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536 results for “Tyrannosaurus rex”
FIGURE 3. Position vectors for M in Craniocervical feeding dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
FIGURE 3. Position vectors for M. transversospinalis cervicis (M. trans. cerv.), inserting on the epipophyses of C2 (A, B, C), C3 (D, E, F), and C4 (G, H, I) of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH 5027; skeletal drawings modified from Paul 1988), and of M. splenius capitis from the axis to the parietals (G, H, I). Note that via points proximal to insertions act as geometric ''origins'' of pull. Insertions and via points through which tendons ran are labeled in A, D, and G. Neutral/slightly elevated, dorsiflexed, and ventroflexed postures are shown from left to right in each sequence. The lateral z components (A, D, and G: dorsal views) were constant for calculating lateral flexion resultants in all postures, whereas x (anteroposterior) and y (dorsoventral) components varied with posture.
FIGURE 7 in Craniocervical feeding dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
FIGURE 7. Sensitivity of inertial feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex to moment estimation error and muscle recruitment. Note that bilateral contraction by M. trans. cap. alone imparted over three times the acceleration necessary for inertial feeding under the specified conditions. The x-axis variables are combined, bilateral [bilat. or (2)] and individual unilateral [(unilat. or (1)] instances of muscle activation. The y-axis values are tangential accelerations in g (Χ 9.81 m/s2) that muscles would impart to 490 N of food, 0.9 m from the occipital condyle. Acceleration values directly above single muscles or collective sets represent their maximum output. At 1.5 g, the food would be tossed high enough for inertial feeding. If a given muscle or set of muscles impart greater than 1.5 g, other muscles have recruitment latitude (''wiggle room'') for reorienting food in the mouth. Accelerations below 1.5 g impart insufficient tangential velocity to the food, necessitating additional muscle recruitment. Abbreviations: tr. cap., M. transversospinalis capitis. compl.; M. complexus. spl., M. splenius capitis; all, all of these three head dorsiflexors.
FIGURE 8 in Craniocervical feeding dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
FIGURE 8. Summary of latero- and dorsiflexive capabilities (indicated by arrows) of major T. rex craniocervical muscles, with the head held in a neutral posture. Capacities are color coded, with black indicating the greatest absolute and relative values. Note that dorsiflexors could do more work than muscles acting collectively in lateroflexion (with capacity doubling under bilateral contraction), and that M. transversospinalis capitis imparted the highest radial accelerations. Abbreviations are as in Figure 2 and Table 2, except for M. complexus (M. compl.). A, Relative work-generating capacities (W.G.C.; percentages) and concentric accelerations (rad/s2) of T. rex lateroflexive muscles, mapped onto a dorsal view of the skull and neck. M. complexus is partly outlined in white, for contrast with M. long. cap. sup. ventral to it. M. transversospinalis capitis was likely broader than depicted here. B, W.G.C. and concentric accelerations of major T. rex head dorsiflexors, mapped onto a lateral skeletal reconstruction. M. transversospinalis cervicis is deepest and depicted anteriorly with dashed outlines; posteriorly, it is color coded by its ability (relative to M. trans. cap.) to impart tangential acceleration to the rostrum.
FIGURE 5 in Craniocervical feeding dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
FIGURE 5. Position vectors for craniocervical muscles of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH 5027; skeletal drawings modified from Paul 1988) with the head and neck held in a dorsiflexed posture. Note that the parallel lines of pull for M. longissimus capitis superficialis would have enabled particularly forceful lateroflexion in this posture. These lateral ordinations enable decomposition of x and y components; lateral (z) components are the same as in a neutral posture (Fig. 2). A, M. longissimus capitis superficialis (M. long. cap. sup.) and M. complexus. B, M. longissimus capitis profundus (M. long. cap. prof.) and M. rectus capitis ventralis (M. r. c. v.). C, M. transversospinalis capitis (M. trans. cap.) and M. iliocostalis capitis (M. il. cap.). Muscle vectors and bone outlines follow the shading and dash conventions of Figure 2.
FIGURE 1 in Craniocervical feeding dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
FIGURE 1. Anatomical and inertial reconstructions used for calculating neck dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex. A, Superficially visible neck muscles mapped onto a skeleton of Tyrannosaurus rex AMNH 5027 (BMR cast), with the head and neck lateroflexed to the left. Insertions of M. transversospinalis cervicis onto anterior epipophyses are posteroventral to the origins of M. complexus from the same structures. B–D, 3-D computer representation of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH 5027) used to calculate gravitational moments and rotational inertias, in dorsal (B), lateral (C), and anterior (D) views. The skeleton is superimposed on the model in B; congruence is not absolute because the 3-D models are rendered in strict orthogonal view and the skeleton in perspective view.
Figure 9 Digitized comparisons between BMR P2002.4.1 and BMR P2007.4.1 in Feeding traces attributable to juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex offer insight into ontogenetic dietary trends
Figure 9 Digitized comparisons between BMR P2002.4.1 and BMR P2007.4.1. Interactive manipulation of digitized NextEngine 3D scan of a cast of the right maxilla and dentary of BMR P2002.4.1, and BMR P2007.4.1 caudal vertebra. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6573/fig-9
Figure 6 in Feeding traces attributable to juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex offer insight into ontogenetic dietary trends
Figure 6 Casts of BMR P2002.4.1 maxilla (A) and dentary (B) to illustrate the tooth positions used for spacing measurements. Note the alternating replacement of teeth. Scale bars equal 10 cm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6573/fig-6
Figure 4 in Feeding traces attributable to juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex offer insight into ontogenetic dietary trends
Figure 4 Punctured caudal vertebra of BMR P2007.4.1. BMR P2007.4.1 in anterior (A) posterior (B) and ventral (C), including the two elliptical punctures on the ventral surface of the centrum (D, E). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6573/fig-4
Figure 3 in Feeding traces attributable to juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex offer insight into ontogenetic dietary trends
Figure 3 Map of the BMR P2007.4.1 ''Constantine'' Quarry. Dorsal vertebrae (field numbers CON- 2007-010, CON-2007-011, and CON-2007-012) were too weathered for collection, though their relative locations were mapped. Note the relative association of dorsal and caudal vertebrae, and pelvic elements. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6573/fig-3
Figure 5 Silicone peel produced from BMR P2007.4.1 in Feeding traces attributable to juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex offer insight into ontogenetic dietary trends
Figure 5 Silicone peel produced from BMR P2007.4.1. Silicone peel produced from the ventral surface of the punctured caudal vertebra of BMR P2007.4.1 in vertical (A), and lateral (B) views. Note the traced outlines demonstrating the shape of the tooth casts. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6573/fig-5
Figure 2 in Feeding traces attributable to juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex offer insight into ontogenetic dietary trends
Figure 2 Stratigraphic column of the ''Constantine'' Quarry. Stratigraphy of the BMR P2007.4.1 ''Constantine'' Quarry. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6573/fig-2
Figure 1 in Feeding traces attributable to juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex offer insight into ontogenetic dietary trends
Figure 1 Discovery location of BMR P2007.4.1. Locality map showing the geographic location of specimen BMR P2007.4.1 in Carter County, Montana. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6573/fig-1
Figure 2 in The Biomechanics Behind Extreme Osteophagy in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 2. Jaw adductor muscle model for Tyrannosaurus rex (BHI 3033) in (A) dorsal, (C) left lateral, and (D) posterior views. Muscles in anatomical position are figured in (B) (lateral view is on left; anterior view is on right), textures and shades based on Alligator mississippiensis32. Abbreviations: mamem, Musculus adductor mandibulae externus medialis; mames, M. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; mamep, M. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; mptd, M. pterygoideus dorsalis; mps, M. pseudotemporalis complex; mamp, M. adductor mandibulae posterior; mptv, M. pterygoideus ventralis; mint, M. intramandibularis.
Figure 4. T in Mechanisms of soft tissue and protein preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 4. T. rex tissues exhibit positive antibody binding to protein components of extant vascular tissue. (a,c,e,g,i,k,m,o) Are composite images in which fluorescence corresponding to antibody-antigen complexes is overlain upon VLM images of vessel sections, with adjacent images (b,d,f,h,j,l,n,p) captured using a fluorescent filter. (a–d) No spurious binding was observed for negative controls in which vessels were exposed to secondary antibodies raised against the host species of all other antibodies used, i.e., mouse (a,b) and rabbit (c,d). (e,f) Positive binding of dinosaur vessels to actin antibodies can be seen in thin, evenly distributed layers, and (g,h) more broadly distributed binding is apparent for muscle tropomyosin antibodies. Antibodies to both (i,j) type I collagen and (k,l) elastin bind positively to these T. rex vessels. (m,n) Antibodies raised against ostrich haemoglobin exhibit comparatively lower binding intensity. (o,p) No reactivity of dinosaur vessels to antibodies against bacterial peptidoglycan was observed.
Figure 6. X in Mechanisms of soft tissue and protein preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 6. X-ray microprobe analysis of iron in the T. rex vascular tissues. (a,b,e) Optical microscope images of vessel tissues and (c,d,f) corresponding iron µ-XRF distribution maps recorded at 10 keV. Brighter pixels correspond to higher Fe content. All scale bars are 50 µm. Additional elemental maps of regions (a) and (b) can be found in Fig. S5. In (b,d) the vessel structure is not an organic tissue but a mineralised cast rich in Ba and S (see Fig. S5). Such fine-scale variation in preservation underscores the notion that preservation depends on the microenvironment. Numbered white circles indicate locations of Fe µ-XANES analysis. (g) Stacked normalised Fe K-edge extended XANES spectra of spots 0–6. Fits are shown in red dashed lines, with corresponding residuals plotted at the bottom. All spectra match to goethite (α-FeO(OH)) with normalised sum-square values ranging from 0.59 to 1.93·10−4. For comparison, an example set of the iron bearing reference spectra used are displayed in Fig. S7.
Figure 2 in Mechanisms of soft tissue and protein preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 2. Microscopy images of T. rex vascular tissue and associated analysis of fibrillar collagen banding. (a) Transmitted VLM of T. rex soft tissue shows an extensive network of hollow, pliable, vascular structure and typical brown hue. (b) SEM image of the surface of a vessel. (c) Magnified image of (b) detailing features consistent with collagen fibre bundles (collagen fibril, "f "; collagen fibre, "CF"). Average fibril width was measured as 110 nm, and average fibre width, 1.0 µm. (d) TEM image of fibrous features observed in a longitudinal vessel cross-section. Intensity profiles of banded texture in (e) boxes 1 and 2 in c and (f) boxes 3, 4, 5 in (d) with example peak-to-peak distances (SEM average, ~74 nm; TEM, ~56 nm) called out in red. See Fig. S6 for precise d-spacing values determined using SAXS. For comparison to a modern blood vessel network in bone, see Fig. 5b of ref.39.
orientation of emu femur shows dense CB, distinct ELB, and a thin layer of MB. (I) Ostrich MB appears more laminar than in (C) or (F) because of the longitudinal orientation of tubelike medullary spicules. in Gender-Specific Reproductive Tissue in Ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex
orientation of emu femur shows dense CB, distinct ELB, and a thin layer of MB. (I) Ostrich MB appears more laminar than in (C) or (F) because of the longitudinal orientation of tubelike medullary spicules.
Figure 6 in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 6. Adjusted growth curve (mass in kg as a function of age in years) for Tyrannosaurus rex. Filled circles represent our mass estimates derived from digital modelling; squares represent data points generated using Developmental Mass Extrapolation [42]. The red line represents the best fit curve for modelled data; the black one is for the DME estimate. Stippled lines represent the 95% confidence intervals for the model-based estimates. The MOR specimen is treated as being 16 years old in this plot (see text). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g006
Figure 7 in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 7. Comparison of torso/body dimensions for the four large Tyrannosaurus rex specimens. Linear measurements from our digital models show how the gleno-acetabular distance (GAD) is anomalously short in the MOR specimen and the chest is anomalously wider in the Sue and Carnegie specimens. Otherwise all four specimens compare fairly wellı considering that the Sue specimen is known to be somewhat larger. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g007
Figure 4 in Chemistry supports the identification of gender-specific reproductive tissue in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 4. High iron diamine (HID) staining of demineralized CB and MB. (A) Low, and (B) high magnification of chicken femur showing deposition of darkly staining MB on pre-existing CB. (C) low, and (D) high magnification of ostrich femoral MB. Similar to the pattern seen using Alcian blue (Fig. 3), the distribution of MB is less distinct but can be chemically differentiated from pre-existing CB in a more mixed fashion. CB from T. rex femur in low (E) and high (F) magnification shows slight staining, as seen in modern samples, but staining is much more pronounced in T. rex MB in low (G) and higher (H) magnifications. Scale bars as indicated.
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