photos: (F)–(M), scale bar equal to 100 µm.

FIGURE 12. Microphiopholis atra ZUEC OPH 2116 in Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations

FIGURE 12. Microphiopholis atra ZUEC OPH 2116 (9.1 mm dd). (A) Dorsal view. (B) Ventral view. (C) Detail of the oral view. (D) Detail of dorsal arm. (E) Detail of ventral arm. (F) Dorsal arm plate. (G) Ventral arm plate. (H-I) Lateral arm plate. (J) Vertebra—proximal surface. (K) Vertebra—distal surface. (L) Vertebra—dorsal surface. (M) Vertebra—ventral surface. Abbreviations: ads: adoral shields; as: arm spine; bs: bursal slits; cpp: central primary plate; d: dorsal; dap: dorsal arm plate; ddi: dorso-distal; ddmf: dorso-distal muscular fossae; di: distal; dp: dorso-proximal; ho: hole; hms: higher marginal scales; ip: infradental papillae; ma: madreporite; lop: lateral oral papillae; os: oral shields; p: proximal; pe: perforation; prp: primary radial plate; rs: radial shields; tn: tentacle notch; ts: tentacle scale; v: ventral; vap: ventral arm plate; vdi: ventro-distal; vp: ventroproximal; zd: zygoscondyle; zp: zygosphene. Stereomicroscope photos: (A)–(E), scale bar equal to 0.5 mm. SEM photos: (F)–(M), scale bar equal to 100 µm.

FIGURE 11. Amphiodia riisei ZUEC OPH 2252 in Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations

FIGURE 11. Amphiodia riisei ZUEC OPH 2252 (9.2 mm dd). (A) Dorsal view. (B) Ventral view. (C) Detail of the oral view. (D) Detail of dorsal arm. (E) Detail of ventral arm. (F) Dorsal arm plate. (G) Ventral arm plate. (H-I) Lateral arm plate. (J) Vertebra—proximal surface. (K) Vertebra—distal surface. (L) Vertebra—dorsal surface. (M) Vertebra—ventral surface. Abbreviations: ads: adoral shields; as: arm spine; bs: bursal slits; cpp: central primary plate; d: dorsal; dap: dorsal arm plate; ddi: dorso-distal; ddmf: dorso-distal muscular fossae; di: distal; dp: dorso-proximal; ip: infradental papillae; kn: knob; lop: lateral oral papillae; ma: madreporite; os: oral shields; p: proximal; pe: perforation; prp: primary radial plate; rs: radial shields; tn: tentacle notch; ts: tentacle scale; vap: ventral arm plate; v: ventral; vdi: ventro-distal; vp: ventro-proximal; zd: zygocondyle; zp: zygosphene. Stereomicroscope photos: (A)–(E), scale bar equal to 0.5 mm. SEM photos: (F)–(M), scale bar equal to 100 µm.

FIGURE 10. Amphiodia pulchella ZUEC OPH 2276 in Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations

FIGURE 10. Amphiodia pulchella ZUEC OPH 2276 (4.4 mm dd). (A) Dorsal view. (B) Ventral view. (C) Detail of the oral view. (D) Detail of dorsal arm. (E) Detail of ventral arm. (F) Dorsal arm plate. (G) Ventral arm plate. (H-I) Lateral arm plate. (J) Vertebra—proximal surface. (K) Vertebra—distal surface. (L) Vertebra—dorsal surface. (M) Vertebra—ventral surface. Abbreviations: ads: adoral shields; as: arm spine; bs: bursal slits; cpp: central primary plate; d: dorsal; dap: dorsal arm plate; ddi: dorso-distal; ddmf: dorso-distal muscular fossae; di: distal; dp: dorso-proximal; ip: infradental papillae; lap: lateral arm plate; lop: lateral oral papillae; ma: madreporite; mas: middle arm spine; os: oral shields; p: proximal; pe: perforation; prp: primary radial plate; rs: radial shields; tn: tentacle notch; ts: tentacle scale; v: ventral; vap: ventral arm plate; vdi: ventro-distal; vp: ventro-proximal; zd: zygocondyle; zp: zygosphene. Stereomicroscope photos: (A)–(E), scale bar equal to 0.5 mm. SEM photos: (F)–(M), scale bar equal to 100 µm.

FIGURE 3. Ophioderma januarii ZUEC OPH 2202 in Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations

FIGURE 3. Ophioderma januarii ZUEC OPH 2202 (7.9 mm dd). (A) Dorsal view. (B) Ventral view. (C) Detail of the oral view. (D) Detail of dorsal arm. (E) Detail of ventral arm. (F) Dorsal arm plate. (G) Ventral arm plate. (H-I) Lateral arm plate. (J) Vertebra—proximal surface. (K) Vertebra—distal surface. (L) Vertebra—dorsal surface. (M) Vertebra—ventral surface. Abbreviations: ads: adoral shields; ap: apical papilla; as: arm spine; bs: bursal slits; d: dorsal; dap: dorsal arm plate; ddi: dorsodistal; ddmf: dorso-distal muscular fossae; di: distal; dp: dorso-proximal; gr: granules; lap: lateral arm plate; lop: lateral oral papilla; no: notch; os: oral shields; p: proximal; pe: perforation; ri: ridge; sf: sigmoidal fold; sp: spurs; tn: tentacle notch; ts: tentacle scale; v: ventral; vap: ventral arm plate; vdi: ventro-distal; vp: ventro-proximal; zd: zygocondyle; zp: zygosphene. Stereomicroscope photos: (A)–(E), scale bar equal to 0.5 mm. SEM photos: (F)–(M), scale bar equal to 100 µm.