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16,646 results for “four”
Dataset on light measuments in the understory of a Tropical forest restoration submitted to four thinning intensities through chemical management
<p>The lack of information on the management of light in tropical forests causes a technical constraint for timber production in restoration sites, especially given the light restrictions for timber production. This issue could be amended with the development of methods to easily manage and estimate light availability, targeting practices that balance restoration success and productivity. We conducted the study that gathered this data in an area within the Atlantic Forest, Brazil, where we tested the efficiency of chemical thinning fast-growing species to increase light availability in the understory of a five-year-old restoration planting. Our goal was to increase the growth rates of desirable timber species in the understory of the restoration site. <br>Moreover, we tested the viability of using hemispherical photography taken with a smartphone to assess light incidence and assist restoration management practices. We calculated the percentage of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) using a ceptometer in four different thinning intensities and compared them to the smartphone measures using correlation analysis and generalized mixed models. Chemical thinning increased light incidence in the understory Light management through PAR and canopy opening were highly correlated overall, especially after three months of management and above 60% of the basal area thinned. Data demonstrates the potential of chemical thinning as a management practice to enhance light availability in the understory of tropical forest restoration sites and highlights the value of using smartphones and fisheye clips for the indirect assessment of light conditions. </p>
Dataset for project Lipobodies, related to the development of a new multicomponent process based on the combination of the isonitrile-tetrazine (4+1) cycloaddition and the Ugi four-component reaction
<p>This dataset contains primary (including raw data) that supports the results of the design and development of a new multicomponent process based on the combination of the isonitrile-tetrazine (4+1) cycloaddition and the Ugi four-component reaction</p>
Supplementary data and code from: Significant decline in habitat specialists in semi-dry grasslands over four decades
<h2>Supplementary code and data to the article:</h2><p>Klinkovská K., Sperandii M. G., Trávníček B. & Chytrý M. (2023) Significant decline in habitat specialists in semi-dry grasslands over four decades. Biodiversity and Conservation. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-023-02740-6">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-023-02740-6</a></p><h3>Data</h3><p>The data contain plant species composition data from resurveyed vegetation plots in the Central Moravian Carpathians (Czech Republic, 49°06'04''–49°13'31''N, 16°56'58''–17°20'47''E). The dataset comprises 90 vegetation plots first surveyed in 1985 and 1986 by Bohumil Trávníček (Trávníček 1987), and resurveyed in 2022 by Klára Klinkovská. Of these, 40 were inside protected areas and 50 were outside. To locate the historical plots as accurately as possible, a description of the location of each plot was used along with information on slope, aspect, elevation, and dominant species. In 2022, the geographical coordinates of each plot were measured using GPS with a location uncertainty of 3–5 m. All plots were squares of 16 m2.</p><p>The total percentage cover of vascular plants and bryophytes was recorded in each plot, and cover of individual vascular plant species was estimated using the seven-grade Braun-Blanquet scale in the 1980s and the nine-grade Braun-Blanquet scale in 2022 (Westhoff and van der Maarel 1978). The nine-grade scale divides degree 2 of the seven-grade scale into three grades, while the scales remain compatible.</p><p>In 2022, soil samples were collected from four places approximately in the middle of each quarter of the plot, below the litter layer at a depth of 5–10 cm. Mixed samples from each vegetation plot were dried at room temperature and sieved. A suspension with distilled water (weight ratio 1:2.5) was shaken in the Biosan PSU-10i orbital shaker for 5 minutes at 280 rpm and, after 5 hours, soil pH was measured using the HACH HQ40D digital multimeter.</p><p>The header data structure follows that of the ReSurveyEurope Database (<a href="http://euroveg.org/eva-database-re-survey-europe">http://euroveg.org/eva-database-re-survey-europe</a>).</p><p>The data on species composition and environmental variables are provided in two formats:</p><p>Turboveg 2 database (see <a href="https://www.synbiosys.alterra.nl/turboveg/">https://www.synbiosys.alterra.nl/turboveg/</a>) TurbovegDbBackup_Cz_0019_47.zip (<a href="https://euroveg.org/resurvey_metadata/CZ_0019_047.pdf">https://euroveg.org/resurvey_metadata/CZ_0019_047.pdf</a>). For using this dataset in Turboveg, the database dictionary (TurbovegDdBackup_Default_dictionary.zip) and the species list (TurbovegSlBackup_Czechia_slovakia_2015.zip) must be installed.</p><p>Three CSV files with columns separated by commas:</p><p>Klinkovska_et_al_semi_dry_grasslands_S_Moravia_species.csv contains the percentage covers of plant species in the plots, which are mid-values for cover-abundance categories of the seven-grade Braun-Blanquet scale. Plant nomenclature was harmonised according to Danihelka et al. (2012).</p><p>Klinkovska_et_al_semi_dry_grasslands_S_Moravia_species_data.csv contains ecological indicator values and information on the Red List status (Grulich 2017), alien species (Pyšek et al. 2022) and species diagnostic for the alliances Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati and Bromion erecti (Chytrý et al. 2007).</p><p>Klinkovska_et_al_semi_dry_grasslands_S_Moravia_head.csv contains header data for the vegetation plots.</p><p>These data are also stored in the Czech National Phytosociological Database (Chytrý & Rafajová 2003; <a href="https://botzool.cz/vegsci/phytosociologicalDb">https://botzool.cz/vegsci/phytosociologicalDb</a>) and the ReSurveyEurope database (Knollová et al. 2023; <a href="http://euroveg.org/eva-database-re-survey-europe">http://euroveg.org/eva-database-re-survey-europe</a>).</p><h3>Scripts</h3><ul><li>Script_1.R: Transitions between vegetation types, changes in species richness, proportions of threatened species, specialists and alien species per plot</li><li>Script_2.R: Changes in species composition and ecological indicator values</li><li>Script_3.R: Temporal beta-diversity indices</li></ul>
Fig. 22. A,B. Thallograptus christoffersonae n in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 22. A,B. Thallograptus christoffersonae n.sp.: A, AM F114765, stipe development from basal holdfast, BF14 and B, AM F114746, holotype, F14; C, Koremagraptus obscurus n.sp. AM F114745,
Fig. 20. A–E, Acanthograptus praedeckeri praedeckeri n in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 20. A–E, Acanthograptus praedeckeri praedeckeri n.subsp., respectively AM F114568, AM F114568, AM F114741, AM F114742 and AM F114740, all from F14; F, Acanthograptus praedeckeri minimus n.subsp., AM F114630, F6. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 16. A, Callograptus ulahensis n in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 16. A, Callograptus ulahensis n.sp., AM F114760, holotype, BF15; B, Callograptus niagarensis, AM F114739, W885; C–E, Pseudodictyonema graptolithorum, respectively AM F114755, AM F114753 and AM F114645, all from F14. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 17. A, Callograptus ulahensis n in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 17. A, Callograptus ulahensis n.sp., AM F114760, holotype, BF15; B, Stelechocladia praeattenuata n.sp., AM F114743, holotype, BF28; C,D, Acanthograptus praedeckeri praedeckeri n.sp., respectively AM F114792, holotype, BF28 and AM F114568a, F14. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 14. A, Callograptus bridgecreekensis n in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 14. A, Callograptus bridgecreekensis n.sp., AM F114569a, holotype, F14; B,C, Callograptus rigbyi n.sp., respectively AM F114651a, holotype, BF28, and paratype AM F114643, W885. Scale bars 1 mm. Note that in Fig. 14B the isolated autothecae of Cyclograptus? australis can be seen at bottom right and on Fig. 14C a specimen of Acanthograptus praedeckeri occurs at the top.
Fig. 18. A, Dictyonema warrisi n in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 18. A, Dictyonema warrisi n.sp., AM F114629b, F14; B, Thallograptus christoffersonae n.sp., AM F114644, W885. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 12. A, Dictyonema paululum australis n in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 12. A, Dictyonema paululum australis n.subsp., AM F114757, holotype, BF14; B, Dictyonema warrisi n.sp., holotype AM F114647a, F14. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 13. A–D, Dictyonema muirae n in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 13. A–D, Dictyonema muirae n.sp., respectivelyAM F114763, BF14, AM F114775, F14, holotype AM F114762, F14, and AM F114764, BF14 proximal part of colony attached to pebble of phosphate; E–G, Dictyonema warrisi n.sp., respectively AM F114647, F14, holotype AM F114717, W885 and AM F114647, F14, with stipes more proximal than E; H, Dictyonema sp. 1, AM F11475, F14. Scale bars 1 mm; shading on C indicates badly preserved area.
Fig. 11. A,B, Dictyonema jenkinsi n in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 11. A,B, Dictyonema jenkinsi n.sp., AM F114748, respectively distal thecae and proximal end close to holdfast, F14. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 10. A in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 10. A, Dictyonema falciferum, AM F114750, F14; B–D, Dictyonema venustum, respectively AM F114648 and AM F114873, both BF14, and AM F114751, BF28. Scale bars 1 mm; arrow on B indicates damaged area discussed in text.
Fig. 9. A–E in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 9. A–E, illustrating contrasting stipe and dissepimental patterns in distal parts of colonies: A, Dictyonema cf. delicatulum, AM F114749; B, Dictyonema williamsae n.sp., AM F114565, holotype; C, Dictyonema falciferum, AM F114750; D, Dictyonema venustum, AM F114648a, F14; E, Dictyonema paululum australis n.subsp., holotype AM F114757. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 4. A–G in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 4. A–G, different types of bithecae: A, Bulman's (1928, 1933) Type 1 with bitheca n+1 opening along the lateral wall of autotheca n. This is the most common of autothecal/bithecal relationships; B,C, Bulman's (1928, 1933) Type 2 in which the bithecal aperture opens inside the autothecal tube or aperture; D, Bulman's (1928, 1933) Type 3 where the n+1 bithecal aperture is located on the dorsal side of the aperture of autotheca n; E, Bulman's (1928, 1933) Type 4 in which the bithecal tube n+1 passes between the dorsal wall of autotheca n and the ventral wall of autotheca n+ 1; F,G, Bulman's (1928, 1933) Type 5 a modification of Type 4 in which the bithecal tube turns proximally or distally before the bithecal aperture is reached; H–M, autothecal variation in Dictyonema species; H, autothecal aperture is the termination of a simple tube; I, the ventral lip projects as a short, sharp denticle; J, the ventral lip projects as a spine which may or may not bifurcate; K, the ventral process is adorned with a large shield-like plate; L, the dorsal apertural process has plate-like process hanging more or less in front of the aperture; M, the apertural region is isolated from the ventral wall of the next autotheca; for the sake of simplicity in H–M the Type 1 bithecal arrangement is shown; fuselli omitted; a, autothecal aperture; b, bithecal aperture; these structures are described or commented upon in various places in the text.
Fig. 3 in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 3. Early evolution of some benthic Dendroidea, and modifying the suggestions of Chapman et al. (1996), and illustrating the rôle of anastomosis and dissepiments development. Full explanation is to be found in text. Asterisks indicate genera from which species are described in this paper. Boxes indicate approximate time of appearance of that character.
Fig. 7. A in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 7. A, Dictyonema venustum, AM F114751, BF28; B, Dictyonema williamsae n.sp., holotype AM F114565, W885; C– E, Dictyonema jenkinsi n.sp., respectively AM F114747, F14, holotype AM F114716, BF24; and AM F114761, F14, holdfast region attached to roughly circular object, possibly a pebble; F,G, Dictyonema paululum australis n.subsp., AM F114757, parts of holotype, BF14. Scale bars 1 mm; on B hatching indicates specimen obscured by sediment, stipple indicates badly preserved area, and horizontal shading indicates fractures in rock.
Fig. 6. A,B, Dendrograptus avonleaensis n in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 6. A,B, Dendrograptus avonleaensis n.sp., respectively AM F114650 and holotype AM F114646a, both from BF14; C, Dictyonema cf. delicatulum, AM F114749, F14. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 8. A, Dictyonema williamsae n in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 8. A, Dictyonema williamsae n.sp., holotype AM F114565, F14; B, Dictyonema falciferum, AM F114750, F14. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 14. Pseudostegias dulcilacuum Markham, 1982 in Abdominal bopyrid parasites (Crustacea: Isopoda: Bopyridae: Athelginae) of diogenid hermit crabs from the western Pacific, with descriptions of a new genus and four new species
Fig. 14. Pseudostegias dulcilacuum Markham, 1982, scanning electron micrographs of male, USNM 1283412 (A–F). A, ventral view; B, ventral view of head, showing antennules, antennae, oral cone, and first pereopods; C, antennules and oral cone; D, left pereopods 1 and 2; E, left pereopod 7; F, pleon. Scale bars = 1 mm [A], 400 µm [B], 200 µm [C], 100 µm [D, E], 500 µm [F].
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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