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6,335 results for “direct”
AMaze: fully discrete training with three regimes (direct, scaffolding, interactive) and two algorithms (A2C, PPO)
<p>Dataset containing all training artifacts (final models, training curves, intermediate visualizations, ...) as well as the raw data used to assert generalization capabilities.</p> <p>The associated archive final_behavior.tar.gz provides a visualization of every replicate's final behavior for easier navigation.</p> <p>Distribution files contain a sampling across 1000 seeds, 5 probabilities for traps and lures, 4 sizes and 5 set sizes resulting in 486356 mazes. Descriptive graphs provide an overview of the accessible "maze space".</p> <p> </p> <p>v2: Added script to aggregate run dynamics (mean reward, errors, maze lengths...) and resulting generated dataset (csv) and plots (pdf)</p>
Direct evidence for Cooper pairing without a spectral gap in a disordered superconductor above Tc
<p>Supporting data for Bastiaans, KM et al. “Direct evidence for Cooper pairing without a spectral gap in a disordered superconductor above Tc”.</p> <p> </p> <p>The following datafiles are used for the following figures.</p> <p> </p> <p>Fig. 1 A Illustration figure, no data used</p> <p> B Illustration figure, no data used</p> <p> C Illustration figure, no data used</p> <p> D Illustration figure, no data used</p> <p> </p> <p>Fig. 2 A TiN_ALD_2.3K_noise.txt, simulation_qeff.m</p> <p> B TiN_ALD_2.3K_qeff.txt, simulation_qeff.m</p> <p> </p> <p>Fig. 3 A TiN_ALD_2.3K_noise.txt, TiN_ALD_4.0K_noise.txt, TiN_ALD_6.3K_noise.txt, TiN_ALD_7.2K_noise.txt, simulation_qeff.m</p> <p> B TiN_ALD_2.3K_qeff.txt, TiN_sputter_2.3K_qeff.txt, simulation_qeff.m</p> <p> C TiN_ALD_4.0K_qeff.txt, TiN_sputter_4.0K_qeff.txt, simulation_qeff.m</p> <p> D TiN_ALD_6.3K_qeff.txt, TiN_sputter_6.3K_qeff.txt, simulation_qeff.m</p> <p> E TiN_ALD_7.2K_qeff.txt, TiN_sputter_7.2K_qeff.txt, simulation_qeff.m</p> <p> </p> <p>Fig. 4 A TiN_ALD_didv_spectra.txt</p> <p> B TiN_ALD_didv_spectra.txt, TiN_ALD_didv_gap_depth.txt</p> <p> C TiN_ALD_RT.txt</p> <p> D TiN_ALD_qeff_vs_T.txt</p> <p> </p> <p>Fig. S1 A Illustration figure, no data used</p> <p> B TiN_ALD_2.3K_topo_small.txt</p> <p> C TiN_ALD_2.3K_topo_large.txt</p> <p> </p> <p>Fig. S2 TiN_noise_time_traces.txt</p> <p> </p> <p>Fig. S3 TiN_ALD_RT.txt</p> <p> </p> <p>Fig. S4 A TiN_ALD_2.3K_gapmap.txt, TiN_ALD_2.3K_gapmap_inset.txt</p> <p> B TiN_ALD_2.3K_gapmap.txt</p> <p> C TiN_sputter_2.3K_gapmap.txt, TiN_sputter_2.3K_gapmap_inset.txt</p> <p> D TiN_sputter_2.3K_gapmap.txt</p> <p> </p> <p>Fig. S5 A simulation_didv1.txt, T_broadening_fills_gap.ipynb</p> <p> B simulation_didv2.txt, T_broadening_fills_gap.ipynb</p> <p> C TiN_ALD_didv_spectra.txt, T_broadening_fills_gap.ipynb</p> <p> </p> <p>Fig. S6 TiN_sputter_2.3K_noise.txt, TiN_sputter_4.0K_noise.txt, TiN_sputter_6.3K_noise.txt, TiN_sputter_7.2K_noise.txt, simulation_qeff.m</p> <p> </p> <p>Fig. S7 A TiN_sputter_didv_spectra.txt</p> <p> B TiN_sputter_didv_gap_depth.txt</p> <p> C TiN_sputter_RT.txt</p> <p> D TiN_sputter_qeff_vs_T.txt</p> <p> </p> <p>Fig. S8 A TiN_ALD_2.3K_noise.txt, simulation_qeff.m</p> <p> B TiN_ALD_2.3K_qeff.txt, simulation_qeff.m</p> <p> C simulation_S1.txt, simulation_qeff.m</p> <p> D simulation_S2.txt, simulation_qeff.m</p>
Trophic rewilding benefits a tropical community through direct and indirect network effects
Species reintroductions can be used as a conservation strategy to restore ecological interactions and the functionality of impoverished ecosystems. The ecological effects of reintroductions go beyond restoring pairwise interactions, because reintroductions can change how extant species are indirectly linked to each other in an ecological community. These indirect pathways, in turn, may shape a myriad of ecological and evolutionary processes operating in ecological systems. Here, we investigated how reintroductions may affect the direct and indirect pathways connecting species in ecological networks. We modeled the potential effects of the reintroduction of four frugivore species (channel-billed toucans, red-humped agoutis, brown howler monkeys and yellow-footed tortoises) to the local seed dispersal network in an Atlantic Forest site, the Tijuca National Park (Tijuca, Brazil). We used a seed dispersal interaction dataset together with data on species occurrences in Tijuca to build network models. Then, we calculated how network structure and the total amount of indirect effects varied across simulated networks with and without the reintroduced species. Using random reintroduction simulations, we tested if the observed network changes were expected merely from the increase in species richness. The reintroduction of the frugivore species increased network connectance, nestedness, robustness, number of pathways and total amount of indirect effects in all simulated networks. The increase in number of pathways with the addition of the four reintroduced species was greater than the sum of isolated effects for each species, as some interaction pathways contained several reintroduced species. These changes in network metrics were significantly greater than if a randomly chosen set of four species were reintroduced. Furthermore, our results indicate that multiple reintroductions in the same area, known as refaunation, may have an even greater restoration effect than single species reintroductions through increased indirect connections in the network.
Self-Directed Online Machine Learning for Topology Optimization
<p>Code and results of the paper "Self-Directed Online Machine Learning for Topology Optimization".</p> <p>See latest updates at https://github.com/deng-cy/deep_learning_topology_opt</p>
Directional selection shifts trait distributions of planted species in dryland restoration
<p>1. The match between species trait values and local abiotic filters can restrict community membership. An often-implicit assumption of this relationship is that abiotic filters select for a single locally optimal strategy, though difficulty in isolating effects of the abiotic environment from those of dispersal limitation and biotic interactions has resulted in few empirical tests of this assumption. Similar constraints have made it difficult to assess whether the type and intensity of abiotic filters shift along gradients of environmental harshness, as predicted by the stress dominance hypothesis.</p> <p>2. We planted 9,216 plants of perennial grass and forb species that had a range of functional trait values and were assigned to a warm, intermediate, or cool temperature tolerance pools across eight sites on the Colorado Plateau. We compared the distributions of traits of surviving individuals to null distributions to evaluate whether there were shifts in trait means and variation. Borrowing from phenotypic selection concepts in evolutionary biology, we assessed support for stabilizing, directional, and disruptive abiotic filtering of trait distributions and whether these types of filtering varied with initial species pool.</p> <p>3. Functional composition was significantly different from null distributions for nearly all traits at all sites, with trait variation more restricted in harsher abiotic conditions, supporting the stress-dominance hypothesis. Contrary to expectations, we primarily found evidence for directional selection, which increased in frequency in warm species pools while disruptive selection was found more often in cool and intermediate species pools.</p> <p>4. Synthesis: This study provides a controlled experimental approach to test the effect of the abiotic environment on plant trait filtering. We found that opportunistic strategies allowing for rapid water acquisition during favorable periods improved survival at warmer sites. Species with these strategies may be expected to benefit from increasing aridity and may be selected for active management efforts. More generally, the prevalence of directional selection may have important implications for dynamic vegetation models that rely on trait distributions for translating environmental variation into ecosystem processes.</p>
Computation Time, Searched Nodes and Path Length for Navigation Using Improved A-Star, Directional ORCA and FLC-ORCA
<p>Naivation simulation using Improved A*, Directional ORCA and Novel FLC-ORCA method. The computational times, searched nodes and path length are recorded for comparison. A simulation study for Robotic Navigation Aid (RNA)</p>
RSV subgroup A direct RNA seq of infected MRC5 cells and mock infected MRC5 cells mRNA on nanopore
<p>Fastq files of mRNA sequenced by direct RNAseq on Oxford nanopore device and associated data for the paper</p>
Community patch‐dynamics governs direct and indirect nutrient recycling by aggregated animals across spatial scales
<p>Animals can have pervasive effects on ecosystems as they modify their biogeochemical and physical environments. In particular, when animals occur in high densities these effects can result in dramatic changes in the physical environment and biogeochemical hotspots or hot moments. While most research to date has focused on the direct role of animals in biogeochemical cycles, few have examined how animals indirectly influence biogeochemical cycles across scales.</p> <p>Freshwater mussels occur as spatially heterogeneous, dense and species-rich aggregations in many river ecosystems worldwide. Here we examined how mussel communities (1) directly influence the flux of particulate and dissolved nutrients and (2) indirectly effect the flux of N<sub>2</sub> production, via denitrification, across a gradient of mussel biomass and differences in community composition at the patch- (0.25 m<sup>2</sup>) and stream reach-scales (60-80 m).</p> <p>We combined measurements of ammonia (N) and soluble reactive phosphorous (P) excretion and C, N, and P biodeposition rates for ten species with biomass and distribution estimates for seven mixed-species aggregations to quantify direct mussel contributions to biogeochemical cycling and the spatial heterogeneity of their impact. Additionally, we sampled sediments at a fine spatial scale to determine how mussel biomass and richness influence potential denitrification (indirect flux) rates at the patch- and reach-scales.</p> <p>We predicted that increasing mussel biomass would lead to greater direct and indirect fluxes of nutrients, manifesting in heterogeneous nutrient redistribution within and among stream reaches. We also predicted that variation in community composition would result in differential nutrient excretion and egestion stoichiometries.</p> <p>Our results indicate that mussel aggregations directly influence soluble and particulate nutrient fluxes with community composition, particularly phylogenetic tribe composition, controlling the stoichiometry. Mussel aggregations also indirectly influenced nutrient fluxes as greater mussel biomass and species richness resulted in higher denitrification rates as mediated by their interactions with the sediments and enhancement of nutrient availability. Our results underscore the importance of patchy communities in acting as biogeochemical control points.</p>
The Protective Function of Directed Asymmetry in the Pericellular Matrix Enveloping Chondrocytes (Supporting Data)
<p>This dataset contains the images necessary to reproduce the study "The Protective Function of Directed Asymmetry in the Pericellular Matrix Enveloping Chondrocytes (DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02900-1)"</p>
Direct observation of a dynamical glass transition in a nanomagnetic artificial Hopfield network
<p>Source files used to produce the publication "Direct observation of a dynamical glass transition in a nanomagnetic artificial Hopfield network."</p>
Grazing changes the direction of direct effect of shrubs on nematode communities but suppresses indirect effects through microbial pathways
<p>It is well established that dominant plants shape belowground communities, which in turn influence ecosystem functioning. Similarly, herbivores affect belowground communities through physical disturbance and redistribution of organic inputs, but also through their interactions with the plants themselves. However, we know little about how grazing moderates effects of dominant plants on belowground organisms. We established a three-year removal experiment in a grazed and an ungrazed alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau to explore how grazing mediates the effects of the dominant shrub, <em>Dosiphora fruticosa</em>, on nematode communities. We applied structural equation modelling to assess how grazing moderates the effects of <em>D. fruticosa</em> on nematode communities both directly and indirectly via changes in soil physicochemical properties<span>, root biomass and microbial communities</span>. We found that 1) grazing changed the direction of the direct effect of shrub on nematode communities as indicated by the shift from a negative to a positive path coefficient; 2) shrub affected nematode richness mainly through microbial richness. Accordingly, nematode community composition was more closely related to microbial community composition in the ungrazed alpine meadow, while edaphic properties were stronger predictors of nematode community composition responses to shrubs in the grazed meadow; and 3) grazing suppressed the indirect effects of shrub on nematode communities via microbial communities. Our study shows that grazing plays an important role in regulating dominant plant's effects on belowground community composition and interactions in alpine meadows.</p>
Mechanistic study on direct and indirect thyroid toxicity in male Wistar rats - Serum Metabolomics
<p>The present oral toxicity study in male Wistar rats is focusing on direct and indirect thyroid<br> toxicity. Biomaterials from this study were used to generate transcriptomics, proteomics,<br> and metabolomics data sets. Featuring a time- and concentration-resolved design<br> including recovery after treatment, this study allows investigating adaptive versus adverse<br> effects in several dimensions.<br> Two well-described test chemicals, i.e., Phenytoin and Propylthiouracil, were administered<br> at each two dose levels to male Wistar rats for 2 (Subset A) and 4 weeks via the diet<br> (Subset B). In addition, a recovery period of 2 weeks without test substance application was<br> included, in order to monitor reversibility of the induced effects (Subset C).<br> During the course of the study, blood samples were taken for metabolome analyses.</p>
Dataset for "Quantifying the effects of bed roughness on transit time distributions via direct numerical simulations of turbulent hyporheic exchange"
<p>This dataset contains the sediment models, DNS flow field data, subsurface path data, and calculated transit time distributions for both the regular- and random-interface cases used in the paper: "Quantifying the effects of bed roughness on transit time distributions via direct numerical simulations of turbulent hyporheic exchange" by Guangchen Shen, Junlin Yuan, and Mantha S. Phanikumar (Submitted to Water Resources Research). <br> Detailed introduction of each data file is as follows.</p> <p>1. DNS flow field data</p> <p>Flowfield_Reg.h5 and Flowfield_Ran.h5 contains the following fields for the regular and random cases, respectively. 'ni', 'nj', 'nk' are the numbers of grid points along x, y, and z directions. 'xc', 'yc', 'zc' are the cell center locations. 'u3d','v3d','w3d' are the three-dimensional time-averaged velocities at each grid point. 'vof' is the volume-of-fluid field used by the immersed-boundary method to prescribe the fluid-solid interface (vof=1 in fluid and 0 in solid), at each grid point. 'vof' contains the information of sediment grain distribution and bed roughness geometry. Only the subsurface data (those below the sediment crest) are shared due to dataset size limit.</p> <p>2. Particle-tracked subsurface flow paths and corresponding transit time distributions</p> <p>The mat files “xxx_pathline” store the (x,y,z) location of each point (saved as 'StrX', 'StrY, 'StrZ') along the subsurface paths, discretized by uniform steps of travel time (with time intervals of 0.1 for 'A' and 0.01 for 'MD' cases, normalized by channel height and friction velocity). The files “xxx_TT” store the array of transit times corresponding to the tracked paths, where the 1d array T is the transit time. 'A' denotes calculations based on time-mean advection only, while 'MD' denotes calculations accounting for additional molecular diffusion. 'Interface' and '3DiameterBelow' indicate that the particles were released at the interface and -3 D below the interface, respectively.</p>
Supplemental Data for "Plus and minus ends of microtubule respond asymmetrically to kinesin binding by a long range directionally driven allosteric mechanism"
<p>This is raw data set associated with all the figures in the article "Plus and minus ends of microtubule respond asymmetrically to kinesin binding by a long range directionally driven allosteric mechanism" published in Science Advances by Huong T Vu, Zhechun Zhang, Riina Tehver and D. Thirumalai. </p>
dataset from paper with title: "Direct Phenological Responses but Later Growth Stimulation upon Spring and Summer/Autumn Warming of Prunus spinosa L. in a Common Garden Environment"
<p>abstract of paper: "Future<strong> </strong>predictions of forest ecosystem responses are a challenge, as global temperatures will further rise in the coming decades at an unprecedented rate. The effect of elevated temperature on growth performance and phenology of three <em>Prunus spinosa </em>L. provenances (originating from Belgium, Spain, and Sweden) in a common garden environment was investigated. One-year-old seedlings were grown in greenhouse conditions and exposed to ambient and elevated temperatures in the spring (on average 5.6 °C difference) and in the late summer/autumn of 2018 (on average 1.9 °C difference), while they were kept hydrated, in a factorial design. In the following years, all plants experienced the same growing conditions. Bud burst, leaf senescence, height, and diameter growth were recorded. Height and radial growth were not affected in the year of the treatments (2018) but were enhanced the year after (2019), whereas phenological responses depended on the temperature treatments in the year of the treatments (2018) with little carry-over effects in the succeeding years. Spring warming enhanced more height growth in the succeeding year, whereas summer/autumn warming stimulated more radial growth. Spring warming advanced bud burst and shortened the leaf opening process whereas summer/autumn warming delayed leaf senescence and enlarged the duration of this phenophase. These results can help predict the putative shifts in species composition of future forests and woody landscape elements."</p>
Dataset - Direct-laser-written integrated mid-IR directional couplers in a BGG glass
<p>Dataset related to article:</p> <p>Direct-laser-written integrated mid-IR directional couplers in a BGG glass. Arthur Le Camus, Yannick Petit, Jean-Philippe Bérubé, Matthieu Bellec, Lionel Canioni, Réal Vallée. Optics Express. 2021, volume 29, issue 6, pp. 8531-8541</p> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.409527">https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.409527</a></p> <p># Research materials<br> We provide here the data and scripts used to generate the figures in the main document</p> <p><br> ## Requirements<br> * All codes have been written using *python 3.7* and standard libraries (*numpy*, *matplotlib*, *scipy*).<br> * Note that pathnames work fine for Unix users but might be manually modified for Windows users.</p> <p><br> ## Data files description<br> All experimental data files are stored in the `./data` folder with `.npy` format, a standard binary file format in NumPy.<br> * `bgg-2p85.npy` and `silica-2p85.npy` contains the experimental data used to generate Fig. 3.<br> * `bgg-2p85-num.npy` contains numerical data used in Fig. 3 (dashed blue line).<br> * `bgg-4mm-exp.npy`/`bgg-4mm-num.npy` and `bgg-5mm-exp.npy`/`bgg-5mm-num.npy` contains the experimental/numerical data used to generate Fig. 4 left and right panels respectively. The `.npy` files are dictionnaries. The key `P_ref` corresponds to the grey curve in Fig. 4a. The keys `P_1_3` and `P_1_4`correspond to the output power in port 3 and port 4 respectively.</p> <p><br> ## Script files description<br> * Running the python scripts allow to generate the figures presented in the manuscript. The filenames are explicit.<br> * Fig. 4 has been slightly post-edited (add $y$-axis color and a) and b) labels) using Adobe Illustrator software.</p> <p> </p>
Environmental heterogeneity shapes physiological traits in tropical direct-developing frogs
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>1. Tropical ectotherm species tend to have narrower physiological limits than species from temperate areas. As a consequence, tropical species are considered highly vulnerable to climate change since minor temperature increases can push them beyond their physiological thermal tolerance. Differences in physiological tolerances can also be seen at finer evolutionary scales, such as among populations of ectotherm species along elevation gradients, highlighting the physiological sensitivity of such organisms.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>2. Here we analyze the influence of elevation and bioclimatic domains, defined by temperature and precipitation, on thermal sensitivities of a terrestrial direct-developing frog (<i>Craugastor loki)</i> in a tropical gradient. We address the following questions: <i>i</i>) Does preferred temperature vary with elevation and among bioclimatic domains? <i>ii</i>)<i> </i>Do thermal tolerance limits, i.e. critical thermal maximum and critical thermal minimum vary with elevation and bioclimatic domains?, and <i>iii</i>) Are populations from high elevations more vulnerable to climate warming? </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>3. We found that along an elevation gradient body temperature decreases as environmental temperature increases. The preferred temperature tends to moderately increase with elevation within the sampled bioclimatic domains. Our results indicate that the ideal thermal landscape for this species is located at mid-elevations, where the thermal accuracy (<i>db</i>) and thermal quality of the environment (<i>de</i>) are suitable. The critical thermal maximum is variable across elevations and among the bioclimatic domains, decreasing as elevation increases. Conversely, the critical thermal minimum is not as variable as the critical thermal maximum. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>4. Populations from the lowlands may be more vulnerable to future increases in temperature. We highlight that the critical thermal maximum is related to high temperatures exhibited across the elevation gradient and within in each bioclimatic domain, therefore, it is a response to high environmental temperatures.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Wind Data for Station-wise assessment of wind speed and direction under future climates across the United States
<p>This study employs statistical techniques to evaluate climate model performance in wind speed and direction and their projected future changes under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario over inland and offshore across the Continental United States (CONUS). It extends the scope of existing studies by characterizing the changes of the full range of the joint wind speed and direction distribution via a conditional approach. Projected uncertainties associated with different climate models and model internal variability are investigated and compared with the climate change signal to quantify the statistical significance of the future projections. The proposed conditional approach provides a better way to characterize the directional wind speed distributions that offers additional insights for the joint assessment of speed and direction. </p> <p>WRF data: We focus on seasonal (December-January-February (winter hereafter) and June-July-August (summer hereafter) statistics computed from the 3-hourly RCM outputs on both wind speed and direction over ten locations with different local topological features. We use three WRF simulations driven by Community Climate System Model 4 (CCSM4), the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth System Model 2 (GFDL-ESM2G), and the Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 2 (HadGEM2-ES). These three GCMs represent a range of climate sensitivities that encompasses most of the coupled model intercomparison project phase 5 (CMIP5) GCMs when projecting future temperature changes. In this work, we focus on RCP 8.5 scenario for future projections. A 16-member ensemble of one-year of RCM simulation using bias corrected CCSM-driven WRF is also generated for analyzing the uncertainty due to the RCM's internal variability (IV). </p> <p>Benchmark data: Reanalysis data are used as a verification dataset in order to evaluate the RCMs' wind conditions under study for the historical time period. For the seven inland locations, we use the second phase of the multi-institution North American Land Data Assimilation System project, phase 2, at a spatial resolution of 12 km and hourly resolution. NLDAS-2 is an offline data assimilation system featuring uncoupled land surface models driven by observation-based atmospheric forcing. The non-precipitation land surface forcing fields for NLDAS-2 are derived from the analysis fields of the NCEP North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). NARR analysis fields are at a 32-km spatial resolution and 3-hourly temporal frequency.</p> <p>In-situ measurement: Since reanalysis data can present errors and uncertainties, ground measurements and offshore buoy measurements are used to consolidate the evaluation of RCMs' wind conditions for inland and offshore locations in historical climates. Observational data are extracted from the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) network that consists stations covers the U.S. territory, available at ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/asos-onemin. The offshore downscaled wind speeds from the historical decade are compared with National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy observations of near-surface wind velocities available at https://www.ndbc.noaa.gov. The observed winds at the NBDC anemometers are adjusted to 10-m above ground height and at 3-hourly rate. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Directed endozoochorous dispersal by scavengers facilitate sexual reproduction in otherwise clonal plants at cadaver sites
<ol> <li>The regeneration niche of many plant species involves spatially and temporally unpredictable disturbances, called recruitment windows of opportunity. However, even species with clear dispersal adaptations such as fleshy berries may not successfully reach such elusive regeneration microsites. Ericaceous, berry-producing species in the northern hemisphere demonstrate this dispersal limitation. They are said to display a reproductive paradox owing to their lack of regeneration in apparently suitable microsites despite considerable investment in producing large quantities of berries.</li> <li>Cadavers generate vegetation-denuded and nutrient-rich disturbances termed cadaver decomposition islands. Cadavers attract facultative scavengers with considerable capacity for endozoochorous seed dispersal. We hypothesize that cadaver decomposition islands facilitate recruitment in berry-producing ericaceous species due to endozoochorous dispersal directed towards favorable microsites with low competition.</li> <li>We examined seedling establishment within a permanent, semi-regular 10 × 10 m grid across an ungulate mass die-off on the Hardangervidda plateau in southeastern Norway. Competing models regarding the relative importance of factors governing recruitment were evaluated, specifically cadaver location (elevated seed rain) and microsite conditions (competition).</li> <li>We found that cadaver decomposition islands did facilitate seedling establishment, as cadaver density was the best predictor of seedling distribution. Other important factors governing seedling establishment such as percentage cover of soil and vascular plants alone were inadequate to explain seedling establishment.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis:</i> This study provides a novel understanding of sexual reproduction in species with cryptic generative reproduction. The directed nature of endozoochorous dispersal combined with long-distance dispersal abilities of medium to large vertebrate scavengers towards cadavers allows plants to exploit the advantageous but ephemeral resource provided by cadaver decomposition islands.</li> </ol>
Interspecific differences in root foraging precision cannot be directly inferred from species' mycorrhizal status or fine root economics
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Nutrient acquisition in plants can be represented by a suite of intercorrelated root traits such as root diameter, nitrogen content, root tissue density, and specific root length. However, it is unclear how a plant's ability to precisely forage for nutrients in a heterogeneous soil environment (i.e., the precision of placing roots into nutrient-rich areas) relates to these traits. Mycorrhizal symbiosis also affects the relationship between the fine root traits and root foraging precision because fungal hyphae may be used for foraging instead of roots. Hypotheses matching high root foraging precision with low mycorrhizal colonization or "fast" acquisitive strategies of plants have been raised based either on data from tree species or a limited number of herbaceous species. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>To test these hypotheses, we compiled data quantifying the experimentally measured degree to which root biomass responded to patchy substrate nutrient concentrations (i.e., root foraging precision) for 123 herbaceous grassland species using a partial meta-analysis. We tested root foraging precision relationship with root traits involved in nutrient acquisition and mycorrhizal symbiosis (root diameter, specific root length, root tissue density, root tissue nitrogen content, and mycorrhizal colonization). The root foraging precision data came from four different pot experiments, and the trait data were extracted from publicly available trait databases. We used a phylogenetically informed approach in order to detect the degree of conservation of the relationships. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We found that root foraging precision was not significantly correlated with other fine root traits and mycorrhizal colonization. Thus, it appears unrelated to the main dimensions of the nutrient acquisition space of herbaceous species, namely acquisitive-conservative strategy and outsourcing of acquisition to the fungi. Also, we found only a very weak phylogenetic signal in root foraging precision of 123 species. Our results suggest that root foraging precision constitutes another distinct, evolutionarily independent dimension in herbaceous species' trait space.</span></p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.