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Fig. 1 in Comparative Analysis Of Alien Red Oak (Quearcus Rubra L.) And Native Common Oak (Quercus Robur L.) Vegetation In Lithuania
Fig. 1. Detrented Correspondence Analysis of Quercus rubra () and Quercus robur of TilioCarpinetum stachyetosum () and Tilio-Carpinetum typicum types () plots
Рис. 2. Низина Λевобережья НТТ в виΑе параΛΛеΛьных берегу моря ваΛов и небоΛьших понижений, вытянутых в северо-восточном направΛении, с характерной раститеΛьностью Fig. 2. The lowland of the left Bank of the LRT in the form of parallel to the seashore shafts and small depressions, elongated in a North-Eastern direction, with characteristic vegetation in Transboundary Migration And The Local Constraints In The Dynamic Of Fish Fauna In The Lower Reaches Of Tumannaya River
Рис. 2. Низина Λевобережья НТТ в виΑе параΛΛеΛьных берегу моря ваΛов и небоΛьших понижений, вытянутых в северо-восточном направΛении, с характерной раститеΛьностью Fig. 2. The lowland of the left Bank of the LRT in the form of parallel to the seashore shafts and small depressions, elongated in a North-Eastern direction, with characteristic vegetation
Fig. 4 in The role of vegetated areas on fish assemblage of the Paraná River floodplain: effects of different hydrological conditions
Fig. 4. NMDS ordination of dominant fish for different hydrologic condition (HW = high water, FW receding water, IS isolation) and sites (S). Ope = Odontostilbe pequira, Cvo = Cyphocharax voga, Spi = Serrapinnus calliurus, Abi = Astyanax bimaculatus, Pli = Prochilodus lineatus, Mdi = Moenkhausia dichroura, Gba = Gymnogeophagus balzanii, Rbo = Roeboides microlepis, Opa = Odontostilbe paraguayensis, Dte = Diapoma terofali.
Fig. 2 in The role of vegetated areas on fish assemblage of the Paraná River floodplain: effects of different hydrological conditions
Fig. 2. Water level fluctuations of the Paraná River at Corrientes between 1997 and 2001. The Sites were connected with the Paraná River above the hydrological level indicated by the horizontal lines. The number of flooding days (in parentheses) indicates the connectivity between the floodplain and the river channel.
Fig. 3 in The role of vegetated areas on fish assemblage of the Paraná River floodplain: effects of different hydrological conditions
Fig. 3. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard distance (UPGMA method) of fish assemblages in the seven floodplain lakes. A. March 1999 (after a long lasting inundation phase of the Paraná River), B-September 1999 (at receding water) and C- February 2000 (during isolation).
Data from: Tree growth-forms reveal dominant browsers shaping the vegetation
<p>This data repository belongs to the publication "Tree growth-forms reveal dominant browsers shaping the vegetation" by Churski et al. in Functional Ecology</p> <p>Authors Marcin Churski<sup>1</sup>, Dries P.J. Kuijper<sup>1</sup>, Katharina Semmelmayer<sup>1</sup>, William J. Bond<sup>2</sup>, Joris P.G.M. Cromsigt<sup>3</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>4</sup>, Yan Wang<sup>5</sup> & Tristan Charles-Dominique<sup>6</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>7</sup></p> <p>Author for correspondence: Marcin Churski email: <a href="mailto:mchurski@ibs.bialowieza.pl">mchurski@ibs.bialowieza.pl</a></p> <p><sup>1</sup>Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Stoczek 1, 17-230 Białowieża; <sup>2</sup>University of Cape Town, HW Pearson Building, University Ave N, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701; <sup>3</sup>SLU, Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden; <sup>4</sup>Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031, South Africa; <sup>5</sup>Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; <sup>6</sup>AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France; <sup>7</sup>CNRS UMR7618; Sorbonne University; Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Paris; 4, place Jussieu 75005 PARIS</p> <div> <h4>Summary</h4> <a href="https://github.com/mripasteam/transformers#summary"></a></div> <ul> <li>Plants adopt particular growth-forms when they are exposed to extreme environmental conditions. In this study, we describe a unique woody plant growth-form induced by large mammalian herbivores and discuss that this growth-form could have evolved as a strategy for escaping the browser zone in herbivore driven ecosystems.</li> <li>We analysed responses of key architectural and morphological attributes (branching and thorn density, tree dimensions, presence of flowers and fruits) of three Eurasian spiny tree species (Malus sylvestris, Prunus cerasifera, Pyrus pyraster) to different levels of browsing by large herbivores in the temperate Białowieża Forest, Poland.</li> <li>Under high browsing pressure, studied trees displayed two distinct forms of the crown: a bottom sterile part developing into a densely branched structure with high density of thorns (‘cage-form’), and an upper reproductive part that escaped from herbivore control (‘escaped-form’). The size of cage-form influenced the feeding behaviour of red deer (Cervus elaphus) by increasing the time deer spend foraging and increasing the bite rate. The height at which cages started to escape and their diameter matched with foraging reach of red deer.</li> <li>Synthesis. We argue that the frequency and cage dimensions of this woody growth-form in the landscape could inform on the type and intensity of recent herbivory. Moreover, its distinctive inducibility suggests that this growth-form did not emerge recently under anthropogenic pressure but could be the legacy of ancient herbivory effects. Observational evidence suggests that this growth-form emerged in several herbivore-driven systems around the globe and may be used to identify the dominant herbivores that control vegetation structure in these ecosystems.</li> </ul> <p>Data</p> <p>The table 'cage_traits.csv' contains data on morphological traits measured on individual trees and was used to describe the key architectural attributes defining the cage and escape forms (trapped branches vs. escaped branches), test if the cage form is induced by mammalian herbivores or not and if the dimensions of the cage form could inform on which animal induced them.</p> <div> <pre><code>Column headers description: N_Protocol: Tree ID Status: if the tree individual grow taller than animal reach (escaped or trapped) Species: tree species Branch_N: observed branch ID Length: branch length (cm) N_Thorns: number of thorns N_Twigs: number of twigs Longest_thorn: the length of longest thorn on the branch (mm) N_browsed_Twigs: Number of browsed twigs (1) vs non browsed (0) twigs on a branch Branch_esc: branch position, "escape" indicates the branch growing on the escaped part of a tree FlowerOrFruit: flower or fruit number found on the branch BDI: branch density index. It is calculated by twigs number divided by branch length Thorn_density:Thorn number divided by branch length BrowRate: observed number of browsed_Twigs divided by branch length Bite: 1 indicates the branch was browsed, 0 indicated the branch was not browsed. browsing_environment: if the tree is exposed to high browsing environment or not. </code></pre> <div> </div> </div> <p>The table 'foraging_time_barplot.csv' contains camera trap data on total foraging time of all the animal on all the tree species and was used to answer the question how the presence of cage form affect herbivore foraging behaviour. This data set was specifically used to produce the bar plot in Figure 5C.</p> <div> <pre><code>Column headers description: N_Protocol : Tree ID animal_species : observed animal species Species: tree species Foraging_time: observed total foraging time. </code></pre> <div> </div> </div> <p>The table 'foraging_time.csv' contains camera trap data on total foraging time of all the animal on all the tree species and was used to answer the question how the presence of cage form affect herbivore foraging behaviour.</p> <div> <pre><code>Column headers description: N_Protocol: Tree ID Total_foraging_time: total record foraging time per tree individual Total_bite_rate : bite rate per tree individual Bite_rate : bite rate per tree branch BDI: branch density index. Foraging_time_av: record foraging time per tree branch Surface: the surface of the crown </code></pre> <div> </div> </div> <p>The table 'escape_height.csv' contains data on individual tree heights in relation to their status (escaped vs trapped). This data set was used to test if the dimensions of the cage form could inform on which animal induced them.</p> <div> <pre><code>Column headers description: N_Protocol: Tree ID Status: if the tree individual grow taller than animal reach Species: Tree species Height: Tree height</code></pre> </div>
Data from: Vegetation dynamics 1946–2018 in an old-growth conifer forest
<p>We analysed ground vegetation in 250 plots in 2018 in the old-growth <em>Picea abies-</em>dominated<em> </em>forest Säby Västerskog, SE Sweden as a follow-up of studies in 1946 and 1998 with the same layout of plots. The vegetation changes were not clearly directional: the species composition in 2018 was intermediate between that of 1946 and 1998, whereas in 1998 species richness was higher and with the unique presence of a number of species indicating small-scale disturbances. <em>Vaccinium myrtillus</em> increased in cover since 1946 and <em>Avenella flexuosa</em> decreased. This goes against regional trends, attributed to climate warming and changes in nitrogen deposition. Regional changes are overshadowed by fine-scale disturbances and micro-successions.</p>
Figs 6A-G in Vegetative anatomy of some Brazilian Zygopetalinae (Orchidaceae)
Figs 6A-G. Cross sections of aerial stems and rhizomes. A. Dichaea pendula; B. Dichaea trulla; C. Huntleya meleagris; D. Hoehneella gehrtiana; E. Promenaea rollissoniis; F. Zygopetalum mackayi; G. Zygopetalum maxillare. cl = claviform cells, co = cortex, p = epidermis. Bars: Figs. A, B: = 50 μm; Figs. C-H = 100μm.
Figs. 3A-D. Growth habits. A in Vegetative anatomy of some Brazilian Zygopetalinae (Orchidaceae)
Figs. 3A-D. Growth habits. A. Dichaea pendula; B. Dichaea trulla; C. Zygopetalum pedicelatum; D. Hoehneella gehrtiana.
Figs. 5A-G in Vegetative anatomy of some Brazilian Zygopetalinae (Orchidaceae)
Figs. 5A-G. General cross-sections of pseudobulbs and disclosure of vascular bundles. A. Promenaea rollisonii; B. Promenaea xanthine; C. Zygopetalum mackayi; D. Zygopetalum maxillare; E. Huntleya meleagris; F. Promenaea xanthine; G. Paradisanthus micranthus. ca = water storage cells, arrow = stegmata. Bars: Figs. A-G = 100 μm.
Figure 10 in Vegetation survey of the Khomas Hochland in central-western Namibia: syntaxonomical descriptions
Figure 10 (continued). Box-and-Whisker plots of the typical structure of the associations of the Khomas Hochland Proper, based on the relevé data. G, Schmidtio kalahariensis–Vachellietum eriolobae; H, Stipagrostis uniplumis–Senegalia detinens association; I, Stipagrostis uniplumis–Senegalia detinens typical sub-association; J, Stipagrostis uniplumis–Senegalia detinens tarchonanthus camphoratus sub-association; K, Stipagrostis uniplumis–Senegalia detinens vachellia tortilis sub-association; L, Stipagrostis uniplumis–Senegalia detinens vachellia reficiens sub-association.
Figure 7 in Vegetation survey of the Khomas Hochland in central-western Namibia: syntaxonomical descriptions
Figure 7. Typical views of the associations of the Khomas Hochland Proper. A, Digitario erianthae–Euryopietum walterorum, relevé 1837; B, Examples of rock faces hosting the Pennisetum foermerianum–Ficus ilicina association, here at Midgard; C, Danthoniopio ramosae–Oleoetum africanae on top of the Auas Mountains; D, Senegalio hereroensis–Tarchonanthoetum camphorati, relevé 1123; E, Triraphio ramosissimae–Manule opsietum dinteri, relevé 1011; F, Ornithoglosso calcicolae–Fin gerhuthioetum africanae, relevé 1095; G, Brachiario nigropedatae–Senegalietum hereroensis, relevé 1003. Photos: C by Dr Antje Burke, remainder by the author.
Figure 1 in Vegetation survey of the Khomas Hochland in central-western Namibia: syntaxonomical descriptions
Figure 1. The study area in western central Namibia. Mean Annual Rainfall is indicated as blue isohyets. Data source: NARIS (2001).
Figure 9 in Vegetation survey of the Khomas Hochland in central-western Namibia: syntaxonomical descriptions
Figure 9. Typical views of the associations of the riverine habitats within the Khomas Hochland. A, Eragrostio rotiferi–Oleoetum africanae, relevé 11525; B, Cynodo dactylonis–Eragrostioetum rotiferi, relevé 11520; C, Stipagrostioetum namaquensis, relevé 973; D, Themedio triandrae–Chloroetum virgatae, relevé 939; E, Chloro virgatae–Vachellietum karroo, relevé 11519; F, Salvadoro persicae–Eucleetum pseudebeno, relevé 929; G, Setario finitae–Vachellietum eriolobae, relevé 11488.
Figure 5 in Vegetation survey of the Khomas Hochland in central-western Namibia: syntaxonomical descriptions
Figure 5. Typical views of the associations of the Pre-Namib and Escarpment zone. A, Enneapogono desvauxii–Adenoloboetum pechuelii, relevé 2065; B, Enneapogono desvauxii–Eragrosti etum nindensis, relevé 9439; C, Crotalario podocarpae–Sti pagrostioetum obtusae, relevé 1997; D, Tribulocarpo dimorphantho–Vachellietum eriolobae, relevé 2013; E, Geigerio acaulis–Commiphoroetum glaucescentis, relevé 9467; F, Myrothamno flabellifolii–Commiphoroetum dinteri, relevé 1969; G, Eragrostio nindensis–Vachellietum reficientis, relevé 1970. Photos by the author.
Figure 4 in Vegetation survey of the Khomas Hochland in central-western Namibia: syntaxonomical descriptions
Figure 4. Box-and-Whisker plots of the typical structure of the associations of the Pre-Namib and Escarpment zone, based on the relevé data. A, Enneapogono desvauxii–Adenoloboe tum pechuelii; B, Enneapogono desvauxii–Eragrostietum nindensis; C, Crotalario podocarpae–Stipagrostioetum obtusae; D, Tribulocarpo dimorphantho–Vachellietum eriolobae; E, Geigerio acaulis–Commiphoroetum glaucescentis; F, Myrothamno flabellifolii–Commiphoroetum dinteri; G, Eragrostio nindensis–Vachellietum reficientis.
Figure 10 in Vegetation survey of the Khomas Hochland in central-western Namibia: syntaxonomical descriptions
Figure 10. Box-and-Whisker plots of the typical structure of the associations of the Khomas Hochland Proper, based on the relevé data. A, Pseudogaltonio clavatae–Eriocephaloetum luederitziana; B, Panico lanipedis–Pentzietum incanae; C, Aptosimo spinescentis–Galenietum africanae; D, Panico arbusculi–Senegalietum detinentis; E, Elephantorrhizo suffruticosae–Euphorbietum guerichianae; F, Dichrostachyo cinereae–Senegalietum erubescentis.
Figure 1. A in Preliminary assessment of weed population in vegetable and fruit farms of Taif, Saudi Arabia
Figure 1. A map of Taif region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (https://images.app.goo.gl/SLRH8ep1mKncRHkm7).
Figure 2 in Detection of enteroparasites in foliar vegetables commercialized in street- and supermarkets in Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
Figure 2. Protozoa detected in samples of lettuce and collard greens from street market and supermarkets in Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás. (A) Cyst; (B) coccid oocyst with multiple sporocysts; (C) oocyst from Cystoisospora sp. resemble the C. belli; (D) oocyst of C. canis, (E) and (F) oocyst of Eimeriidae.
Fig. 9 in Population fluctuations of thrips (Thysanoptera) and their relationship to the phenology of vegetable crops in the central region of Mexico
Fig. 9. Population fluctuation of Thrips tabaci in the onion crops at Axochiapan, Morelos, Mexico, 2010–2011. Sufficient thermal units (180 degree days) occurred to support 1 life cycle of T. tabaci from transplantation until the 1st vertical arrow and subsequently between consecutive arrows.
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