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Figure 8. A, 2 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 8. A, 2-week-old larva of Bostrycapulus calyptraeformis showing the velar pigment, shell sculpture (on the top of the shell) and large foot. Scale bar = 300 Mm. B, intracapsular larva of B. aculeatus showing the welldeveloped velum with pigment spots and body pigmentation. Scale bar = 200 Mm.

Figure 7 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 7. Embryos of Bostrycapulus urraca sp. nov. A, early postgastrula stage where the embryo is covered with a thin ciliated epithelium. B, mid-veliger stage, showing the granulated shell sculpture, the operculum behind the well-developed foot, the single embryonic kidneys and the reduced velum. C, Hatching stage, showing the well-developed shell sculpture. Scale bar = 150 Mm.

Figure 3 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 3. The Bayesian best estimate topology of the phylogeny of Bostrycapulus based on 16S. Numbers above the branches represent bootstrap percentages and those below the branches are Bayesian support. Branches are labelled with the collecting locality and the individual code. * = type individual.

Figure 9 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 9. Illustrations of anatomy of Bostrycapulus, drawn from observations of several animals of B. odites sp. nov. from Argentina. There are no differences among species in the characters depicted here. A, dorsal view of the animal subsequent to removal from the shell. B, dorsal view of the animal with the mantle reflected. C, osphradium. D, penis. Abbreviations: cg, capsule gland; ct, ctenidia; dg, digestive gland; e, oesophagus; f, foot; fp, food pouch; g, seminal groove; gd, gonad; hg, hypobranchial gland; i, intestine; k, kidney; nr, nerve ring; os, osphradium; sg, salivary gland; sm, shell muscle; ss, style sac; st, stomach; v, ventricle.

Figure 2 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 2. The Bayesian best estimate topology of the phylogeny of Bostrycapulus based on COI. Numbers above the branches represent bootstrap percentages and those below the branches are Bayesian support. Branches are labelled with the collecting locality and the individual code. * = type individual.

Figure 6 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 6. Embryos of Bostrycapulus pritzkeri sp. nov. Note the distinctive granular shell sculpture and the absence of a distinct velum at all stages. A, excapsulated early stage embryos at the beginning of shell formation. Scale bar = 150 Mm. B, excapsulated embryos with welldeveloped shells showing granular shell sculpture and the small ridge of the velum at the base of the tentacle. Scale bar = 250 Mm. C, encapsulated embryos near hatching with fully developed shell and body pigmentation. Scale bar = 250 Mm.

Figure 5. Protoconchs. A in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 5. Protoconchs. A, Bostrycapulus pritzkeri sp. nov. from Sydney. B, B. calyptraeformis from the Perlas Islands, Panama. C, B. cf. tegulicia from Cape Verde. D, B. gravispinosus from Minabe, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. E, B. calyptraeformis from Paita, Peru. F, B. odities sp. nov. from Playa Orengo, Argentina. G, B. urraca sp. nov. from Isla Parida, Panama. H, B. aculeatus from Lido Key, Florida. I, B. odites sp. nov. from São Paulo, Brazil. All are to the same scale. Scale bar = 500 Mm.

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A new cryptic species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) with description of its tadpole from the central Western Ghats, India

<p>We describe a new species of night frog belonging to the genus <em>Nyctibatrachus</em> from the central Western Ghats, India.</p>

Fig. 51 in Bumblebees of the hypnorum-complex world-wide including two new near-cryptic species (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Fig. 51. Bombus wolongensis Williams, Ren & Xie sp. nov., ♀ (queen), holotype (IOZ), habitus, lateral view (image reversed). Scale bar: 10 mm.

Figs 39–50 in Bumblebees of the hypnorum-complex world-wide including two new near-cryptic species (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Figs 39–50. Simplified diagrams for the colour patterns of the hair on the dorsum for ♀♀ (above) and ♂♂ (below) of Bombus perplexus Cresson, 1863. The dorsum is divided into regions, each of wshich shows only the predominant or most apparent colour for that region using a simplified colour palette (precise shades vary), with olive indicating a mixture of black and yellow hair, and grey indicating a mixture of black and white hair.

Fig. 2 in Bumblebees of the hypnorum-complex world-wide including two new near-cryptic species (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Fig. 2. Distribution of barcoded samples of the hypnorum-complex and B. perplexus Cresson, 1863, with the interpretations as separate candidate species from Fig. 1 shown as different coloured spots as per the colour key on the left. Relief map with hill shading, polar projection (north pole shown as a star), the international boundaries and the Arctic Circle are shown as narrow grey lines, and the northern tree line shown as a broad grey line. Image created in ArcGIS using World_Shaded_Relief basemap (© 2014 Esri).

Fig. 1 in Bumblebees of the hypnorum-complex world-wide including two new near-cryptic species (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Fig. 1. MRBAYES estimate of phylogeny as a metric tree (outgroup B. alpinus (Linnaeus, 1758) not shown) from COI barcodes from GenBank and BOLD databases for the vagans-group and hypnorum- group, with additions from the authors for the hypnorum-group of bumblebees, filtered to remove duplicate and short sequences. Each sequence is labelled with: sequence length; a taxon name from the database; a code consisting of a sequence identifier from the project database and a specimen identifier from the online database; its country and (for larger countries) state or province). The scale bar is calibrated in substitutions per nucleotide site. Results of Bayesian Poisson-tree-process (PTP) models applied for assessing support for species' gene coalescents by maximum likelihood are shown as PTP scores above the branches: scores approaching 1 and where branches change from blue to red indicates are where the most likely species' gene coalescents are detected. Asterisks mark sequences used as informal proxies for the type specimens of each of the taxon names in Table 2.

Fig. 52 in Bumblebees of the hypnorum-complex world-wide including two new near-cryptic species (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Fig. 52. Bombus hengduanensis Williams, Ren & Xie sp. nov., ♀ (queen), holotype (IOZ), habitus, lateral view (image reversed). Scale bar: 10 mm.

Figs 3–38 in Bumblebees of the hypnorum-complex world-wide including two new near-cryptic species (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Figs 3–38. Simplified diagrams for the colour patterns of the hair on the dorsum for ♀♀ (left) and ♂♂ (right) of the Bombus species from Fig. 2. The dorsum is divided into regions, each of which shows only the predominant or most apparent colour for that region using a simplified colour palette (precise shades vary), with olive indicating a mixture of black and yellow hair, and grey indicating a mixture of black and white hair.

Fig. 8 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks

Fig. 8. Scanning electron microscopy. Polymerurus insularis sp. nov. A–B, D. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 59). C, E. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 60). A–B. Posterior dorsal view. C. Detail of the furca base in posterior dorsolateral view. D–E. Details of the furcal rami. Abbreviations: fb = furca base; fr = furcal rami; sc-4 = Type 4 scales; sc-5 = Type 5 scales. Scale bars = 10 µm.

Fig. 4 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks

Fig. 4. Light microscopy – DIC. Polymerurus insularis sp. nov. Posterior region of the body. A. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 56). B, D. Holotype (ZUEC GCH 55). C. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 57). A–B. Posterior dorsal view. C. Posterior dorsolateral view. D. Posterior ventral view. Abbreviations: fr = furcal rami; sc-1 = Type 1 scales; sc-2 = Type 2 scale; sc-3 = Type 3 scales; sc-4 = Type 4 scales. Scale bars = 40 µm.

Fig. 5 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks

Fig. 5. Close-up of the different types of scales described forPolymerurus insularis sp. nov.A–C. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 59). D, F. Holotype (ZUEC GCH 55). E. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 56). A–C. Scanning electron microscopy. D–F. Light microscopy – DIC. A. Detail of a section of the dorsal middle trunk, showing the most common type of scale, Type 1, with emphasis on its characteristic shape. B. Detail of a section of the dorsal posterior trunk, showing Type 2 and Type 3 scales. C–E. Detail of the transition between the dorsal posterior trunk and the dorsal furca base, showing the particular scale covering of this region. F. Detail of the transition between the ventral posterior trunk and the ventral furca base, showing the particular scale covering this region. Abbreviations: sc-1 = Type 1 scales; sc-2 = Type 2 scale; sc-3 = Type 3 scales; sc-4 = Type 4 scales; sc-5 = Type 5 scales; sc-6 = Type 6 scales; sc-7 = Type 7 scales; sc-8 = Type 8 scales; svs = small ventral pair of spines. Scale bars: A–C = 5 µm; D = 10 µm; E = 15 µm; F = 10 µm.

Fig. 3 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks

Fig. 3. Light microscopy – DIC. Polymerurus insularis sp. nov., holotype (ZUEC GCH 55). A–C. Correspond to the most anterior third of the specimen. A. Anterior dorsal region. B. Anterior internal region. C. anterior ventral region. D–F. Correspond to the trunk. D. Dorsal trunk. E. Internal trunk. F. Ventral trunk. G–I. Correspond to the posterior third of the specimen. G. Dorsal posterior third. H. Internal posterior third. I. Ventral posterior third. Abbreviations: ce = cephalion; ct = cephalic bristles; eg = egg; hy = hypostomium; i = intestine; is = interciliary spines; lc = locomotory cilia; lce = lateral cephalic expansions; mo = mouth; ne = nephridia; pl = pleurae; ph = pharynx; PhIJ = pharyngealintestinal junction; sc-1 = Type 1 scales; sc-2 = Type 2 scale; sc-3 = Type 3 scales; sc-4 = Type 4 scales; vs = Type 1 ventral scale. Scale bars = 20 µm.

Fig. 1 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks

Fig. 1. Sampling location, at the state of Pernambuco, Fernando de Noronha archipelago, Brazil A. Brazil. B. Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. C. Xaréu açude. Images provided by Google Earth (A–B) and Prof Dr Felipe Toledo, University of Campinas (C).

Fig. 6 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks

Fig. 6. Schematic illustration of dorsal and ventral posterior regions and type scales of Polymerurus insularis sp. nov. A–B. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 56). A. Dorsal view of the posterior end. Some Type 1 scales are faded for a better visualization of Types 2, 3 and 5 scales. B. Ventral view of the posterior end. C. Each type of scale, individually depicted (not to scale). Abbreviations: ff = furcal furrow; fr = furcal rami; lc = locomotory cilia; is = interciliary spines; sc-1 = Type 1 scales; sc-2 = Type 2 scale; sc-3 = Type 3 scales; sc-4 = Type 4 scales; sc-5 = Type 5 scales; sc-6 = Type 6 scales; sc-7 = Type 7 scales; sc-8 = Type 8 scales. Scale bars = 40 µm.